COMPARISON OF THE CLASSICAL METHOD IN

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
WITH NEW CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT:
STUDENT: ANASTASIA
ANASTASIA ROȘCA
ROȘCA

LECTURER:
LECTURER: PhD
PhD ROBERT
ROBERT MAZUR
MAZUR

COURSE:
COURSE: ADVANCED
ADVANCED RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN
IN ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
 General characteristics of cement

Manufacturing stage
INDEX
Usage stage

End-of-life stage and recycling

GENERAL
CHARACTERISTI
CS OF CEMENT
 Cement is a finely ground, non-
metallic, inorganic powder, and when
mixed with water forms a paste that
sets and hardens.
 It is a basic material for building and
civil engineering construction. In
Europe the use of cement and concrete
(a mixture of cement, aggregates, sand
and water) in large civic works can be
traced back to antiquity.
 There are more than twenty types of
cement used to make various specialty
concrete, however the most common
is Portland cement.
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF CEMENT
 Output from the cement
industry is directly related to
the state of the construction
business in general and
therefore tracks the overall
economic situation closely.
 World cement production has
grown steadily since 1950,
with increased production in
developing countries,
particularly in Asia.
GENERAL
CHARACTERIS
TICS OF
CEMENT
 China produces the most cement
globally by a large margin, at an
estimated 2.2 billion metric tons in
2019, followed by India at 320
million metric tons in the same year.
China currently produces over half of
the world’s cement. Global cement
production is expected to increase
from 3.27 billion metric tons in 2010
to 4.83 billion metric tons in 2030. In
China, the cement production in 2018
amounted to some 2.17 million
metric tons
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CEMENT
Between 2011 and 2013, China
consumed more concrete than the U.S.
did in the entire 20th century. In 2017,
China produced more cement than the
rest of the world combined, according
to the U.S. Geological Survey.
The world’s five largest cement
producers are Lafarge, Holcim,
Cemex, Heidelberg Cement and
Italcementi. Apart from producing
cement, these companies have also
diversified into several other building
material sectors such as aggregates,
concrete products, plasterboard, etc.
 MANUFACTURING STAGE

 Different minerals need to be

mined in order to make cement.
Limestone (containing the
mineral calcite), clay, and
gypsum make up most of it.
 Cement raw materials, especially
limestone, are geologically
widespread and (luckily)
abundant.
MANUFACTURING STAGE

The production of cement involves

broadly four stages:
 Extraction and pre-processing of
raw materials
 Pyroprocessing to produce clinker
 Blending and grinding of clinker
to cement
 Storage, packing and delivery of
cement.
EXTRACTION AND PRE-PROCESSING OF RAW
MATERIALS
 The main raw materials, including limestone,
chalk, marl and shale or clay, are extracted from
quarries. In most cases, the quarry is close to the
plant. After primary crushing, the raw materials
are transported to the cement plant for storage and
further preparation. Other raw materials, such as
bauxite, iron ore, blast furnace slag, sand or
recycled material, are brought in from elsewhere.
 The raw materials, in controlled proportions, are
ground and mixed together to form a
homogeneous blend with tight specifications
regarding fineness and chemical composition.
PYROPROCESSING
TO PRODUCE
CLINKER
The production of clinker takes place
in a kiln system in which the minerals
of the raw mix are transformed at
high temperatures into new minerals
with hydraulic properties. The fine
particles of the raw mix move from
the cool end to the hot end of the kiln
system and the combustion gases
move the other way from the hot end
to the cold end.
This results in an efficient transfer of
heat and energy to the raw mix and
an efficient removal of pollutants and
ash from the combustion process.
During the passage of the kiln system the raw mix is dried, pre-heated,
calcined and sintered to clinker, which is rapidly cooled with air and stored.
PYROPROCESSING
TO PRODUCE
CLINKER
The basic chemistry of the cement
manufacturing process begins with
decomposition of calcium carbonate
at about 900 ˚C to leave calcium
oxide (CaO) and liberated gaseous
carbon dioxide (CO2); this process is
known as calcination. This is
followed by the clinkering process in
which the calcium oxide reacts at a
high temperature (typically 1 400–1
500 ˚C) with silica, alumina, and
ferrous oxide to form the silicates,
aluminates and ferrites of calcium
that constitute the clinker. The clinker
is then rapidly cooled.
BLENDING AND GRINDING OF CEMENT CLINKER
• PORTLAND CEMENT IS PRODUCED BY INTER-GRINDING CEMENT CLINKER AND SULPHATES
SUCH AS GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE. SULPHATES ARE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED
SETTING PROPERTIES OF THE CEMENT.
• IN BLENDED CEMENTS (COMPOSITE CEMENTS) THERE ARE OTHER CONSTITUENTS, SUCH AS
GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG, NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL POZZOLANAS, LIMESTONE, OR
INERT FILLERS. THESE WILL BE INTER-GROUND WITH THE CLINKER OR MAY NEED TO BE DRIED
AND GROUND SEPARATELY.
STORAGE, PACKING AND DELIVERY OF CEMENT

