1

Chapter No. 1

LATHE

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 Introduction

 Latheis a machine, which removes the metal

from a piece of work to the required shape &
size

 Operations such as cutting, knurling, drilling,

or deformation with tools that are applied to the
work-piece to create an object which has
symmetry about an axis of rotation.
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 History
•The first useful form of lathe incorporating the essential
features was made by H. Maudslay a Britisher in 1800.
•During the industrial revolution, mechanized power
was applied to the lathe via steam engines and line
shafting, allowing faster and easier work.
•Between the late 19th and mid 20th centuries,
individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line
shafting as the power source.
•Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied
to the control of lathes and other machine tools via
numerical control (NC).
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Lathe Machine
Classification

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  Speed
◦ Simple construction of a head stock and tail stock with a tool
post. Used for wood turning, metal polishing, or metal
spinning.1200-3600rpm

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  Engine
◦ Most frequently used lathe
◦ Heavy duty
◦ power drive for most tool movements
◦ Size range 12”x24” to 24”x48” - can be larger

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  Types of Lathe
1. Bench Lathe
◦ A bench top model usually of low power used to make
precision machine small work pieces. Since it is very accurate.

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 2. Speed Lathe

• These lathes may be of bench type or they may have

supporting legs cast and fitted to the bed.
•These type of lathes have most of the attachments.
•They have no gear box, carriage & lead screw..
•Such lathes are usually employed for Wood turning,
polishing, Metal spinning, centering etc
•These type of lathes having very high speed at which there
spindle rotates.

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 3. Engine Lathe
• In early days of its development it was driven by steam
engine.
• It is probably the most widely used type of lathe.
• In modern practice Lathes are now made to have an
individual motor drive.
• It’s construction is relatively more robust.
• It’s headstock is bigger in size and more robust.
• It have suitable mechanism for providing multiple speeds to
the lathe spindle.
• The headstock spindle may receive power from lathe shaft
or an individual motor drive through belts.
• It will have a cone pulley with back gears in the headstock
to provide different speeds. The drive in that case is known a
cone pulley drive.
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 4. Tool Room Lathe
• Greater accuracy.
• Smaller bed length 135 to 180 cm.
• Taper turning attachment, follower rest, collets, chucks etc
• More versatility.
• Wider range of speeds and feeds.

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 5. Capstan and Turret lathe

• Used in mass production work.

• Semi automatic type and a very wide range of
operations performed.
• Hex turret replaces tailstock.
• Multiple tools set to machine part.
• High production rates.
• They carry special mechanisms for Indexing of there
Tool Heads.
• Still may require some operator skill.

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 6. Automatic Lathe
• Similar to turret lathe.
• A lathe in which the work piece is automatically fed and
removed without use of an operator.
• Cutting operations are automatically controlled by
sequencer of some form.
• Capable of simultaneous cuts.
• Can be a cam controlled mechanism.
• Can be single spindle or multiple spindle.
• It is used for enhancing quality as well as quantity of
production.
• They having single or multiple spindles.
• They fall in the category of heavy duty, high speed lathes
used in mass production.
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 7.Special purpose lathe
• It is designed to suit a definite class of work and to
perform specified operations only.
• They are meant for jobs which cannot be machined in a
conventional machine.
• More efficient and effective as compared to common
engine lathe.
• Example: Crank Shaft lathe, Wheel lathe for
locomotive wheels etc

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 According to the Height of Centers
(above the bed) Lathe are
i. Small lathes:
Having height of centers up to 150 mm.

ii. Medium size Lathes

Having height of centers from 150mm to 300 mm.

iii.Heavy duty Lathes

Having height of centers above 300 mm.

