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The Analysis of Beams & Frames: Iii) Beams and Frames Subjected To Shear Force, Bending Moment and Axial Forces
The Analysis of Beams & Frames: Iii) Beams and Frames Subjected To Shear Force, Bending Moment and Axial Forces
5.1 Introduction
For a two-dimensional frame element each node has the capability of
translating in two directions and rotating about one axis. Thus each
node of plane frame has three degrees of freedom. Similarly three
structure forces (vertical force, shear force and bending moment) act at
a node.
For a two-dimensional beam element each node has two degrees of
freedom (one rotation and one translation). Similarly two structure
forces (vertical force and a bending moment) act at a node. However in
some structures a node has one degree of freedom either rotation or
translation. Therefore they are subjected to a moment or a force as the
case may be.
The structure stiffness matrices for all these cases have been developed
in the previous chapter which can be summarized as under:-
A B C
(a) Actual Structure
R1 R2 R3 R4
( M FBA+ M FBC
M FAB M FCB
(c) Net Fixed End Moments
& Reactions
R1 ( R2 + R3 ) R4
( M FBA+ M FBC
M FAB M FCB
(d) Equivalent Joint Loads (WE)
R1 ( R2 + R3 ) R4
Fig.5.1
b) Element Forces
Specify the near and far end of each element. Draw free body diagram of each
member showing its local co-ordinate and element forces. Arbitrary
numbers can identify all the element forces of the structure.
5.2.2. Calculation of Structure Stiffness Matrices of the members
Properties of each element like its length, cross-sectional area, moment of
inertia, direction cosines, and numbers identifying the structure forces
acting at its near and far ends can be systematically tabulated. Using values
of these parameters in equation 4.53 structure stiffness matrix of each
member can be formed by applying equation 4.54,4.55 and 4.56 depending
upon the situation.
5.2.3. Formation of Structure Stiffness Matrix of the Entire Structure
According to the procedure discussed in chapter 3 article 3.1.3 stiffness
matrix [K] of the entire structure is formed.
5.2.4. Calculation of Unknown Structure Forces and Displacements
Following relation expresses the force-displacement relationship of the
structure in the global coordinate system:
[W] = [K] []
Where
[W] is the structure load vector
[K] is the structure stiffness matrix
[] is the displacement vector
Partitioning the above equation into known and unknown Whereportions as
shown below: Wk = known loads
Wk K11 K12 u Wu = unknown loads
Wu K21 K22 k u = unknown
deformation
k = known
Expansion of the above leads to the following equation. deformation
[Wk] = [K11] [u] + [K12] [k] --------------------- (A)
[Wu] = [K21] [u] + K22 k --------------------- (B)
As k = 0
So, unknown structure displacement [u] can be calculated by
solving the relation (A), which takes the following form.
[u] = [K11]-1 [Wk] ---------------------- (C)
Unknown structure force i.e. reactions can be calculated by solving
equation B which takes the following form
Wu = [K21] [u] ---------------------- (D)
5.2.5. Calculation of element forces:
Finally element forces at the end of the member are computed using the
following equation (E).
w = k
= T
w = kT --------------- (E)
where [w] is the element force vector
[kT] is the product of [k] and [T] matrices of the element
where [w] is the element force vector
[kT] is the product of [k] and [T] matrices of the element
[] is the structure displacement vector for the element.
Following are the [kT] matrices for different elements used in the
subsequent examples.
