PIPING

FUNDAMENTALS

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 PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS

 Piping systems are like arteries and veins

 They carry the lifeblood of modern civilization
 In a modern city they transport water from the
sources of water supply to the points of
distribution
 convey waste from residential and commercial
buildings

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PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS….
 The design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of various piping systems involve :
 Understanding of piping fundamentals,
 Materials, generic and specific design
considerations
 Fabrication and installation
 Examinations, testing and inspection
 Requirements, in addition to the local, state and
federal regulations

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PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS….
 Different types of piping:

 Off-shore (Underground / Above ground)

 On-shore (Underground / Above ground)

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 PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS…..

 Piping includes pipe, flanges, fittings, bolting,

gaskets, and valves
 IPS: Initially a system known as iron pipe size
was established to designate the pipe size
 The size represented the approximate inside
diameter of the pipe in inches
 An IPS 6 pipe is one whose inside diameter is
approximately 6 inches

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 PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS….
 NPS: Nominal pipe size is a dimensionless
designator of pipe size
 It indicates standard pipe size
 NPS 2 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is
2.375 in
 The NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter
greater than the size designator (say, 2, 4, 6, . . .)
 the outside diameter of NPS 14 and larger pipe is
the same as the size designator in inches

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PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS ….

 For example, NPS 14 pipe has an outside

diameter equal to 14 in
 The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe
wall thickness specified by the schedule number
 DN: Diameter nominal is also a dimensionless
designator of pipe size in the metric unit system,
developed by the International Standards
Organization (ISO).

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PIPING
FUNDAMENTALS ….
 It indicates standard pipe size when
followed by the specific size designation
number without a millimeter symbol
 For example, DN 50 is the equivalent
designation of NPS 2

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 Pipe Wall Thickness

 Schedule is expressed in numbers (5, 5S, 10, 10S,

20, 20S, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140,
160)
 A schedule number indicates the approximate value
of the expression 1000*P/S
 where P is the service pressure and S is the
allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per
square inch (psi)
 The higher the schedule number, the thicker the
pipe is.
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Pipe Wall Thickness ….

 The outside diameter of each pipe size is

standardized
 Therefore, a particular nominal pipe size will have
a different inside diameter depending upon the
schedule number specified.
 The schedule numbers followed by the letter S are
per ASME B36.19M, and they are primarily
intended for use with stainless steel pipe

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 PIPING CLASSIFICATION

 It is usual industry practice to classify the pipe in

accordance with the pressure temperature rating
system used for classifying flanges
 piping classified as Class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900,
1500, and 2500

Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

PN bar 20 50 68 110 150 260 420
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 PIPE AND TUBE PRODUCTS

 Pressure Tubing:
 Pressure-tube applications commonly involve
external heat applications, as in boilers or
superheaters
 Pressure tubing is produced to the actual outside
diameter and minimum or average wall thickness
specified by the purchaser
 Pressure tubing is usually made from steel
produced by the open-hearth, basic oxygen, or
electric furnace processes.
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 PIPE AND TUBE PRODUCTS

 Dimensions of Typical Commercial Cast-

Steel Flanged Fittings (from ASME B16.5-
1996) Page 8 of piping standard.
 Pipe: applications commonly involve all
piping systems where you are not limited
to apply Tube.

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 TRAPS
(Steam Traps)
 The function of a steam trap is to discharge
condensate from steam piping or steam heating
equipment without permitting live steam to
escape.
 Some principal types of steam traps are:

● Float
● Thermostatic
● Thermodynamic
● Inverted bucket

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 STRAINERS …

 Strainers are used in piping systems to

protect equipment sensitive to dirt and
other particles that may be carried by the
fluid
 During system start-up and flushing,
strainers may be placed upstream of pumps
to protect them from construction debris
that may have been left in the pipe
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 STRAINERS …

 The “Y” strainer is generally used

upstream of traps, control valves, and
instruments
 Basket strainers are generally used
where high flow capacity is required
 Basket strainers are also available in a
duplex style which consists of two parallel
basket strainers and diverting valves,

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STRAINERS

 Permanent strainers may be installed

upstream of control valves, traps, and
instruments to protect them from corrosion
products that may become dislodged and
carried throughout the piping system
 Strainers are available in a variety of
styles, including “Y” and basket

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 Flange Types

 Flanges differ in method of attachment to the

pipe, i.e., whether they are screwed, welded, or
lapped
 Contact surface facings may be plain serrated,
grooved for ring joints, seal-welded, or ground
and lapped for metal-to-metal contact
 Unfired Pressure Vessels, of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, three types of circular
flanges are defined, and these are designated as
loose-type, integral-type and optional-type
flanges
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 Flange Types ….
 Loose-Type Flanges. This (slip-on) type
covers those designs in which the flange
has no direct connection to the nozzle
neck or the vessel or pipe wall
 and those designs where the method of
attachment is not considered to give the
mechanical strength equivalent of integral
attachment
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 Flange Types …
 Integral-Type Flanges. This type covers
designs in which the flange is cast or forged
integrally with the nozzle neck or the vessel or
pipe wall, butt-welded thereto, or attached by
other forms of arc or gas welding of such a nature
that the flange .
 Typical loose flanges (threaded and slip-on) and
nozzle neck or vessel or pipe wall is considered to
be the equivalent of an integral structure.
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 Flange Types …
 Optional-Type Flanges : This type covers
designs where the attachment of the flange to
the nozzle neck or the vessel or pipe wall is such
that the assembly is considered to act as a unit,
which shall be calculated as an integral flange,
except that for simplicity the designer may
calculate the construction as a loose-type flange,
provided that stipulated load values are not
exceeded.