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 Size designation
◦ Swing - maximum diameter that can be rotated on the lathe
 2x’s distance from spindle center line to ways
 Maximum distance between centers

Workpiece Length
Swing

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 The size of a lathe is specified by the following points
1. The length of the bed
2. Maximum distance between live and dead centres.
3. The height of centres from the bed
4. The swing diameter
 The swing diameter over bed - It refers to the largest diameter of
the work that will be rotated without touching the bed
 The swing diameter over carriage - It is the largest diameter of
the work that will revolve over the saddle.
5. The bore diameter of the spindle
6. The width of the bed
7. The type of the bed
8. Pitch value of the lead screw
9. Horse power of the motor
10. Number and range of spindle speeds
11. Number of feeds
12. Spindle nose diameter
13. Floor space required
14. The type of the machine 22
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Component Description

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 Spindle Tailstock
Nose Tool Post Spindle
HEADSTOCK Compound Clamp TAILSTOCK
Rest
Saddle
Feed
Change
Lever

Feed Lead
BED
Reverse Screw
WAYS
Lever
APRON
Bed
Gear Friction- Half Nut
Carriage
Box clutch Lever
Hand
Wheel Control

Motor Cross 27
Drive Slide
Principal parts of lathe
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Principal parts of lathe

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Lathe Basics
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Headstock

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Bedways

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Apron Hand Wheel
Used to move tool along the work - for
Turning (Longitudinal Feed)

Apron
Hand
Wheel

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 Cross Feed Knob
Used to move cutting tool across the end of the
stock - Facing (Cross Feed)

Cross
Feed
Knob

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 Power Feed Clutch
Engages the power feed for turning or facing
operations

Power Feed
Clutch 41
Tailstock

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Lathe Accessories

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 Lathe Accessories

 Accessories are used to holding and supporting the

work or for holding the cutting tool.
Divided into two categories
◦ Work-holding, -supporting, and –driving devices
 Lathe centers, chucks, faceplates
 Mandrels, steady and follower rests
 Lathe dogs, drive plates
◦ Cutting-tool-holding devices
 Straight and offset tool holders
 Threading tool holders, boring bars
 Turret-type tool posts
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Work holding devices used in a lathe
 The work holding devices are used to hold and
rotate the work pieces along with the spindle.
 Different work holding devices are used
according to the shape, length, diameter and
weight of the work piece and the location of
turning on the work.
 They are
1. Chucks
2. Face plate
3. Driving plate
4. Catchplate
5. Carriers
6. Mandrels
7. Centres 46

8. Rests
 Lathe Centers
 Work to be turned between centers must have
center hole drilled in each end
◦ Provides bearing surface
 Support during cutting
 Most common have
solid Morse taper shank
60º centers, steel with carbide tips
 Care to adjust and lubricate occasionally

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Lathe Centers

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 Revolving Tailstock Centers
 Replaced solid dead centers for most
machining operations
 Used to support work held in chuck or when
work is being machined between centers
 Contains antifriction bearings which allow
center to revolve with workpiece
◦ No lubrication required between center and work
 Types: revolving dead center, long point
center, and changeable point center

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Revolving Tailstock Centers

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 Chucks
 Used extensively for holding work for lathe
machining operations
◦ Work large or unusual shape
 Most commonly used lathe chucks
• Three-jaw universal
• Four-jaw independent
• Collet chuck
• Combination chuck
• Magnetic chuck
• Air or Hydraulic chuck

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Three-jaw Universal Chuck

 Holds round and hexagonal work

 Grasps work quickly and accurate within few
thousands/inch
 Three jaws move simultaneously when
adjusted by chuck wrench
◦ Caused by scroll plate into which all three jaws fit
 Two sets of jaw: outside chucking and inside
chucking

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Three-jaw Chuck
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Three-jaw Universal Chuck

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Four-Jaw Independent Chuck
 Used to hold round, square, hexagonal, and
irregularly shaped workpieces
 Has four jaws
• Each can be adjusted independently by
chuck wrench
 It is possible to reverse the jaws so that the
work can be gripped on the inside surface
also.

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Four-Jaw Independent Chucks

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Four-Jaw Chucks
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Headstock Spindle Types
1. Threaded spindle nose
◦ Screws on in a clockwise direction
2. Tapered spindle nose
◦ Held by lock nut that tightens on chuck
3. Cam-lock spindle nose
◦ Held by tightening cam-locks using T-wrench
◦ Chuck aligned by taper on spindle nose

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Threaded Spindle Nose

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Tapered Spindle Nose

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Cam Lock Spindle Nose

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 Collet Chucks
 Most accurate chuck
 Used for high-precision work
 Spring collets available to hold round,
square, or hexagon-shaped work pieces
 Each collet has range of only few thousands
of an inch over or under size stamped on
collets