Case-I Beam/frame subjected to bending moment only
4 EI 2 EI
L L
kT 2 EI 4 EI
L L
Case-II Beams subjected to Shear Forces & Bending Moment
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI
L L L2 L2
2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 6 EI
kT 6LEI L
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L2
12 EI
L2 L2 L3 L3
6 EI 6 EI 12 EI 12 EI
L2 L2 L3 L3
Case-IIIFor frame element subjected to axial force, shear force and bending
moment. 6 EI .l 6 EI .m
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI .l 6 EI .m
L L L 2
L 2
L 2
L 2
2 EI 4 EI 6 EI .l 6 EI .l 6 EI .m 6 EI .m
L L L2 L2 L2 L2
6 EI 6 EI 12 EI .l 12 EI .l 12 EI .m 12 EI .m
L2
L2 L
3
L
3
L3 L3
kT m 6 EI 6 EI 12 EI .l 12 EI .l 12 EI .m 12 EI .m
L2 L2 L
3
L
3
L3 L3
AE AE AE.l AE.l
0 0 m m
L L L L
AE AE AE.l AE.l
0 0 m m
L L L L
Plotting bending moment and shearing force diagrams:
10k
10k
2kip/ft
W1 , 1 W2 , 2 W3 , 3 W4 , 4
1 2 3
12.5
12.5
10k
37.5 -12.5k' 10k 12.5k' -39 39
2k/ft
FEF ' s
2k/ft
37.5 -37.5k' 37.5k'
39
Fixed end moments
39
W1F 12.5
W 25
W F Net Fixed End Moments 2 F
W3 F 1.5
W
4F 39
1 2 3
W K 2E
W3 E 1.5 1
2 3
W
4E 39 Equivalent joint Moments
1 10 1 2
2 15 2 3
3 12 3 4
Structure stiffness matrices are:
1 2 1 2
4 2 1 0.4 0.2 1
K 1 EI 2 4 EI
10 2 0.2 0. 4 2
2 3 2 3
EI 4 2 2 0.267 0.13 2
K2 2 4 EI
15 3 0. 13 0 .267 3
3 4 3 4
EI 4 2 3 0.34 0.167 3
K 3 EI
12 2 4 4 0.167 0. 34 4
Forming structure stiffness matrix of the entire structure
Using relation [K] = [K]1 + [K]2 + [K]3 structure stiffness matrix of
the entire structure is:
1 2 3 4
0.4 0.2 0 0 1
0.2 0.4 0.267 0 .13 0 2
K EI
0 0.13 0.267 0.34 0.167 3
0 0 0 .167 0 . 33 4
1 2 3 4
0.4 0.2 0 0 1
0.2 0.667 0.13 0 2
K EI
0 0.13 0.597 0.167 3
0 0 0. 167 0.33 4
Finding unknown deformations
Unknown deformations are obtained by using the following equation
] = [K]-1 [W]
1
1 0.4 0.2 0 0 12.5
0.2
2 0.667 0.13 0
25
1
EI
3 0 0.13 0.597 0.167 1.5
4 0 0 0.167 0.33 39
1 18.8
2 24.85
1
EI
3 35
4 132.736
Calculating element forces
Using relation [w]=[kT][] we get
w 1 w 1F w 1E 12.5 12.5 0
w w w 12.5 13.7 26.2
2 2F 2E
w 3 w 3F w 3E 37.5 11 .325 26.2
w w w
4 4F 4E 37.5 12 .67 50.1
w 5 w 5 F w 5E 39 10.27 50.1
6 6 F 6 E
w w w 39 39 .08 0
EXAMPLE 5.2
Analyse the frame shown in the figure using stiffness method.
Solution
W1 , 1
W3 , 3 20'
w1 , 1 w2 ,2 w3 ,3
2
Element forces and deformations
w4 ,4
Finding Fixed end moments and equivalent structure load
2kip/ft
w1F 66.67
w 66.67
FEM ' s 2 F
w3 F 0
w
4F 0
W1F 66.67 66.67k'
-16.67k'
Equivalent Joint Loads
W 1E 16.67
Equivalent joint
moment
Calculating structure stiffness matrices of elements.
Following table shows the properties of the elements required to form structure
stiffness matrices of elements.
1 20 2 1
2 10 1 3
1 2 3
0.6 0.1 0.2 1
K EI 0.1 0.2 0 2
0.2 0 0.4 3
This can be done by partitioning the structure stiffness matrix into known
and unknown deformations and forces
Wk K 11 K 12 u
Wu K 21 K 22 k
[u] = [K11]-1[Wu]
1 1 27.78
1 16.667
EI 0.6 EI
W u K 21 u
W2 E 0.1
W EI 0.21 / EI 27.78
3E
W2 E 2.78
W 5.556
3E
W=WF+WE
w wF wE
w1 2.78 66.667 69.45
w 5.56 66.667 61.11
2
w3 11 .11 0 11 .11
w
4 5.56 0 5.56
69.45 61.11 11.11
11.11
1
61.11
2
Final element forces BMD
69.45
5.56
5.56
EXAMPLE 5.3
Analyse the shown beam using direct stiffness method.
Beam subjected to shear and moment.
