STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BDA 10903
CHAPTER 1

STRESS
AND STRAIN
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the class, students will be able to:

1.Explain some of the important principles of statics.
2.Use the principles to determine internal resultant
loadings in a body.
3.Explain the concepts of normal, shear, bearing and
thermal stress.
Overview of Mechanics

Mechanics : The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them

RIGID BODIES DEFORMABLE BODIES

FLUIDS
( Things that do not change shape) ( Things that do change shape)

Statics : The study of bodies

in an equilibrium
Incompressible Compressible

Dynamics :
Mechanics of Materials :
1. Kinematics – concerned
The study of the relationships
with the geometric aspects
between theexternal loads
of the motion
applied to a deformable body and
2. Kinetics – concerned
the intensity of internal forces
with the forces causing the
acting within the body.
motion.
 External Loads
External Loads

Body Force Surface Forces

- developed when one body exerts a force on - caused by direct contact of one body with
another body without direct physical contact the surface of another.
between the bodies.
- e.g earth’s gravitation (weight)

concentrated force

linear distributed load, w(s)

STRESS AND STRAIN

1. Axial load,
2. Normal stress,
3. Shear stress,
4. Bearing stress,
5. Allowable stress,
6. Deformation of structural under axial load,
7. Statically indeterminate problems,
8. Thermal stress.
 Stress And Strain

 Mechanics of material is a study of the relationship between

the external loads applied to a deformable body and the
intensity of internal forces acting within the body.

 Stress = the intensity of the internal force on a specific plane

(area) passing through a point.

 Strain = describe the deformation by changes in length of line

segments and the changes in the angles between them
1.1 Introduction of Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially

loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as the

normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
 A  0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy

P   ave A   dF    dA
A
 Introduction of Normal Stress

 Normal stress may be tensile, σt or compressive, σc and result from

forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the cross-section

Tension

Compression

Units: Usually N/m2 (Pa), N/mm2, MN/m2, GN/m2 or

N/cm2
 Note: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa
Example 1
Examples
Example 2

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and

loaded as shown. Knowing that d1=30mm and d2=20mm, find
average normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC
Examples
 1.2 Shear Stress
 Shear stresses are produced by equal and opposite parallel forces not in line.
 The corresponding forces tend to make one part of the material slide over the
other part. These forces are called shearing forces.
 Shear stress is tangential to the area over which it acts.

V • Forces V and V’ are applied transversely to the

member AB.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,

V V = resultant forces
 ave 
A A = area of the section
V’
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
V
uniform.

V’
 Shear Stress
Depending on the type of connection , a connection element (bolt, rivet,
pin ) may be subjected to single or double shear

Single Shear Double Shear

V
V
V

V F V F F
 ave   V F  ave   V
A A A 2A 2
 Procedure of Analysis
 The equation τavg=v/A is used to compute only the average
shear stress in the material.

Internal Shear
• Section member at the point where the τavg is to be determined
• Draw free-body diagram
• Calculate the internal shear force V
Average Shear Stress
• Determine sectioned area A
• Compute average shear stress τavg = V/A
Example 3

FOR THE 12 MM DIAMETER BOLT SHOWN IN THE

BOLTED JOINT BELOW, DETERMINE THE AVERAGE
SHEARING STRESS IN THE BOLT.
ANS: 309.46 MPa
Example 4
 Exercise

Ans: d= 43.8mm

The axial force in the column supporting the timber

beam shown in P = 75 kN. Determine the smallest
allowable length L of the bearing plate if the bearing
stress in the timber is not to exceed 3.0 MPa

Ans: L= 178.6 mm
1.3 Bearing stress

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses

on the points of contact or bearing
surfaces of the members they
connect.
• The resultant of the force distribution
on the surface is equal and opposite to
the force exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing stress,

P P
b  
A t bar  d bolt

Bearing area is defined as the projected area

of the curved bearing surface
Example 5
Example 6
EXAMPLE 6
Example 7
Try

Ans:
a)25.4mm
b)271.7 MPa
Try

Ans:
a)80.8 MPa
b)127.0 MPa
c)203 MPa
1.4 Stress on oblique plane – axial loading

• Axial forces on a two force member result

in only normal stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and pins result

in only shear stresses on the plane
perpendicular to bolt or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or transverse

forces may produce both normal and
shear stresses with respect to a plane
other than one cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
1.4 Stress on oblique plane – axial loading

• Pass a section through the member forming an

angle  with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the distributed

forces (stresses) on the plane must be
equivalent to the force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 
• The average normal and shear stresses on the
oblique plane are
F P cos P
    cos 2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
    sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos
Stress on oblique plane – axial loading

• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique

plane
P P
 cos 2   sin  cos
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the reference

plane is perpendicular to the member axis,

P
m    0
A0
• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at + 45o
with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0
 Example 8

Given: The bar with a square cross section for which the depth
and thickness are 40 mm. An axial force of 800 N is
applied along the centroidal axis of the bar’s cross-
sectional area.
Find: The average normal stress and average shear stress acting
on the material along
(a) section plane b-b
 Internal loading
+ ∑ Fx = 0; − 800 N + N sin 60° + V cos 60° = 0
+ ∑ Fy = 0; V sin 60° − N cos 60° = 0

Or directly using x’, y’ axes,

+ ∑ Fx’ = 0; N − 800 N cos 30° = 0
+ ∑ Fy’ = 0; V − 800 N sin 30° = 0
Average normal stress
N 692.8 N
σ= =A = 375 kPa
(0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60°)

Average shear stress

V 400 N
τavg = = (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60°)
= 217 kPa
A
Example 9
Exercise
 1.5 Factor of Safety

 The load which any member of a machine carries is called working load, and
stress produced by this load is the working stress.
 Obviously, the working stress must be less than the yield stress, tensile strength
or the ultimate stress.
 This working stress is also called the permissible stress or the allowable stress
or the design stress.
 The factor of safety
F (FS) is
fail  introduced to ensure safety of structural elements.
fail fail
FS   
Fallow  allow  allow

yield stress
FS 
allowable stress
Example 10
Example 11
Examples
Examples