Ion Exchange Resin:

SERVICE
 RESIN BEAD
• Cation resin bead
attract and hold
positively charged
ions.
• Those ions remain
on the bead until
the bead
encounters other
ions for which it
has a greater
affinity.
• Resin bead
releases Na+
and absorbs
Ca+2 and Mg+2
ions for which it
has a greater
attraction.
• Ions are not
destroyed or
changed
chemically;

they are simply replaced on the resin bead.

• This process is known as ion exchange.
 ION
EXCHANGE

• Resin beads attract Ca+2 and Mg +2 ions and

release Na+
• Water has been softened because the Ca+2 and Mg +2
concentrations, which cause water hardness have been
reduced.
• After a vast number
of Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions
have become
attached to the resin
beads, and most of
the Na+ ions have
been released, the
resin can no longer
soften the water.

• If no new chemical reaction is set, the incoming Ca+2 and

Mg+2 ions flow untouched through the unit because there is
no room for them on the resin beads.
• The reaction can be
reversed by greatly
increasing the
concentration of
sodium in the
solution.
• Reverse process
drive the Ca+2 and
Mg+2 ions off the
resin beads and
replace them with
Na+ ions.
• This process is
called
REGENERATION.
 Exchange Resin Selectivity

• Cation exchanger (SAC)

Fe+3 > Cr+3 > Al+3 > Ra+2 > Ba+2 > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+1 >
NH3+1 > Na+1 > Li+1 > H+1
• Anion exchanger (SBA) Type II
SO4-2 > NO3-2 > CO3-2 > HCO3-1 > Cl-1 > OH-1
 Rapid Rule of Thumb
• For quick calculations multiply the half number of
occupants by your estimated hardness and
round up. This will give you the result in Unit
Kilograins.
• Form our previous example;
– Unit Capacity 3 X 10 / 2
– Unit Capacity = 15 KGr.
 Salt Usage

Stichometric 5990 Grains /

Absolute Pound
C800 Absolute 41,000
3
Grains/ft
C800 Nominal 30,000
3
Grains/ft
 Capacity Yield vs Pounds Salt
Capacity = 10286Ln(Salt) + 1326.3
40,000
35,000
Capacity Grains / Gallon US

30,000
25,000
Capacity
20,000
Log. (Capacity)
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
3 6 8 10 15 24
Capacity 13100 19200 22500 24700 29800 34000
Pounds Salt
 Softener Efficiency and Capacity Percent Absolute
vs
Pounds NaCl / Cubic Foot
100%

Capacity = 0.2507Ln(Salt) + 0.0336

80%
P
e
r 60%

c
e 40%
n
t
20%
-0.5357
Efficiency = 1.3686*Salt

0%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

3 6 8 10 15 24
Efficiency 72% 53% 47% 41% 33% 23%
Percent Capacity 32% 47% 55% 60% 73% 83%
Pounds Salt / Cubic Foot
 Effects Of Salting Levels
• Lowering salt dose
1. Increases Efficiency
2. Increases contaminant build-up
3. Increases hardness leakage
• Increasing salt dose
1. Decreases efficiency
2. Cleans the resin deeper reducing contaminants
3. Decreases hardness leakage
 Leakage vs Salt Dosage
Regenerant Capacity Harness

lbs./cu.ft. 100
kgrn/cu.ft. as CaCO3 leakage, ppm as CaCO3
percent NaCl

3 11.9 28.01
4 14.9 20.08
5 17.6 15.22
6 19.8 11.95
8 22.9 7.89
10 25.1 5.51
15 28.6 2.58
20 30.8 1.42