 CEMENT IS STORED IN SILOS. DIFFERENT CEMENTS ARE STORED SEPARATELY. CEMENT IS TRANSFERRED
FROM THE SILOS EITHER DIRECTLY INTO BULK ROAD, RAIL OR SHIP TANKERS, OR TO A BAGGING STATION.
USAGE STAGE
OF THE CEMENT
 Cement is mainly used as a
binder in concrete, which is a
basic material for all types of
construction, including housing,
roads, schools, hospitals, dams
and ports, as well as for
decorative applications (for
patios, floors, staircases,
driveways, pool decks) and
items like tables, sculptures or
bookcases. Concrete is a
versatile and reliable
construction material with a
wide range of applications. 
 USAGE STAGE
OF THE CEMENT
Most materials for concrete are acquired
and manufactured locally which
minimizes transportation energy and
associated greenhouse gas emissions.
Concrete incorporates recycled industrial
byproducts such as fly ash, slag and silica
fume which helps reduce embodied
energy, carbon footprint and waste.
Concrete has a long service life, thereby
increasing the period between
reconstruction, repair and maintenance
and associated environmental impacts.
Because concrete is light in color it can
help minimize the urban heat island effect
when used as pavement for parking areas
and plazas or for exterior cladding.
 For aesthetic To
concrete manufacture To construct
construction precast Cement
members concrete roads

To build
CEME
As a grout
chemical proof NT material
structures
USES

To prepare
cement To build
To build fire proof
concrete and hydrographic and
and thermal proof
mortar frost resistant
structures
structures
END-OF-LIFE
STAGE
 According to the EU
Commission, about 450-500
million tonnes of construction
and demolition waste (C&DW)
is generated every year in
Europe, at least a third of which
is concrete. Nevertheless, only
around a third to two thirds of
the C&DW generated is
recycled.
 This low recycling rate is not
due to technical difficulties - it’s
market realities.
 RECYCLING
Concrete can be 100% recycled after
demolition. Recycling concrete from
C&DW offers two main benefits: it
reduces our dependence on primary
raw materials and reduces the amount
of waste sent to landfill. There are
two main ways in which recycled
concrete is reused:
 As a recycled aggregate in new
concrete
 As a recycled aggregate in
unbound applications such as
road construction and earthworks.
RECYCLING

Concrete is recycled by
using industrial crushing
equipment with jaws and
large impactors. After the
concrete is broken up, it is
usually run through a
secondary impactor and is
then screened to remove
dirt and particles and to
separate the large and small
aggregate.
 RECYCLING
Recycled concrete can be used in many of the same ways
as are used new materials, such as gravel, paving
materials, and aggregates.
o Permeable paving for walkways, driveways, and other
outdoor hard surfaces:. This technique reduces the
amount of runoff water that must be managed by storm
sewer systems and helps to replenish groundwater.
o Base for new asphalt paving.

o Bed foundation material for trenches containing

underground utility lines.
o Aggregate for mixing new concrete: Crushed concrete
can replace some of the virgin (new) aggregate used in
ready-mix concrete.
o Controlling streambank erosion: Larger pieces of
crushed concrete placed along vulnerable stream banks
or gullies can help control erosion.
o Landscaping mulch: When properly crushed and well
sorted, ground concrete can replace river rock or other
gravels used as ground covers and mulch.
o Material for building new oceanic reef habitats: Large
pieces of concrete carefully positioned offshore can
form the foundation for coral to build new reefs.
CEMENT PRODUCTION PLAYS AN ENORMOUS ROLE IN HUMAN
WELLBEING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THE CEMENT INDUSTRY,
LIKE OTHER INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES, IS STRICTLY REGULATED VIA
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION REGARDING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. EMISSION LEVELS OF POLLUTANTS ARE,
THEREFORE, TO A LARGE EXTENT DETERMINED BY THE ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH REGULATIONS.

So the largest companies in the field of cement

production are looking for and in the process of
implementing new technologies in order to reduce
environmental pollution.
THANK YOU!