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 Spring Collet Chucks
 Spring-collet chuck
◦ One form: Handwheel draws collet into tapered
adapter
◦ Another form: Uses chuck wrench to tighten collet
on workpiece
 Can hold larger work than draw-in type

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 Spring Collet Chucks

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Spring Collet Chucks

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 Magnetic Chucks
 Used to hold iron or steel parts that are too
thin or may be damaged if held in
conventional chuck
 Fitted to an adapter mounted on headstock
spindle
 Used only for light cuts and for special
grinding applications

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Magnetic Chucks

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 Faceplates
 Used to hold work too large or shaped so it
cannot be held in chuck or between centers
 Usually equipped with several slots to permit
use of bolts to secure work
◦ Angle plate used so axis of workpiece may be aligned
with lathe centers
 Counterbalance fastened to faceplate when
work mounted off center
◦ Prevent imbalance and resultant vibrations

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Faceplates

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Faceplates

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 Steady rest
 Used to support long work held in chuck or
between lathe centers
◦ Prevent springing action and carries a lot of bending
moment.
 Located on and aligned by ways of the lathe
 Positioned at any point along lathe bed.
 The tips and of these jaws provide bearing for
the job.
 Three jaws tipped with plastic, bronze or
rollers may be adjusted to support any work
diameter with steady rest capacity.
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Steady rest

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 Follower Rest
 Sometimes when the job is too flexible, it
becomes necessary to support the job very
close to the cutting edge of the tool
throughout the operation.
 Mounted on saddle of the lathe carriage.
 Travels with carriage to prevent work from
springing up and away from cutting tool
◦ Cutting tool generally positioned just ahead of
follower rest.
◦ Provide smooth bearing surface for two jaws of
follower rest.
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Follower Rest

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Steady Rest Follower Rest

Jaws
Work Work Jaws
Hinge

Carriage

Lathe bed guideways

 Mandrel
 A Mandrel can be described as a solid steel
shaft or spindle which is used for holding
bored parts for machining their outside
surfaces on lathe.
 Several types, but most common
◦ Solid or Plain mandrel
◦ Expanding mandrel
◦ Gang mandrel
◦ Stub mandrel
◦ Double Cone Mndrel
◦ Stepped Mandrel
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Plain Mandrel
MANDREL

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Expanding Mandrel

Gang Mandrel

Stub Mandrel 82
 Lathe Dogs
 Drives work machined between centers
 Has opening to receive work and setscrew
to fasten the dog to work
 Tail of dog fits into slot on driveplate and
provides drive to workpiece
 Made in variety of sizes and types to suit
various workpieces.
 Capacity of these carriers is limited to hold a
certain range of diameters only and very big
jobs are either held in Chucks or Face
Plates. 83
Standard bent-tail lathe dog
 Most commonly used for round
workpieces
 Available with square-head
setscrews of headless
setscrews

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Standard bent-tail lathe dog
 Bent tail engages in slot on drive
plate

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Straight-tail lathe dog
• Driven by stud in driveplate
• Used in precision turning

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 Safety clamp lathe dog

 Used to hold variety of work

 Wide range of adjustment

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 Heavy Duty Lathe Dog
• Wider range than others
• Used on all shapes

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 Lathe Drive Mechanism

 Belts are moved from

pulley to pulley to
change speeds (rpm).
 Carriage Feed

A. Longitudinal Feed or
“Turning” - The tool is fed
along the work.
C. Cross Feed or “Facing” –
The tool is fed across the
work.
 Cutting Speed
D – Diameter (mm)
N – Revolutions per Minute (rpm)
 DN
v m/min
1000
The Peripheral Speed of Workpiece past the Cutting Tool
=Cutting Speed
 Feed
f – the distance the tool advances for every rotation of
workpiece (mm/rev)

D1 D2

f
Feed
 Depth of Cut
perpendicular distance between machined surface and
uncut surface of the Workpiece
d = (D1 – D2)/2 (mm)

D1 D2

d Depth
of Cut
Operating Conditions

Cutting speed
Workpiece
Depth of cut (d)
N
Machined
surface
Chuck Feed (f ) Chip
Tool Depth of cut
Cutting Tool
 Lathe Operations
Turning: produce straight, conical, curved, or grooved workpieces

Facing: To produce a flat surface at the end of the part or for

making face grooves.