Note: This rating is based on the following conditions: inlet TDS of 1,000 ppm as CaCO3; inlet hardness of 500 ppm as
CaCO3 (29 grains/gallon); 0.85 engineering factor; four-foot bed depth.
Leakage vs Salt Dosage
Contact Time vs Softening Capacity
 Regenerant Conc.
vs Operating Capacity
 Brine Valve Level Control To Pounds Sodium Chloride
BTC1635 BTC1635 J7202 J7202 J7302 J7302
Brine Level Actual 16 X 35 16 X 35 18 X 33 18 X 33 18 X 40 18 X 40
to Floor Brine Draw Platform No Platform Platform No Platform Platform No Platform
Fresh |
Saturated
Inches Inches Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
27 | 32 24 33.4 31.8 44.6 41.6 44.6 41.6
26 | 31 23 32.1 30.4 42.9 39.9 42.9 39.9
25 | 30 22 30.8 29.1 41.1 38.2 41.1 38.2
24 | 29 21 29.5 27.8 39.4 36.4 39.4 36.4
23 | 28 20 28.2 26.5 37.7 34.7 37.7 34.7
22 | 26 19 26.8 25.1 35.9 33.0 35.9 33.0
21 | 25 18 25.5 23.8 34.2 31.2 34.2 31.2
20 | 24 17 24.2 22.5 32.5 29.5 32.5 29.5
19 | 23 16 22.9 21.2 30.7 27.8 30.7 27.8
18 | 22 15 21.5 19.8 29.0 26.0 29.0 26.0
17 | 21 14 20.2 18.5 27.3 24.3 27.3 24.3
16 | 19 13 18.9 17.2 25.5 22.6 25.5 22.6
15 | 18 12 17.6 15.9 23.8 20.8 23.8 20.8
14 | 17 11 16.2 14.6 22.0 19.1 22.0 19.1
13 | 16 10 14.9 13.2 20.3 17.4 20.3 17.4
12 | 15 9 13.6 11.9 18.6 15.6 18.6 15.6
11 | 13 8 12.3 10.6 16.8 13.9 16.8 13.9
10 | 12 7 11.0 9.3 15.1 12.1 15.1 12.1
9 | 11 6 9.6 7.9 13.4 10.4 13.4 10.4
8 | 10 5 8.3 6.6 11.6 8.7 11.6 8.7
7|9 4 7.0 5.3 9.9 6.9 9.9 6.9
6|8 3 5.7 4.0 8.2 5.2 8.2 5.2
5|6 2 4.3 2.6 3.5 3.5
4|5 1 1.3 1.7 1.7

This table can be used to estimate the pound of salt that will be available for the next regeneration cycle. In the brine level to floor column the
fresh values are used for refill purposes, the saturated values indicate the level to which you can expect
 Brine Valve Control To PDS-30 Capacity
Brine Level
to Floor Brine BTC1635 BTC1635 J7202 J7202 J7302 J7302
Refill / Setting 16 X 35 16 X 35 18 X 33 18 X 33 18 X 40 18 X 40
Saturation Inches Platform No Platform Platform No Platform Platform No Platform
Inches Inches Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins
27 | 32 24 37.5 36.9 40.5 39.7 40.5 39.7
26 | 31 23 37.1 36.5 40.1 39.3 40.1 39.3
25 | 30 22 36.7 36.0 39.7 38.8 39.7 38.8
24 | 29 21 36.2 35.6 39.2 38.3 39.2 38.3
23 | 28 20 35.8 35.1 38.8 37.8 38.8 37.8
22 | 26 19 35.3 34.5 38.3 37.3 38.3 37.3
21 | 25 18 34.8 34.0 37.8 36.8 37.8 36.8
20 | 24 17 34.2 33.4 37.2 36.2 37.2 36.2
19 | 23 16 33.6 32.8 36.7 35.5 36.7 35.5
18 | 22 15 33.0 32.1 36.1 34.9 36.1 34.9
17 | 21 14 32.4 31.4 35.5 34.2 35.5 34.2
16 | 19 13 31.7 30.6 34.8 33.4 34.8 33.4
15 | 18 12 31.0 29.8 34.1 32.6 34.1 32.6
14 | 17 11 30.2 28.9 33.3 31.7 33.3 31.7
13 | 16 10 29.3 27.9 32.5 30.7 32.5 30.7
12 | 15 9 28.4 26.8 31.6 29.6 31.6 29.6
11 | 13 8 27.3 25.6 30.6 28.4 30.6 28.4
10 | 12 7 26.2 24.3 29.5 27.0 29.5 27.0
9 | 11 6 24.9 22.7 28.3 25.5 28.3 25.5
8 | 10 5 23.4 20.8 26.9 23.6 26.9 23.6
7|9 4 21.7 18.5 25.2 21.3 25.2 21.3
6|8 3 19.6 15.6 23.3 18.3 23.3 18.3
5|6 2 17.0 11.4 14.2 14.2
4|5 1 4.3 7.1 7.1
This table provides information about the brine levels of refill and saturation and how they affect capacity. The capacity
rating in the table body is in Kilograins. The brine draw information indicates brine valve settings conforming to the
brine valve
 Timed Brine Level Control
BTC1635 BTC1635 J7202 J7202 J7302 J7302
0.5 USGPM 1.0 USGPM 16 X 35 16 X 35 18 X 33 18 X 33 18 X 40 18 X 40
Brine Flow Brine Flow Platform No Platform Platform No Platform Platform No Platform
Minutes Minutes Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds
20 10 20 | 30 23 | 30 14 | 30 18 | 30 14 | 30 18 | 30
19 19 | 28 22 | 28 13 | 28 17 | 28 13 | 28 17 | 28
18 9 18 | 27 21 | 27 12 | 27 16 | 27 12 | 27 16 | 27
17 17 | 25 20 | 25 11 | 25 15 | 25 11 | 25 15 | 25
16 8 16 | 24 19 | 24 11 | 24 14 | 24 11 | 24 14 | 24
15 15 | 22 18 | 22 10 | 22 13 | 22 10 | 22 13 | 22
14 7 14 | 21 16 | 21 9 | 21 13 | 21 9 | 21 13 | 21
13 12 | 19 15 | 19 8 | 19 12 | 19 8 | 19 12 | 19
12 6 11 | 18 14 | 18 7 | 18 11 | 18 7 | 18 11 | 18
11 10 | 16 13 | 16 6 | 16 10 | 16 6 | 16 10 | 16
10 5 9 | 15 12 | 15 5 | 15 9 | 15 5 | 15 9 | 15
9 8 | 13 11 | 13 5 | 13 8 | 13 5 | 13 8 | 13
8 4 7 | 12 10 | 12 4 | 12 7 | 12 4 | 12 7 | 12
7 6 | 10 8 | 10 3 | 10 7 | 10 3 | 10 7 | 10
6 3 5|9 7|9 2|9 6|9 2|9 6|9
5 3|7 6|7 1|7 5|7 1|7 5|7
4 2 2|6 5|6 4|6 4|6
3 1|4 4|4 3|4 3|4
2 1 3|3 2|3 2|3
1 2|1 1|1 1|1