STEP-1 Numbering the forces and deformations
5kip/ft (0.41667kip/inch)
2kips
10' 15'
W1 W2 W3
W4 W5 W6
w1 w2 w5 w6
1 2
w3 w4 w7 w8
Element forces and deformations
Finding fixed end forces and equivalent joint loads
W1F 30
W 1095
2F
[W]F=Net fixed end moments and forces = W3 F 1125
W 4 F 1
W5 F 38.5
W6 F 37.5
30k" 1095k"
L I J K L
M
1 120 1 2 4 5
2 180 2 3 5 6
From structural elements
Member-1
1 2 4 5
0.0333 0.016667 0.00041667 0.00041667 1
0.016667 0.033333 0.00041667 0.00041667 2
K 1 EI
0.00041667 0.00041667 0.00000694 0.00000694 4
0 .00041667 0. 00041667 0 .00000694 0.00000694 5
Member-2
2 3 5 6
0.0222 0.0111 0.000185 0.0001852
0.0111 0.0222 0.000185 0.0001853
K2 EI
0.000185 0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 5
0.000185 0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 6
Forming structure stiffness matrix for the entire structure
Structure stiffness matrix for the entire beam is obtained using the relation
[K] = [K]1 + [K]2
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.0333 0.016667 0 0.00041667 0.00041667 0 1
0.016667 0.0555 0.0111 0.00041667 0.00023148 0.00018519 2
0 0.0111 0.0222 0 0.000185 0.000185 3
K EI
0.00041667 0.00041667 0 0.00000694 0.000000694 0 4
0.00041667 0.00023148 0.000185 0.00000694 0.000009 0.00000206 5
0 0.00018519 0.000185 0 0.0000206 0.00000206 6
Wk K 11 K 12 u
W K K
u 21 22 k
1 2 3 4 5 6
W1E 0.0333 0.016667 0 0.00041667 0.00041667 0 1
W 0.016667 0.0555 0.0111 0.00041667 0.00023148 0.00018519 2
2 E
W3 E 0 0.0111 0.0222 0 0.000185 0.000185 3
EI
W4 E 0.00041667 0.00041667 0 0.00000694 0.000000694 0 4
W5 E 0.00041667 0.00023148 0.000185 0.00000694 0.000009 0.00000206 5
W6 E 0 0.00018519 0.000185 0 0.0000206 0.00000206 6
1
1 1 0.0333 0.016667 30 1 10535.2946
2 EI 0.016667 0.0555 1095 EI 22870.5886
Finding Unknown Reactions
Unknown reactions can be calculated using the following equation
[W]u = [K]21 []u
W3 E 0 0.0111 253.86
W4 E 0.00041667 0.00041667 10535.2946 1 5.14
EI
W5 E 0.00041667 0.00023148 22870.5886 EI 0.91
W6 E 0 0.00018519 4.235
W = WE + WF
Since all the deformations are known to this point we can find the element
forces in each member using the relation
[w]m = [kT]m []m
Member-1:
w1E 0.0333 0.016667 0.00041667 0.0001667 10535.2946 30
w 0.016667 0.033333 0.00041667 0.00041667 1 22870.58863 586.7647
EI
2 E
w3 E 0.000416667 0.00041667
0.00000694 0.00000694 EI 0 5.1397
w
4E 0.00041667 0.00041667 0.00000694 0.00000694 0 5 . 1397
Superimposing the fixed end forces for member-1 on the above w’s we
get
w = w E + wF
w1 30 30 0
w 586.7647 30 616.764
2
w3 5.1397 1 4.1397
w
4 5. 1397 1 6.1397
Member 2 :
w5 E 0.0222 0.0111 0.000185 0.000185 22870.5886 508.2353
w 0.000185 0.000185 1 254.1176
6 E EI 0.0111 0.0222 0
w7 E 0.000185 0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 EI 0 4.23529
w8 E 0.000185 0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 0 4.23529
w1E 30
w 586.53
2E
w3 E 5.14
w 5. 14
w E 4E
w5 E 508.42
w6 E 254.21
w 4.24
7E
8 E
w 4 . 24
w = wE +wF
w1 30 30
w 586.53 30
2
w3 5.14 1
w 5.14 1
w 4
w5 508.42 1125
w
6 254 .21 1125
w 4.24 37.5
7
w8 4.24 37.5
w1 0
w 616.53
2
w3 4.14
w 6 . 14
w 4
w5 616.58
w
6 1379 .2
w 33.26
7
w8 41.74
0 616.7647k" -616.7647k" 1379.177kip"
1 2
-4.139 -6.139 41.735
33.26
711.432
33.2647
+ +
-4.139 - - -248.34
- -
-6.139
-41.735 -616.7647
-1379.117
Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram
EXAMPLE 5.4
Analyse the frame by STIFFNESS METHOD
3k/ft
B
C
5' 4k 6'
5'
D
A 10'
W2,2 W5,5
W3,3
W9,9
W7,7
W12,12 W8,8
W10,10
W11,11
Structure Forces
and Deformation
w9,9 w10,10
2
w11,11 w12,12
w7,7 w8,8
w4,4
w17,17
w2,2 w13,13
w6,6
w15 ,15
1
3
w5,5 w16,16
w14,14
w1,1
w18,18
w3,3
Element Forces
and Deformations
w1F 60
w 60
2F
w3 F 0
w
4F 0
3k/ft
w5 F 2
2
w
6F 2
300k" 300k"
15k 15k
w 300
60k"
7F 2k
8F
w 300
w 15 4k
FEM' s 9 F
1
3
w10 F 15
2k
w11 F 0 60k"
w12 F 0
w
13 F 0
w 0
14 F
w
15 F 0
w 0 Fixed End Moments and reactions
16 F
w17 F 0
w18 F 0
W1F 240
W 15
2F 15k 15k
W3 F 2
240 K" 300 K" 0
W
4 F 300 2k
W5 F 15
[W]F= W6 F 0
W 0
7F
W8 F 0
W 0
9F
W10 F 60
Net fixed end moments
W
11 F 0
W12 F 2
15k 15k
W1E 240 240 K" 300 K"
W 15
2E 2k 0
W3 E 2
[W]E= W
4E 300 0
W5 E 15
W6 E 0
W 0
7E Equivalent joint loads
Finding the structure stiffness matrices of elements.