Boring: to enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a previous

process or to produce circular internal grooves.

Drilling: to produce a hole by fixing a drill in the tailstock

Threading: to produce external or internal threads

Knurling: to produce a regularly shaped roughness on cylindrical

surfaces
Lathe Operations

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 Turning ..
Cylindrical job

Workpiece
Cutting
speed Depth of cut (d)
N
Machined
surface
Chuck Feed Chip
Tool
Depth of cut
 Turning ..
Excess Material is removed to
reduce Diameter
Cutting Tool: Turning Tool

a depth of cut of 1 mm will reduce

diameter by 2 mm
 Facing
Flat Surface/Reduce length

Chuck Workpiece
d
Machined
Face
Cutting
speed Depth of
cut
Tool Feed
 Facing ..
 machine end of job  Flat surface
or to Reduce Length of Job
 Turning Tool
 Feed: in direction perpendicular to
workpiece axis
 Length of Tool Travel = radius of
workpiece
 Depth of Cut: in direction parallel to
workpiece axis
Facing ..
 Knurling
 Produce rough textured surface
 For Decorative and/or Functional Purpose
 Knurling Tool
 A Forming Process
 Knurling
Knurled surface
Cutting
speed
Feed Movement
for depth
Knurling tool
Tool post
Knurling ..
 Grooving
Produces a Groove on
workpiece
Shape of tool  shape of
groove
Carried out using Grooving Tool
 A form tool
Also called Form Turning
 Grooving ..
Shape produced
by form tool Groove

Feed or Grooving
Form tool depth of cut tool
 Parting
 Cutting workpiece into Two
 Similar to grooving
 Parting Tool
 Hogging – tool rides over – at slow feed
 Coolant use
 Parting ..

Parting tool Feed

Chamfering
Chamfer

Feed
Chamfering tool
 Chamfering
 Beveling sharp machined edges
 Similar to form turning
 Chamfering tool – 45
 To
 Avoid Sharp Edges
 Make Assembly Easier
 Improve Aesthetics
 Taper Turning
D1  D2
 Taper: tan  
2L

90°
D1  D2

B  C
A L
 Taper Turning..
D1  D2
K
L
Methods
 Form Tool
 By setting over the tailstock centre
 Swiveling Compound Rest
 Taper Turning Attachment
 Simultaneous Longitudinal and Cross Feeds
 Taper Turning ..
By Form Tool

Workpiece Taper


Form Direction
Straight of feed
cutting edge tool
 Taper Turning ..
By setting over the tailstock centre
 Taper Turning ,,
By Compound Rest
Dog
Mandrel Tail stock quill

Tail stock

Face plate Direction of feed

Tool post & Compound rest
Tool holder Slide
Compound rest
Cross slide  Hand crank
Taper Turning ,By Taper turning attachment

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 Simultaneous Longitudinal and
Cross Feeds

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 Cutting Screw Threads

Fig : (a) Cutting screw threads on a lathe with a single-point cutting tool. (b) Cutting screw threads with a
single-point tool in several passes, normally utilized for large threads. The small arrows in the figures
show the direction of feed, and the broken lines show the position of the cutting tool as time
progresses. (c) A typical carbide insert and toolholder for cutting screw threads. (d) Cutting internal screw
threads with a carbide insert.
 Types of Screw threads

Fig : Various types of screw threads 122

 Drilling
Drill – cutting tool – held in Tail-Stock – feed
from Tail-Stock

Quill
Drill clamp moving
quill
Tail stock
Feed
Tail stock clamp
Drilling
 Cutting-Tool-Holding Devices
 Available in three styles
 Left-hand offset
 Right-hand offset
 Straight
 Each has square hole to accommodate
square toolbit held in place by setscrew
 Angle of approximately 15º to 30º to base of
toolholder
Left-Hand Offset Toolholder
 Offset to the right
 Designed for machining work close to chuck or
faceplate and cutting right to left
 Designated by letter L
 Right-Hand Offset Toolholder
 Offset to the left
 Designed for machining work close to the tailstock
and cutting left to right
 Also for facing operations
 Designated by letter R
 Straight Toolholder
 General-purpose type
 Used for taking cuts in either direction and for
general machining operations
 Designated by letter S
 Carbide Toolholder
 Has square hole parallel to base of toolholder to
accommodate carbide-tipped toolbits
 Holds toolbit with little or no back rake
 Designated by letter C
Conventional Tool Posts
Super Quick-Change Toolpost
 THREAD CUTTING ON A LATHE
MACHINE

