Code Switching

Group 2
Cici Adelaini
1 A1B017001

Fitri Ade Andriani

2 A1B017006

Devi Puspita Riyana

3 A1B017008

Ayu Suhesti
4 A1B0170021
What is code-switching?
An introduction to code-switching
• Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of
language which occurs in societies to make the
communication more effective and meaningful

• The term “code-switching” is first used by

Uriel Weinreich (1953) in the first article
“Language Contacts” of Hans Vogt.
 Code-switching

• When two or more languages are in use

in one single conversation side by side and express an
authentic form from both of the basic language.

• “The practice of alternating between two or more

languages or varieties of language in conversation”
What is code-switching?
 History
Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-
switching and code-mixing varies. Some scholars use either term to denote the
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same practice, while others apply code-mixing to denote the formal linguistic
properties of said language-contact phenomena, and code-switching to denote
the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons.

In the 1940s and the 1950s many scholars called code-switching a sub-standard
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language usage. Since the 1980s, however, most scholars have recognised it is a
normal, natural product of bilingual and multilingual language use.
When it occurs?
In linguistics, code-switching
occurs when a speaker alternates
between two or more languages
or language varieties, in the
context of a single conversation
Reasons for code-switching
1. To hide fluency or memory problems in the second language.
2. To mark switching from informal situations to formal situations.
3. To change a topic and tress that by using an appropriate code.
4. To exert control, especially between parents and children
5. Influence of western cultural.
6. To express someone’s emotion.
Types of code-switching

1. Tag-switching

2. Intra-sentential switching

3. Inter-sentential switching
1. TAG-SWITCHING
Is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or
both, from one language to another.

Examples:

• Spa-eng “I saw the game last night and it was

chingon(awesome)!
2. Intra-sentential switching
A change occurs within a clause or sentence
Example:
ENG-GER
Move derbleistift (the pencil) to the pencil
case on the desk
Spa-eng
"La onda is to fight y jambar.”
3. Inter-sentential switching
It happens between a sentence boundaries where one clause or
sentence is in one language and the next clause or sentence is in
the other, but topic will be the same.

Example:
Indo-eng
Ini lagu lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi
masih enak kok didengerin.

“The leader of The International Democratic is very kind. Dia

meluangkan waktunya untuk mewawancarai sebelum berangkat”
 Heteroglossia
Heteroglossia is all the different ways people speak to one another: and
how each appropriates each other's speech/ideas and attempts to make
it their own. These different ways are different because of class, gender,
culture, dialect, accent, demographics, and so on.Any language, in
Bakhtin's view, stratifies into many voices: "social dialects, characteristic
group behavior, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of
generations and age groups, tendentious languages, languages of the
authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions."
 Mixed language
• A mixed language differs from a pidgin in that the speakers
developing the language are fluent, even native, speakers of
both languages, whereas a pidgin develops when groups of
people with little knowledge of each other's languages come into
contact and have need of a basic communication system, as
for trade, but do not have enough contact to learn each other's
language.
• A mixed language differs from code-switching, such as Spanglish or
Portuñol, in that, once it has developed, the combination of the source
languages is fixed in the grammar and vocabulary, and speakers do not
need to know the source languages in order to speak it.

For example:
Teacher : “ have you done your homework?
Student : “Yes, sir. Saya sudah kerjakan.
 Metatypy
• Metatypy is a change in morphosyntactic type and grammatical
organisation [and also semantic patterns] which a language
undergoes as a result of its speakers’ bilingualism in another
language.
• This change is driven by grammatical calquing, i.e. the copying
of constructional meanings from the modified language and the
innovation of new structures using inherited material to express
them. The metatypy (the modified language) is emblematic of its
speakers’ identity, whilst the language which provides the
metatypic model is an inter-community language
 Metatypy
Speakers of the modified language form a sufficiently
tightknit community to be well aware of their separate identity
and of their language as a marker of that identity, but some
bilingual speakers, at least, use the inter-community language
so extensively that they are more at home in it than in the
emblematic language of the community. 
Thank you