Next we will calculate the structure stiffness matrices for each element
using the properties of members tabulated in below where E = 29000 ksi
I = 100 inch4 and A = 5 inch2 (same for all members):
Member Length l m I J K L M N
(in.)
1 120 0 1 10 1 11 2 12 3
2 120 1 0 1 4 2 5 3 6
3 72 0 -1 4 7 5 8 6 9
For member-1
we have
10 1 11 2 12 3
1 4 2 5 3 6
96666.667 48333.333 1208.333 1208.333 0 0 1
48333.333 96666.667 1208.333 1208 .333 0 0 4
1208.333 1208.333 20.13889 20.13889 0 0 2
K 2
1208 . 333 1208 . 333 20 . 13889 20 .13889 0 0 5
0 0 0 0 1208.333 1208.333 3
0 0 0 0 1208.333 1208.333 6
For member-3
4 7 5 8 6
9
161111 .111 80555.556 0 0 3356.481 3356.481 4
80555.556 161111 .111 0 0 3356 .481 3356 .481 7
0 0 2013.889 2013.889 0 0 5
K 3
0 0 2013 .889 2013 .889 0 0 8
3356.481 3356.481 0 0 93.2356 93.2356 6
3356.481 3356.481 0 0 93.2356 93.2356 9
W8 15.47 0 15.47
W 3.42 0 3.42
9
W10 40.77 60 19.23
W
11 14 . 52 0 14 . 52
W12 1.42 2 0.58
+ -190.218k" +
-246.747k"
- -
+ -
+
15.407k"
-15.471k
-3.427k
3.427k
-18.973
-
Shearing Force Bending moment
3.1427k Diagram diagram
EXAMPLE 5.5 To analyse the frame shown in the
figure using direct stiffness method.
3k/ft
10'
40'
10'
W 1,1
W7,7
W3 ,3
W9 ,9
W6 ,6
W2, 2 W 8,8
W4,4
W5 ,5
w7, 7 w8,
w 11,11 w 12,12
w6, 6
w2,2
w9, 9 w10, 10
w1, 1 w4, 4
w5, 5 w3, 3
W1E 4800
W 60
2E
W3 E 0
The properties of each member are shown in the table below.
E = 29 x 103 ksi , I = 1000 inch4 and A = 10 inch2 are same for all members.
Member Length l m I J K L M N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 925203.32 3516.854 4272.064 341678.33 4272.06 4272.064 120833.33 755.21 0
2 3516.854 893.195 818.804 4272.064 890.0045 818.804 755.21 3.15 0
3 4272.064 818.804 1494.1715 4272.064 818.804 890.0045 0 0 604.167
4 341768.33 4272.064 4272.064 683536.66 4272.064 4272.064 0 0 0
K 5 4272.064 890.0045 818.804 4272.064 890.0045 818.804 0 0 0
6 4272.064 818.804 890.0045 4272.064 818.804 890.0045 0 0 0
7 120833.33 755.21 0 0 0 0 241666.66 755.21 0
8 755.21 3.15 0 0 0 0 755.21 3.15 0
9 0 0 604.167 0 0 0 0 0 604.167
Finding unknown deformations
Unknown deformation can be calculated using equation
[u] = [K11]–1[Wk]
This can be done by partitioning the structure stiffness matrix into known and
unknown deformations and forces.
Wk K 11 K 12 u
W K K 22
u 21 k
Unknown deformations can be calculated using the equation ;
[u] = [K11]-1 [Wk]
1
1 925203.333 3516.854 4272.064 4800
3516.854 893.195 818. 804 60
2
3 4272.064 818.804 1494.1715 0
85.454k -85.454k
-3014.698k" 5776.927k"
2870.376 kip-inch
54.244 kip
-3015.829
-22.059kip
kip-inch
-5797.047 kip-inch
P
L/2 L/2
A B Pab 2 Pa 2 b
MA MB MA MB
L2 L2
L
A w B
MA -
wL2 wL2
MB
MA MB
L
12 12
L/2
A w B
5 11
MA MB MA - wL2 MB wL2
192 192
L
A w B
MA wL2 wL2
MB MA - MB
L
30 20
L/2 L/2
w
A B 5wL2 5wL2
MA MB
MA - MB
96 96
L
a b Mb 3a
M
MA - - 1
A B L L
MA MB Ma 3b
MB - 1
L L L
The
End