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 Change Gears for Threading
The series of gears that drive the lead
screw are called change gears because
you change them to turn different thread
pitches.
Changing these gears varies the
speed that the lead screw turns in
relation to the speed that the spindle
turns.
This allows you to cut threads with
different numbers of threads per inch.
 Gear Train.
 Combination of two or more
gears when they made to
mesh each other to transmit
power from one shaft to
another.
 Types of Gear Train.
Simple Gear Train
Compound Gear Train
Simple Gear Train

 When there is only one gear

on each shaft.
 The only function of the idler
gear is to change the direction
of rotation.
 It has no affect on the gear ratio.
 Compound Gear Train
 When there are more than one gear on a shaft, it is called a
compound gear train

Input

B
D

A Output
C

Compound Gears
GEAR 'B'

GEAR 'A'
GEAR 'D'

GEAR 'C'
DRILLING
MACHINES
 DRILLING MACHINES

CONTENTS:
1.Principle of working
2.Classification of drilling machines
3.Bench drilling machine
4.Radial drilling machine
5.Drilling machine operations
 DRILLING

 Drilling is a metal cutting process carried out

by rotating cutting tool to make circular holes in
solid materials.

 The tool which makes the hole is called a drill.

 It is generally called as twist drill, since it has a

sharp twisted edges formed around a cylindrical
tool provided with a helical groove along its
length to allow the cut material to escape
through it.
 DRILLING

 The removed material chips get curled and

escapes through the helical groove provided in
the drill.

 A liquid coolant is generally used while

drilling to remove the heat of friction and obtain
a better finish for the hole.
 DRILLING MACHINE

 A power operated machine tool, which holds

the drill in its spindle rotating at high speeds
and when manually actuated to move
linearly/simultaneously against the workpiece
produces a hole.

 In a drilling machine, the holes can be

produced up to 7.5 cm diameter.
 DRILLING MACHINE TYPES

 Portable drilling machine

 Bench drilling machine

 Pillar drilling machine

 Radial drilling machine

 Gang drilling machine

 Multiple spindle drilling machine

 Portable drilling machine

 Generally used for drilling holes in light

classes of work such as structural fabrications,
fitting work in assemblies and also in cases
where high accuracy is not required.

 Available in different sizes and can drill holes

up to 12mm.

 Usually driven by electric motor and run at

very high speeds as they are required to produce
small holes for short depths.
 Bench drilling machine

 Light duty drilling machines widely used in

small workshops.

 Usually placed on workbenches

 Also known as sensitive drilling machines –

accurate & well balanced spindle – enable the
operator to sense or feel the cutting action and
apply the required pressure while drilling.

 Holes up to 15mm can be drilled in these

machines.
 Bench drilling machine
 Base

 Vertical column – mounted on the base - carries a

moving head – speed gear box & spindle feeding
mechanism

 Worktable – job is mounted – raised or lowered

 Electric motor – mounted at the top end of the

vertical column on its rear side

 Power transmission to the main spindle through the

stepped cone pulley drives & gearing systems.
 Bench drilling machine

A drill chuck for small size drills is fitted in the

spindle at its lower end.

 For bigger sizes, the drill itself will be fitted directly

in the spindle.

 The centre of the hole to be drilled will be punched

with a mark initially on the workpiece.

 Before drilling, the tip of the drill be aligned with the

centre punch mark and by the feed wheel. The rotating
spindle is lowered to perform the drilling operation.
BENCH DRILLING MACHINE
 PILLAR DRILLING MACHINE

 Used for medium & heavy duty jobs

 Holes up to 50mm diameter can be drilled

 It consists of a robust pillar erected over a

sturdy base which is fixed on the floor.

 Pillar carries an adjustable table & the drill

mechanism.
PILLAR DRILLING MACHINE
 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

 Used to perform drilling operations on the

workpieces which are too heavy and also may be
too large to mount them on the work table of the
vertical spindle drilling machine.

 heavy base

 vertical column – long horizontal arm –

raised, lowered and swung in the horizontal
plane about the main column to any desired
location.
 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

The drilling head can move to & fro along the arm
and can be swiveled only in the universal radial
drilling machines, to drill holes at an angle.

