Presentation on generation rates

What is generation rates

 The generation rates gives the number of electrons generated at each point in the device due to the
absorption of photons. Generation is an important parameter in solar cell operation. The
generation of an electron-hole pair can be calculated at any location within the solar cell, at any
wavelength of light, or for the entire standard solar spectrum it is the greatest at the surface of the
material, where the majority of the light is absorbed. Because the light used in PV applications
contains many different wavelengths, many different generation rates must be taken into account
when designing a solar cell.
 Wind energy generation rates
 The cost of electricity production by onshore wind power plants, in geothermal and hydropower, and based
on biomass is equal to or lower than the cost of generation at coal, gas and diesel power plants, even
without financial support and with falling oil prices.
 In many countries, including Europe, wind energy is one of the most competitive sources of new energy
capacity. Individual projects in wind power regularly supply electricity at $0.04 per kWh without financial
support, while for power plants running on fossil fuels, the cost interval is $0.04–0.14 per kWh in 2018.
 U.S. total annual Electricity generation from wind electricity generation in the United States increased from
about 6 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) in 2000 to about 300 billion kWh in 2019.
 When the wind is blowing more than 12 miles per hour, each wind turbine can produce 1.5 megawatts of
electricity. At reduced wind speeds, electricity production decreases. When wind speed exceeds 45 miles
per hour the turbines shut down to protect the machinery inside.
 
 Solar energy generation rates

 In the solar energy and solar PVs industry, the most competitive industrial-scale projects supply electricity at $0.08
per kWh without financial support, and lower prices are possible while lowering financing costs. Their cost interval
in China, North and South America now lies within the limits that are characteristic of fossil fuel-based generation.
 Solar energy has the leading position among other renewables because of its popularity among people and various
stakeholders and policy makers.
  Solar energy provided about 2% of total U.S. electricity in 2009. Photovoltaic (PV) and solar-thermal power are
the two main types of solar electricity generation technologies.
 Electricity costs from utility-scale solar PV fell 13% year-on-year, reaching nearly seven cents (USD 0.068) per
kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 2019. Onshore and offshore wind both fell about 9% year-on-year, reaching
USD 0.053/kWh and USD 0.115/kWh, respectively, for newly commissioned projects. Costs for CSP, still the
least-developed among solar and wind technologies, fell 1% to USD 0.182/kWh.