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 Flange Facing
 Selection of the type of facing depends to a
considerable extent on the nature of the service:
 plain face: the simplest of which is the plain
face provided with a ‘‘smooth tool finish.’’ Class
125 cast-iron flanged fittings are provided with
this type of facing.
 Plain-face joints with red rubber gaskets have
been found satisfactory for temperatures up to
220F (105C)

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 Flange Facing …
 The Raised face, the lapped, and the large male-and-
female facings have the same dimensions, which provide
a relatively large contact area. Where metal gaskets are
used with these facings, the gasket area should be
reduced to increase the gasket compression
 serrated raised-face joints with graphite-steel-composition
gaskets are commonly used for temperatures up to 750F
(400C).

 For high temperatures and pressures, faces giving a

high contact pressure for a given bolt load are customary,
such as the tongue-and-groove and ring joints

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 VALVES

 Valve types: Ball, gate, plug, butterfly, globe,

diaphragm, needle, and check valves have all
been used in platform production facilities
 Ball valves are suitable for most manual on-off
hydrocarbon or utilities service when operating
temperatures are between -20 ْ F and 180 ْ F, above 180 ْ F
should be carefully considered due to the temperature
limitations of the soft sealing material

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 VALVES….

 Ball valves are available in both floating ball and trunnion

mounted designs. Valves of the floating ball design,
develop high operating torques in high pressure services
or large diameters but tend to provide a better seal,
Trunnion mounted ball valves turn more easily but may
not seal as well. Thus, a trade-off decision is required to
select the proper type for each application
 Ball valves are not suitable for throttling because in the
partially open position, sealing surfaces on the exterior of
the ball are exposed to abrasion by process fluids.

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 VALVES….

 Gate valves are suitable for most on-off, non-vibrating

hydrocarbon of utilities service for all temperature ranges.
 In vibrating service, gate valves may move open or
closed from their normal positions unless the stem
packing is carefully adjusted.
 Gate valves have better torque characteristics than ball or
plug valves but do not have the easy operability of quarter
turn action
 In sizes 2 inch and larger, manually operated gate valves
should be equipped with flexible discs or expanding gates
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 VALVES….

 Gate valves with unprotected rising stems are not

recommended since the marine environment can corrode
exposed stems and threads, making the valves hard to
operated and damaging stem packing.
 Gate valves should not be used for throttling service.
Throttling, especially with fluids containing sand, can
damage the sealing surfaces.

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 VALVES….

Plug valves are suitable for the same applications as ball valves and
are also subject to similar temperature limitations.
 Plug valves are available with quarter turn action in either lubricated
or non-lubricated designs.
 Plug valves are typically utilized in chemical processing applications

 In contrasts to the ball valve, the plug valve typically requires higher
operating torques, meaning larger and more expensive automation
packages.

 They do not require frequent maintenance lubrication but may be

more difficult to free after prolonged setting in one position. The
application circumstance will generally dictate a selection preference
based on these characteristics.

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VALVES….
 Butterfly valves are suitable for coarse throttling and other
applications where a tight shutoff is not required.
 It is difficult to accomplish a leak-tight seal with a regular
butterfly valve.
 Butterfly valves are typically utilized in large line sizes in
chemical services, waste and water treatment applications
and fire protection systems.
 They are not suitable as primary block valves for vessels,
tanks, etc. where a tight seal is required, use a high
performance valve or limit the valve to low differential
pressure and low temperature ( 150 2ْ F ) service.
 Because low torque requirements permit butterfly valves to
vibrate open, handles with detents should be specified.
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 VALVES….

 Globe valves: When good throttling control is required

( e.g., in bypass service around control valves) , globe
valves are the most suitable.
 Diaphragm ( bladder valves). In this valve design, a
diaphragm made of an Elastomer is connected to the valve
stem. Closure is accomplished by pressing the diaphragm
against a metal weir which is a part of the valve body.
 Diaphragm valves are used primarily for low pressure water
( 200 psig or less ) service. They are especially suitable for
systems containing appreciable sand or other solids.

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 PIPING MATERIALS

 The selection of materials for piping applications is a

process that requires consideration of material
characteristics appropriate for the required service.
 Material selected must be suitable for the flow medium and
the given operating conditions of temperature and pressure
safely during the intended design life of the product.
 Welding type bend, and the operating environment
surrounding the pipe or piping component must be
considered
 The selection process should lead to the most economical
material that meets the requirements of the service
conditions and codes and standards that apply

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