 The combination of motions of the radial arm

and the drilling head offers a great deal of flexibility
in moving the drill to any position.

 The drilling can be carried out on heavy

workpieces in any position without moving them.
RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE
 MULTIPLE SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE

 Permit drilling of several holes of different diameters

simultaneously.

 Generally the spindles numbering 2 to 3 or even

more are driven by only one gear in the head through
universal joint linkages.

 Each spindle is mounted with a twist drill and a jig is

used to guide the twist drills.

 The machine can be used in mass production

applications.
 GANG DRILLING MACHINE

 Made up of many drilling heads placed side by side

and the workpieces mounted on a long common work
table.

 Machine is mounted with a drill, reamer,

countersinking tool and a tapping attachment on its
successive spindles so that drilling, reaming,
countersinking and tapping operations can be
performed successively.

 Various operations can be performed without

changing the tools and the spindle speeds.
GANG DRILLING MACHINE
 DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS

 Boring

 Counterboring

 Countersinking

 Spot facing

 Tapping

 Reaming
 BORING

 Boring is done on a drilling machine to increase the size

of an already drilled hole.

 When a suitable sized drill is not available, initially a

hole is drilled to the nearest size and using a single point
cutting tool, the size of the hole is increased.

 By lowering the tool while it is continuously rotating,

the size of the hole is increased to its entire depth.

 Boring operation will be continued till the lower surface

of the workpiece.
DRILLING BORING
 REAMING

 Reaming is the process of smoothening the surface of

the drilled holes with a reamer.

 A reamer is similar to the twist drill, but has straight

flutes.

 After drilling the hole to a slightly undersized, the

reamer is mounted in place of twist drill and with the
speed reduced to half of that of the drilling, reaming is
done in the same way as drilling.

 It removes only a small amount of material and

produces a smooth finish on the drilled surfaces.
REAMING
 COUNTERBORING

 It is to increase the size of a hole at one end only through a small

depth.

 The counterboring forms a larger sized recess or a shoulder to

the existing hole.

 The cutting tool will have a small cylindrical projection known as

pilot to guide the tool while counterboring. The diameter of the
pilot will always be equal to the diameter of the previously drilled
hole.

The speeds for counterboring must be two-thirds of the drilling

speed. Generally the counterboring is done on the holes to
accommodate the socket head screws, or grooved nuts or round
head bolts.
COUNTERBORING
COUNTERBORING
 COUNTERSINKING

 It is the operation of making the end of a hole into a

conical shape. It is done using a countersinking tool.

 The countersinking process may also be employed for

deburring the holes.

 The cutting speeds for countersinking must be one-half

of that used for similar size drill.

 The countersunk holes are used when the countersunk

screws are to be screwed into the holes so that their top
faces have to be in flush with the top surface of the
workpiece.
173
174
BORING MACHINES
 Boring
 Difference between boring and turning:
◦ Boring is performed on the inside diameter of an
existing hole
◦ Turning is performed on the outside diameter of
an existing cylinder
 In effect, boring is an internal turning operation
 Boring machines
◦ Horizontal or vertical - refers to the orientation
of the axis of rotation of machine spindle
 CLASSIFICATION OF BORING
MACHINE
 The boring machine is one of the vertalile machine
tool used to enlarge already drilled hole.
 Boring operation can be performed on lathe as that of
turning where tool is stationary and workpiece is
rotating.
 But in case of boring is rotating and workpiece is
stationary which is similar to
 Drilling ,reaming , milling etc.
 Boring machines can be classified based on position
of boring tools, accuracy of work required etc.
 Boring machines

1. Horizontal 2. Vertical 3. Precision (Jig)

Boring Boring Boring
Machine Machine Machine
(HBM) (VBM) (PBM)
 [1] HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE
 Horizontal boring machine
contains the the majority of
boring machines used in
mass production.
 Here boring tool is rotating
while the workpiece is
stationary.
 Work piece is mounted on
the table which can be
moved with the help of
cross-slide and saddle.
Block diagram of horizontal boring machine
  Important features of the horizontal boring machines are
as following.

