Airlangga University

Detektor Pengukuran Radiasi

D4 Radiologi
KHUSNUL AIN
 Detektor Radiasi

The function of the detector is to produce a signal for every

particle entering into it. Every detector works by using
some interaction of particles with matter. Following is a list
of the most common detector types :
 Detektor Isian Gas
 Detektor Sintilasi
 Destektor Semikonduktor
 Detektor Isian Gas
A typical gas-filled detector :
(a) the direct current produced in the circuit is
measured
(b) individual pulses are detected.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH VOLTAGE AND
CHARGE COLLECTED
Penjelasan
Penjelasan (lanjutan)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GAS-FILLED
DETECTORS
Ionization Chambers

ATOMLAB 200 (Dose

Calibrator)
 No amplification
 No dead-time
 Signal = liberated charge
 Settings for different isotopes
 Calibrations
Geiger-Muller counters

 No energy info
 Long dead-time
 Thin window probe
 HV plateau

 The performance of a counter is expressed in terms of the slope of the plateau

given in the form
 where Ar/r is the relative change of the counting
rate r for the corresponding change in voltage AV.
Frequently, is expressed in percent change of the
counting rate per 100 V change of the high voltage
 SCINTILLATION DETECTORS
 Scintillators are materials-solids, liquids,
gases-that produce sparks or scintillations of
light when ionizing radiation passes through
them.
INORGANIC (CRYSTAL) SCINTILLATORS
 Most of the inorganic scintillators are crystals of the alkali metals, in
particular alkali iodides, that contain a small concentration of an
impurity. Examples are NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CaI(Na), LiI(Eu), and CaF,
(Eu).
Schematic diagram of the interior of a photomultiplier
tube
Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)
A detection system using a scintillator
Spectroscopy System Hardware
Spectroscopy System Output
Realistic Energy Spectrum
 SEMICONDUCTOR
DETECTORS
 Semiconductor detectors are solid-state devices that operate
essentially like ionization chambers. The charge carriers in
semiconductors are not electrons and ions, as in the gas
counters, but electrons and hole. At present, the most
successful semiconductor detectors are made of silicon and
germanium
 THE p-n JUNCTION

 Silicon doped with gallium. One of the covalent bonds

is not matched
(a) Intrinsic and
(b) p-type semiconductor. New hole states (acceptor states) are created close to the top
of the valence band
 (a) A p-n junction without external voltage.
 (b) If a reverse voltage is applied externally,
the potential across the junction increases, and
so does the depth x, along which an electric
field exists.
The p-n Junction Operating as a Detector