Introduction to Database System

Week 1 - Introduction to Database & Environment

Database System A Practical Approach to Design, Implemetation, and Management

Connolly, T., & Begg, C.
Chapter 1 & 2
 Learning Outcome
At the end of this semester, the student should
be able to:
• Interpret business problems that can be
accommodated by database system
 Sub Topics
• Introduction
• File-based Approach
• Database Approach
• Advantage and Disadvantage of DBMS
• Three Level ANSI SPARC architecture
• Data Models dan Conceptual Modelling
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
• The database is now such an integral part of our day-
to-day life that often we are not aware that we are
using one.
• A database application is simply a program that
interacts with the database at some point in its
execution.
• The use of a more inclusive database system as a
collection of application programs that interact with
the database together with the DBMS and the
database itself.
 Introduction
• Database is the most important development
in the field of software engineering.
• Currently the database system is the
framework underlying the information system
and change the way the organization operates.
• Database technology has become an exciting
field to work on, such as algorithms for file
storage, file access, and query optimization.
 Database Application
• Purchases from the supermarket
• Purchases using your credit card
• Booking a vacation with a travel agent
• Using the local library
• Taking out insurance
• Renting a DVD
• Using the Internet
• Studying at College
FILE-BASED APPROACH
 Definition
• File-based systems were an early attempt to
computerize the manual filing system
that we are all familiar with.
• File-based system is A collection of
application programs that perform services
for the end-users, such as the production of
reports. Each program defines and manages
its own data.
 Case Example
• The Sales Department is responsible for the
selling and renting of properties. For example,
whenever a client who wishes to offer his or her
property as a rental
approaches the Sales Department must complete
a particular form ( we show you in next slide) .
 Example (cont)
Step 1

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 Example (cont)
Step 2
• With the assistance of the DP Department, the
Sales Department creates an information
system to handle the renting of property. The
system consists of three files containing
property, owner, and client details, as
illustrated in Figure in next slide. For simplicity,
we omit details relating to members of staff,
branch offices, and business owners.
 Example (cont)
Figure for step 2

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 Example (cont)
Step 3
• Whenever a client agrees to
rent a property, a form with
the client and property
details is filled in by one of
the sales staff, as shown in
Figure 1.3. This form is
passed to the Contracts
Department, which
allocates a lease number
and completes the payment
and rental period details.
Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)
 Example (cont)
Step 4
• Again, with the assistance of
the DP Department, the
Contracts Department creates
an information system to
handle lease agreements. The
system consists of three files
that store lease, property, and
client details, and that contain
similar data to that held by
the Sales Department, as
illustrated in Figure beside.
Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)
 Example (cont)
Step 5
• File based processing of each department.

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 Limitation
• Separation and isolation of data
• Duplication of data
• Data dependence
• Incompatible file formats
• Fixed queries/proliferation of application
programs
DATABASE APPROACH
 The Database
• Database is a shared collection of logically
related data and its description, designed to
meet the information needs of an
organization.
• A database is also defined as a self-describing
collection of integrated records.
 Database Approach
• The approach taken with database systems, where
the definition of data is separated from the
application programs, is similar to the approach
taken in modern software development, where an
internal definition of an object and a separate
external definition are provided.
• One advantage of this approach, known as data
abstraction.
 Definitions of Database
• Another expression in the definition of a
database that we should explain is
“logically related.” When we analyze the
information needs of an organization,
we attempt to identify entities, attributes, and
relationships.
 Example
For example, Figure in next slide will shows an Entity–
Relationship (ER) diagram for part of the DreamHome case
study. It consists of :
•Six entities (the rectangles): Branch, Staff,
PropertyForRent, Client, PrivateOwner, and Lease;
•Seven relationships (the names adjacent to the lines): Has,
Offers, Oversees, Views, Owns, LeasedBy, and Holds;
•Six attributes, one for each entity: branchNo, staffNo,
propertyNo, clientNo, ownerNo, and leaseNo.
 ERD

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 The DBMS
• DBMS is a software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and
control access to the database.
• DBMS facilities :
 Allows DDL ( Data Definition Language)
 Allows DML (Data Manipulation Language)
 It provided controlled access to the database
Illustration of Database
Approach

Sumber: Conolly (2015)

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 (Database) Application
Program
• Application program is A computer program
that interacts with the database by issuing an
appropriate request (typically an SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
• Users interact with the database through a
number of application programs that are
used to create and maintain the database
and to generate information.
 • We can identify five major components in the DBMS
environment: hardware, software, data, procedures,
and people

Components
of the DBMS
Environment

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 Database Application
Program (Now)

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
OF DBMS
 Advantages

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 Disadvantages
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost of DBMSs
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Greater impact of a failure
 THREE LEVEL
ANSI SPARC ARCHITECTURE
 3 Level Architechture

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 Its consist of :
• External level, The users’ view of the database. This
level describes that part of the database that is
relevant to each user.
• Conceptual level, The community view of the
database. This level describes what data is stored in
the database and the relationships among the data.
• Internal level, The physical representation of the
database on the computer. This level describes how
the data is stored in the database.
 Data Independence

Source : Connoly & Begg (2015)

 DATA MODELS AND
CONCEPTUAL MODELLING
 Data Models
• An integrated collection of concepts for describing
and manipulating data, relationships between data,
and constraints on the data in an organization.
• A data models can be thought of as comprising 3
components:
- a structural part
- a manipulative part
- a set of integrity constraints
 Data Model (cont)
• There have been many data models
proposed in the literature. They fall into
three broad categories: object-based,
record-based, and physical data models. The
first two are used to describe data at the
conceptual and external levels, the third is
used to describe data at the internal level
 Conceptual Modelling
Conceptual modeling or conceptual database
design is the process of constructing a model
of the information use in an enterprise that is
independent of implementation details, such
as the target DBMS, application programs,
programming languages, or any other physical
considerations.
 Reference
Connolly, T., & Begg, C. (2015). Database
System A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management 6th Edition.
Pearson
Thank You