(1) Head Stock

(2) Column
(3) Runway
(4) End Support
(5) Table
(6) Saddle
(1) HEAD STOCK
 It is the most important part of a boring
machine.
 It contains spindles.
 It supports, drives and feeds the boring tool.
 The spindle rotation is reversible for backing out
tools.
 Boring tool is held in boring head which will be
held in head stock.
 (2) COLUMN
 Column supports head stock and tail stock.
It guides up and down movement by means of
ways.
 It is hollow and heavily constructed.
 To balance head stock and make it easy to move.
 Columns are keyed, dowelled and bolted to the
base of the machine.
 (3) RUNWAYS
 Definition:
When ever the column is traversing
the base used is known as runway.
 Main function of runways are to carry the main
column, end support column and rotary table if
any.
 (4) END SUPPORT COLUMN
 Definition:
An out-board bearing is required to
support the other end of the bar is known as end
END SUPPORT COLUMN.
 End support column is necessary in case of long
boring and heavy tools are used.
 There is an opened and closed type of end support.
 (5) TABLE
 Main function of the table is to support for holding the

workpiece rigidly during the operation.

 Table is equipped with suitable ranges of feeds as well

as quick reverse mechanism.

 Table moves perpendicular to the axis of the spindle.

 (6) SADDLE
 The main function of saddle is to provide a
compound movement of the table.
 This helps the table to move axially as well as
transversly to the spindle.
 APLLICATION OF HBM
1. Horizontal boring machine can be used to drill,
bore ream holes.
2. These are widely used in batch production where
workpiece is less.
3. These machine can also be used for machining
type parts like gear boxes and engine blocks.
 VERTICAL BORING MACHINE
(VBM)

 Schemating diagram of
vertical boring machine
is shown in figure.
 VBM will be used in
case of length of the
workpiece is less then
the diameter.
Block diagram of vertical boring machine
 Here the cutting tool is stationary and mounted in the tool
head.
 Tool head can be moved linearly or upward and
downward motion to reach near to the workpiece.
 The workpiece is mounted on the table which is rotating.
 Two columns are used to have rigid support to the tool
head.
 APPLICATION OF VBM
 Vertical boring machine is used to machine inside and
outside diameter.
 VBM can also be used in for facing large size workpiece.
 Different products are turbine casting, pressure vessels,
tables for machine tools, gear blank etc. are machined on
vertical boring machine.
PRECISION(JIG) BORING MACHINE
(PBM)
 Precision or Jig boring machine is used in high accuracy
toolroom application.
 Different machine components include jigs, fixtures, gauges
etc.
 Because of their high precision category they can also be
used in precision co-ordinate measuring machines.
 Here the spindle bearing and spindle are constructed with
very high accuracy.
 The table is mounted on cross-slide and saddle for
compound movement of the workpiece.
 The table can be moved precisely in two mutually
perpendicular directions in a plan perpendicular to the
spindle axis.
 Here tolerance upto 0.002mm can me maintained.
 These machines are costlier. Hence used only in big
machine shops, where accuracy is required.
 These machines are also available with numerical control
system.
 These machines are provided with various accessories.
CAPSTAN AND TURRET
LATHE 1
• A capstan lathe or a turret lathe is a production
lathe used to manufacture any number of identical
pieces in the minimum time.
• These lathes are development of engine lathes.
The capstan lathe was first developed in the
United States of America by Pratt and Whitney
sometimes in 1860.
• Special characteristics of a capstan or turret
lathe enable it to perform a series of operations
such as drilling, turning, boring, thread cutting,
reaming, chamfering, cutting-off and many other
operations in a regular sequence to produce a
large number of identical pieces in a minimum
time.
Differences between a Capstan Lathe and Turret and
an Engine Lathe:
 The headstock of a turret lathe is similar to that of an
engine lathe in construction but possesses wider range of
speeds, and is of heavier in construction.
 Similar sizes of capstan and turret lathe and engine lathe,
when an engine lathe will require a motor of 3h.p. to drive
its spindle and other parts, a capstan and turret lathe will
demand power as high as 15h.p. for high rate of
production.
 In a turret lathe, the tailstock of an engine lathe is
replaced by a turret. This is a six sided block each of
which may carry one or more tools. These tools may be
indexed one after the other to perform different
operations in a regular order. This is a decisive
advantage in mass production.
 In a turret lathe, combination of cuts can be taken. Two or
more tools may be mounted on the same face of the turret,
making it possible to machine more than one surface at a
time. This feature reduces total operational time.
 A semiskilled operator can operate a capstan or turret lathe
after the machine has been set up by a skilled machinist. A
skilled machinist may be requisitioned for setting up only
for a large number of machines, where as actual
production may be given by a semiskilled operator.
 Capstan and turret lathe is fundamentally a production
machine, capable of producing large number of identical
pieces in a minimum time. The centre lathe is suitable for
odd jobs having different shapes and sizes.
 Capstan and turret lathes are not usually fitted with lead
screws for cutting threads. A short length of lead screw
called “Chasing screw “ are sometimes provided for cutting
threads by a chaser in a turret lathe.
 Differences between a capstan and turret lathe
Turret of a capstan lathe is mounted Turret of a turret lathe is mounted on a
on a short slide or ram slide which saddle which slides directly on the bed
slides on the saddle.
Thus in a capstan lathe, travel of the Turret saddle moves on total length of
turret is dependent upon the length of bed, this enables the turret to be
the travel of the ram. This limits the moved in entire length of the bed and
maximum length of work to be can machine longer work.
machined in one setting.

