(I)MOLECULAR SOLID

• In these solids the constituent particles are molecules on the nature of molecules they can
further subdivided into following three types:-
• (i) Non polar molecular solids:-
– The crystalline solids in which constituent particles are atoms of noble gases [helium,
neon] or non polar molecules like [H2, Cl2, I2]
– They are soft due to weak intermolecular forces.
• (ii) Polar molecular solids:-
– The crystalline solids in which constituent particles are polar molecules like HCl, SO2
etc. the intermolecular forces of attraction are dipole – dipole forces of attraction.
• (iii) Hydrogen bonded – molecular solids:-
– In these solids the constituent particles are which contain hydrogen atom linked to high
electronegative atoms as N, O, F.
 (II)IONIC SOLID
• In these solids constituent particles are positive and negative ions. (cations or anions). They
are held together by strong columbic electrostatic forces of attraction examples are NaCl,
CaCl2, MgCl2, BaCl2 etc.
• Due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction they are closely packed hence hard but they are
brittle
(III)METALLIC SOLID
Each metal atom contributes one or morE
electrons towards sea of electrons .
These electrons are evenly spread out
throughout the crystals and weak forces
of attraction or metallic bond binds
together kernels and sea of electrons. Ex-
Copper, Iron, Nickel .
(IV) COVALENT SOLID
In these crystalline solids the constituent particles are non
metal atoms linked to
adjacent atom by covalent bond
throughout the crystal. They forms a
network of covalent bonds and exists as
giant molecules. Example: Diamond, GRAPHITE
.