DIABETES

Food & Nutrition I

What is Diabetes?
 Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
resulting from defects in insulin secretion,
insulin action, or both.

 How diabetes effects the body

overview
County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes for Adults aged
≥ 20 years: United States 2004
County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes for Adults aged
≥ 20 years: United States 2005
County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes for Adults aged
≥ 20 years: United States 2006
County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes for Adults aged
≥ 20 years: United States 2007
TYPE 1 Diabetes

 Used to be known as Juvenile- Onset or

Insulin Dependent Diabetes.
 Results from the auto-immune destruction

of the pancreas which produce the

hormone, insulin.
 Insulin is required for glucose metabolism.

 A person cannot live without insulin.

TYPE 2 Diabetes
 Used to be known as Adult-onset or Non-insulin
dependent diabetes.
 Characterized by insulin resistance that develops
into insulin deficiency.
 Insulin is produced but the body is not using it
correctly.
 Central abdominal obesity is directly related to
insulin resistance.
 Fast growing epidemic in our young population.
 Related to family history of diabetes, weight gain,
and sedentary lifestyle.
Diabetes Statistics
 More than 17 million Americans have diabetes.

 Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the

U.S.

 Diabetes is one of the most common chronic

diseases in school-aged children, affecting 1 in
very 400 to 500 young people under 20 years old.
Complications of Diabetes
 Heart disease & stroke
 High blood pressure (hypertension)
 Blindness
 Kidney disease
 Nervous system disease
 Amputations
 Dental disease
 Complications of pregnancy
 Uncontrolled illnesses, coma, inability to walk distances
Diabetes must be managed
24 hours a day…….
1. Checking blood sugars throughout the day
2. Following individual meal plan
3. Participating in regular physical exercise
4. Administering insulin and /or medications

To avoid complications such as

hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
What is Hypoglycemia?
or Low Blood Sugar

 It is a true emergency and can be life-threatening

if not treated promptly!
 Occurs when blood sugar is below the target
range (under 70-80).
 Can be caused by too much insulin, increased
activity, eating too few carbohydrates.
 Happens when the body does not have enough
sugar in the blood.
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

 Hunger
 Shakiness

 Dizziness

 Sweatiness

 Fast Heartbeat

 Drowsiness

 Feeling irritable, sad, or angry

 Nervousness

 Nausea
More signs & symptoms of
hypoglycemia

 Feeling sleepy
 Being stubborn

 Lack of coordination

 Tingling or numbness of the tongue

 Personality change

 Passing out

 Seizure
Causes of Low Blood Sugar

 Meals that are late or missed

 Extra exercise or activity

 An insulin dose which is too high

 Unplanned changes in daily schedule

What to do When Hypoglycemia
Occurs
 Do not leave them alone!!
 If possible, check blood sugar
 If meter is unavailable, treat!
 Eat or drink fast-acting (simple)
carbohydrate
 Wait 15 minutes and check blood sugar again
Hypoglycemia Busters
 2-4 glucose tablets
 4 ounces apple or orange juice
 4-6 ounces of regular soda
 4-8 lifesavers
 1 cup of low-fat milk
 1 tube of cake icing
 1 tube of glucose gel
What is Hyperglycemia?
or high blood sugar

 Hyperglycemia occurs when blood sugar is

above 240.
 Hyperglycemia occurs when the body gets too
little insulin, too much food, or too little
exercise.
 Hyperglycemia may also occur when someone
has an illness such as a cold.
 Hyperglycemia may occur when someone is
under extreme stress.
Symptoms of
Hyperglycemia
 Frequent urination
 Extreme hunger
 Extreme fatigue
 Unusual thirst
 Irritability
 Blurred vision
 Vaginal infections
 Numb hands/feet
 Sudden weight loss
 Wounds that don’t
heal
What to do when Hyperglycemia occurs

 Check blood glucose

 Do not leave them alone!!

 Call family

 Drink lots of water

Graphs
Graphs