Staphylococcus aureus

Presented by:
Ayesha Arshad-L1F17BSBC0018
Syeda Zainab Imtiaz-L1F17BSBC0042
Outlines
 Introduction
 Classification
 Features
 Habitat
 Culture characteristics
 Cell wall component
 Virulence factors
 Biofilm formation
 Diseases
 Transmission
 Sign and symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Risk factors
 Precautions
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Emerged from a Greek word staphyle that stands
for bunch of grapes and kokkos is for berry
 Aureus derived from Latin word ‘aurum’ stands for
gold.
 light microscope-spherical shape and resemblance
with bunches of grapes
 Sir Alexander Ogston -identified that cause of wound
infection was staphylococcus and named it so because of
grape like clusters
 Anton Rosenbach -isolated the staphylococcus aureus in
1884 and named it as staphylococcus aureus on the basis
of yellow appearance of its colonies.
Classification of staphylococcus aureus:

 Domain Bacteria
 Phylum Firmicutes
 Class Bacilli
 Order Bacillales
 Family Staphylococcaceae
 Genus Staphylococcus
 Specie S.aureus
 Features

 Facultative anaerobe
 Gram positive bacteria
 Non spore forming
 Non motile
 Salt tolerant
 Optimum temperature 37’C
 Habitat

 It has natural habitat that is mammalian body.

 Present in nasal passage, skin, and phyranx as well.
 Thirty percent (30%) of the normal human healthy population
is affected by S. aureus as it asymptomatically colonizes on
the skin of human host.
Culture characteristics of S. aureus:
 Nutrient agar: on this medium s.aureus produce golden
yellow round colonies that have 2-4nm diameter.
 Blood agar: this bacteria produce haemolytic zone around
the colonies. This haemolytic is well observed on sheep or
rabbit blood agar rather than that of human blood because
human blood contain antibiotics.
 Mannitoal salt agar:that has 1% Mannitol, 7.5% NaCl and
phenol red as an indicator. S.aureus produce acid by
fermenting mannitol and give yellow zone surrounding the
colonies. This is indication of growth of S.aureus.
 Cell wall structure Of S.aureus
 Cell wall peptidoglycan:
 S. aureus has thick peptidoglycan layer make more than 50%
of mass of cell wall.
 The cell wall -tight multi-layer
 Peptidoglycan-maintaining that layered structure and provide
rigidity and stability to the bacteria so that it can survive in
harsh environment.
 Teichoic acid:
 2 kind of teichoic acids
 cell wall and cell membrane associated that is covalently
linked with the peptidoglycan. Teichoic acid are responsible
for providing negative charge to cell wall.
 Protein A:
 a cell wall anchored protein of Staphylococcus aureus, has the
ability to interact with several host components
 virulence factors

 S. aureus causes disease by multiplying

in tissues and causing inflammation, and
also by liberating toxin
 S. aureus produces several virulence
factors which include the following:
a) Cell wall associated proteins and
        

polymers
b) Extracellular enzymes
       

c) Toxins
        
 Inhibit the chemotaxis
Peptidoglycan of inflammatory cells
Cell wall associated

Inhibit phagocytosis and

protein and

Capsular Polysaccharide
polymer

chemotaxis

Mediate attachment of
Teichoic Acid staphylococcal cell to
mucosal cells

Anticomplementry ,
cause platelets injury
Protein A and cause
hypersensitivity reaction
 coagulase Coat the bacterial cell with fibrin and render them
resistant to opsonisation and phagocytosis

Produce nascent oxygen which cause

Catalase oxidative damage to the host cell
Enzymes

Hydrolyse the hyaluronic acid present in

Hyaluronidase matrix of connective tissue and hence
spread the bacteria in other tissues.

Pencillinase Inactivates the pencilins

Nucleases Hydrolyzes the DNA

Lipases Hydrolyzes the lipids

 Toxic shock syndrome toxin Superantigen, stimulate the release of large amount of
interlukines

Superantigen, act by producing large

Enterotoxin
amount of interlukines
Toxins

Exfoliative toxin Split intracellular binding in the stratum

granulosum of epidermis of the skin

Thermostable and cause the lysis of

Leukocidin toxin leukocytes

Hemolysin Cause the lysis of erythrocytes

Biofilm formation by S. aureus:

 S.aureus is gram positive and its unique property is the formation of biofilm. In this
bacteria remain attached to the host tissue surface and develop a mature biofilm. These
biofilms actually weakens the immune defence, persist chronic infection and make it
difficult to wipe out the infection.

