MORE ON CLAUSES

By: Feri Nofitasari (204180032)

Moh. Farkhan Sholehudin ( 204180051)
Reza Febiola (204180062)
A. I-Node

In this tree the S-node branches into NP and VP, and each of
these phrases is structured in accordance with the principles of
X'-syntax. VP contains the Direct Object of a sentence.
Nb:
 (2) is a positive sentence, so the Spec-of-VP position
remains empty.
 We can assume that tense verbs are only attached under
the appropriate V-node. The sentence contains a node
labeled 'I' (short for 'infection'), which is directly dominated
by S.
This node is responsible for two things, namely ensuring that
the verbs become tense, and taking care of the agreement
obtained between the Subject and the verb.
A. I-Node
 

"I" contains a number of components, which are called an

infinitival marker in descriptive grammars, in contrast to the
preposition to), then this element is positioned under the I-
node. i.e. [Tense] and dan 'I’abstract features [Agr].
 Abstract features (Tense) have positive values [+ Tense] or
negative [-Tense] (indicated by the symbol ‘±’). If it has a
positive value, we have a further choice between [+now] or
[present], as follows: [+ Tense, + present] or [+ Tense,-
provide].
 [Agr], which is short for ‘Agreement’. This feature can have
positive or negative values: [+ Agr] or [-Agr].
Nb:
We assume that an infinite clause, i.e. a tense clause, will have
an I-node with positive values for the [Tense] and [Agr]
features, and that an unlimited clause will have a negative
value for this feature.
A. I-Node

In the case of presenttense Subjects other than third person

singular, an abstract null ending is lowered from the I-node onto
the verb, while in the past tense we again have -ed.
A. I-Node

The features [+Tense, -Present] and [+Agr] are lowered onto the
main verb want, which is then spelled out as wanted.
A. I-Node
 

(7) My brother will bake a cake

This sentence contains the modal auxiliary will. As
will is a verb, it would be reasonable to assume that it is
positioned inside VP. It would then need to be placed in
front of the main verb, i.e. before bake. It would also
need to be placed in front of the negative element not
when it is present This sentence contains the modal
auxiliary will. As will is a verb, it would be reasonable to
assume that it is positioned inside VP. It would then
need to be placed in front of the main verb, i.e. before
bake. It would also need to be placed in front of the
negative element not when it is present.
A. I-Node

(8) My brother will not bake a cake.

The element not occupies the Specifier position inside VP,
and we also know that there are no further positions to the left of
the Specifier. Therefore led to conclude that modals like will are
not inside VP, but if they’re not inside VP, a plausible option
would be to place modal auxiliaries under the I-node.
A. I-Node
 
 

(10) In a tree diagram perhaps can appear in the

positions indicated by the symbol ‘’:
Example : My brother will perhaps not bake a cake.
Perhaps is a sentence adverb, i.e. immediately
dominated by ‘S’ in a tree diagram, and given also the
fact that it can occur between a modal verb and the
Specifier of VP, a reasonable assumption would be to
place the modal under ‘I’.
Nb:
Finite clauses contain the combination [+Tense,
±present] [+Agr], while nonfinite clauses contain [-Tense]
[-Agr]. If a clause contains either a modal verb or the
infinitival marker to, these elements are positioned
under ‘I’. Notice that modals and to cannot co-occur.
B. Subordinate Clauses  

1. Clauses functioning as Direct Object, Subject and Adjunct

a) Subordinate clauses that have a function as Direct Object of
the verbs think and want.
Example:
(12) Tim thought that Kate believed the story.
(13) She wanted her brother to bake a cake. (= (5) above)
Note:
(14) The subordinate clause is infinite and introduced by the
complementiser that. (15) The subordinate clause is innonfinite
and not introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
B. Subordinate Clauses  

b) Subordinate clauses that have a function as Subject

and Adjunct
Example:
(16) [That Ken adores Nadia] annoys Jenny.
(17) I will repair it [when I return].
As for (17), notice that the subordinate clause is
positioned after the Direct Object, and that its function is
Adjunct, because the when clause is not a Complement
of the verb repair, it cannot be analysed as its sister in a
tree diagram.
B. Subordinate Clauses  

2. Clauses functioning as Complements within Phrases

Example:
(20) The article was about [NP their realisation that all is lost]
(21) I am [AP so eager to work with you]
(22) He is uncertain [PP about what you said to me]
The Heads in each case are in bold, the Complements are in italics. The
clausal Complements in each case are subordinate clauses. In the NP and AP
they give more information about the content of their associated Head. In the PP
the clause identifies the nature of the uncertainty mentioned in the sentence.
Note:
Because the clauses in each case are Complements, they are represented as
sisters of their Heads.
B. Subordinate Clauses  

3. Clauses functioning as Adjuncts within Phrases

Apart from inside VPs, clausal Adjuncts are also found in NPs. Here they
have a special name: they are called relative clauses, and can be introduced
by a Wh-word or by that. Here are some further examples:
(26) Do you remember [NP that summer, which was so sunny]?
(27) Do you remember [NP that summer which was so sunny]?
Note:
(26) In this case the relative clause does not add further information that
contributes to identifying the summer in question. We call it a nonrestrictive
relative clause. Note the comma, which marks the relative clause off
intonationally, i.e. there is a pause after the word summer.
(27) It looks exactly the same as (26), except that this time there is no
comma, which means that there is no pause after summer. When uttered in
this way the relative clause does single out a particular summer for the
interlocutors, for example a hot summer in a series of wet ones. We call such
a clause a restrictive relative clause.  
B. Subordinate Clauses  

3. Clauses functioning as Adjuncts within Phrases  

Example: (28) I’m worried about [NP the watch that was stolen], not
the one on the table.
Note:
(28) The clause that was stolen is a further example of a restrictive
relative clause, because it uniquely identifies a particular watch.

*Should we distinguish structurally between restrictive and

nonrestrictive relative clauses?*

Because the distinction between them is arguably a semantic one,

and because they often depend for their interpretation on a particular
context of utterance, we will not structurally distinguish the way they
are positioned relative to their associated Heads: we will treat both
restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses functionally as Adjuncts.
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