Maximum size of bar that a capstan Turret lathes are capable of turning
lathe can accommodate is 60 mm in bars 125 to 200 mm in diameter and
diameter. absorbing up to 50h.p. in the main
drive.
Capstan lathes are suitable for bar Larger and heavier chucking works are
work. usually handled on a turret lathe.
In capstan lathe hand feeding is easy In case of turret lathe hand feeding is
as the hexagonal turret can be moved a laborious process due to the
forth and back more rapidly without movement of the entire saddle unit.
moving saddle unit.
 Differences between a capstan and turret lathe

216
CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE MECHANISM:

The carriage, cross-slide, turret-slide, and the saddle

holding the turret may be fed in to the work by hand or
power.
They are two main mechanisms
1. Turret indexing mechanism
2. Bar feeding mechanism
 A simple line sketch of the mechanism is show in figure
 The turret 1 is mounted on the spindle 5, which rests on a
bearing on the turret saddle.
 The index plate 2, the bevel gear 3 and an indexing ratchet
4 are keyed to the spindle 5.
 The plunger 14 fitted with in the housing and mounted on
the saddle locks the index plate by spring 15 pressure and
prevents any rotary movement of the turret as the tool feeds
in to the work.
 A pin 13 is fitted on the plunger 14 projects out of the housing.
An actuating cam 10 and the indexing pawl 7 are attached to
the lathe bed 9 at the desired position.
 Both the cam and the pawl are spring loaded. As the turret
reaches the backward position, the actuating cam10 lifts the
plunger 14 out of the groove in the index plate due to the riding
of the pin 13on the beveled surface of the cam 10 and thus
unlocks the index plate2.
 The spring loaded pawl 7 which by this time engages with a
groove of the ratchet plate 4, causes the ratchet to rotate as the
turret head moves backward.
 When the index plate or the turret rotates through one sixth of
revolution, the pin 13 and the plunger 14 drops out of the cam
10 and the plunger locks the index plate at the next groove. The
turret is thus indexed by one sixth of revolution and again
locked in to the new position automatically.
BAR FEEDING MECHANISM:
 Capstan and turret lathes while working on bar work require
some feeding mechanism for bar feeding. a simple bar feeding
mechanism is illustrated as show in figure.
 The bar 6 is passed through the bar chuck 3, spindle of the
machine and then through the collet chuck.
 The bar chuck 3 rotates in the sliding bracket body 2 which is
mounted on a long slide bar. The bar chuck 3 grips the bar
centrally by two set screws 5 and rotates with the bar in the
sliding bracket body 2.
 One end of the chain 8 is connected to the pin 9 fitted on the
sliding bracket 10 and the other end supports a weight 4, the
chain running over two fixed pulleys 7 and 11 mounted on the
slide bar.
 The weight 4 constantly exerts end thrust on the bar chuck
while it revolves on the sliding bracket and forces the bar
through the spindle, the moment the Collet chuck is released.
• Thus the feeding may be accomplished without stopping
TOOL HOLDING DEVICES