 Stages of biofilm development:

 Initial attachment: during this stage the planktonic cell
attach to the host cell surface with the help of surface protein
that is MSCRAMMs stands for ‘microbial surface
component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules’’ .this
protein is important during infection as it has role in
attachment to host factors i.e. fibrinogen, collagen etc.
 Maturation: it involves cell proliferation and formation of
extracellular polymer matrix. This matrix usually consists of
host factors, protein, polysaccharide etc.
 Final detachment/dispersal: in this environmental signal
stimulate the dispersal of cells from biofilm that then seed
new site for the another biofilm production
 Diseases

 While S. aureus usually acts as a commensal bacterium, asymptomatically colonizing

about 30% of the human population, it can sometimes cause disease.
 Additionally, it can cause various skin and soft-tissue infections , particularly when skin or
mucosal barriers have been breached.
 S. aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-
skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person
such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.
Transmission
 Diseases

 Bloodstream infections: When a catheter that is inserted in a vein has remained in place

for a long time
 Endocarditis: When people inject illegal drugs or have an artificial heart valve or when a
catheter inserted in a vein is infected
 Osteomyelitis: When Staphylococcus aureus spreads to the bone from an infection in the
bloodstream or from an infection in nearby soft tissue, as may occur in people with deep
pressure sores or foot sores due to diabetes
 Lung infection (pneumonia): When people have had influenza (particularly) or a
bloodstream infection, when people are taking corticosteroids or drugs that suppress the
immune system (immuno-suppressants), or when they are hospitalized because they need
tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation (called hospital-acquired pneumonia)
 Signs And Symptoms
 Symptoms of Skin infections
o Boils. The most common type of staph infection is
the boil, a pocket of area usually becomes red and
swollen.
o Impetigo. This contagious, often painful rash can
be caused by staph bacteria.
o Cellulitis. pus that develops in a hair follicle or oil
gland. Cellulitis — an infection of the deeper
layers of skin — causes skin redness and swelling
on the surface of your skin.
o Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Toxins
produced as a result of a staph infection may lead
to staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Affecting
mostly babies and children, this condition features
a fever, a rash and sometimes blisters.
Signs And Symptoms

 Symptoms of Bacteremia:
It Produces the infection in:
 Internal organs, such as your brain, heart or lungs
 Bones and muscles
 Surgically implanted devices, such as artificial joints or cardiac pacemakers
 Symptoms of Septic arthritis:
 Joint swelling
 Severe pain in the affected joint
 Fever
Diagnosis

 Diagnosis is based on performing tests with colonies.

 Tests for clumping factor, coagulase, hemolysins and thermostable deoxyribonuclease are
routinely used to identify S.aureus.
Treatment

 Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include certain cephalosporins

such as cefazolin; nafcillin or oxacillin; vancomycin; daptomycin (Cubicin); telavancin
(Vibativ); or linezolid (Zyvox). Vancomycin increasingly is required to treat serious
staph infections because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other
traditional medicines.
 Wound drainage:
If you have a skin infection, your doctor will likely make an incision into the sore to drain
fluid that has collected there.
 Device removal:
If your infection involves a device or prosthetic, prompt removal of the device is needed.
For some devices, removal might require surgery.
Antibiotic Resistance

 Staph bacteria are very adaptable, and many varieties have become resistant to one or more
antibiotics.
 For example, only about 5% of today's staph infections can be cured with penicillin.
 The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of staph bacteria — often described as
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains — has led to the use of IV
antibiotics, such as vancomycin or daptomycin, with the potential for more side effects.
Risk Factors

 Anyone can develop a staph infection, although certain groups of people are at greater risk,
including people with chronic conditions such as:
 Diabetes
 Cancer
 Vascular disease
 Eczema
 Lung disease
 People who inject drugs
Precautions

 Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water. Or use an
alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
 keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal.
 Avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandages.
 Do not share personal items such as towels, clothing, or cosmetics.
 Cover wounds with a clean bandage. Do not touch other people's bandages.
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