This table can be used to estimate the level to which a brine tank will be filled during the brine refill cycle and the salt available for consumption
during the next regeneration cycle. When the tank sits and the brine is allowed to saturate the brine w
 Timed Brine Control To Capacity For PDS-30
BTC1635 BTC1635 J7202 J7202 J7302 J7302
0.5 USGPM 1.0 USGPM 16 X 35 16 X 35 18 X 33 18 X 33 18 X 40 18 X 40
Brine Flow Brine Flow Platform No Platform Platform No Platform Platform No Platform
Minutes Minutes Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins
20 10 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3
19 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8
18 9 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.3
17 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7
16 8 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0
15 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4
14 7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7
13 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9
12 6 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.1
11 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2
10 5 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2
9 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1
8 4 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9
7 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6
6 3 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
5 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1
4 2 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8
3 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8
2 1 12.7 12.7 12.7
1 5.6 5.6 5.6
This table describes the affect of refill time on actual capacity for a one cubic foot softener. The data is also tabled
against different brine tanks with and without brine grids (platform). Capacity is stated in Kilograins.
 ASB2 Resin
• Used for removal of Sulphates and Alkalinity
form water.
• Absolute Capacity
– 1.2 eq/l x 22,000 = 26KGr. as CaCo3/ cu. ft.
• Useable Capacity
– 0.6 eq/l x 22,000 = 13KGr. CaCO3/ cu. ft.
• Sample Calculation
– Sulphate = 800 mg/l = 1.04 x 800 = 832 mg/l
– Alkalinity = 200 mg/l = 200 mg/l
 ASB2 Resin
• Sample Calculation
– Sulphate = 800 mg/l = 1.04 x 800 = 832 mg/l
– Alkalinity = 200 mg/l = 200 mg/l
– Added together 832 + 200 = 1032 mg/l
– Converting to grains 1032/17.1 = 60 Grains/Gal.
• Gallons per cycle = 13000/30 = 216 Gallons
Iron and Tannins