INTRODUCTION

TO
SURVEY AND MAPPING
02
 CLASSIFICATIONS BY
FUNCTION OF SURVEYING

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY AND MAPPING

 A T I ON
S A Based on Accuracy
` Desired
C
A S SIFI
CL BY N
U N CTIO
F
OF NG
I
U R V EY
S

B Based on Purposed
` of Survey

C Based on Place of` Survey

D Based on Instrument
` Used
PLANE SURVEY GEODETIC SURVEY
:: Survey in which the surface of :: Survey in which the shape
earth is regarded as
` plane surface (curvature) of the earth’s
` surface is
and not curved as it really is taken into account

:: In plane survey, line joining to :: In geodetic survey, line joining to

form an area is considered as form an area is considered as
` `
straight line and angles of an area curved line and angles of an area
are assumed to be plane angles are considered as spherical angles

:: This survey is done on smaller :: This survey is done on large area

` `
area less than 250km2 greater than 250 km2

:: Required accuracy is :: High accuracy is required

` `
competitively low

:: Simple methods and instruments :: Very refined methods and

can be used as the` required accuracy instruments are used
`
is low

A Based on Accuracy
` Desired
ENGINEERING SURVEY
:: Surveys which are done to provide sufficient data for the design of
`
engineering projects such as highways, railways, bridges, reservoirs, etc

:: It consists of topographic survey of the area, measurement and

calculation of earth work, and data for `setting out curves for route alignment.

:: Typical scales used in this type of survey

` ranges from 1:50 to 1:50000

B Based on Purposed
` of Survey
DEFENCE SURVEY
:: Surveys have a very important and critical
` applications in the military.
:: They provide strategic information that
` can decide the course of a war.

:: Aerial and topographical maps of the enemy areas indicating important

routes, airports, ordinance factories, missile
` sites, anti-aircraft positions and
other topographical features can be prepared.

:: Aerial surveys can also provide vital information on location, concentration,

`
and movement of troops and armaments.

:: This information may be used for preparing tactical and strategic plans both
`
for defence and attack.

B Based on Purposed
` of Survey
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
:: Hydrographic surveying covers the survey works for projects in, or
`
adjoining, buoys, harbors, lakes or rivers.

:: The various branches of hydrographic surveying are used to measure tides

of sea level, determine bed depths by `sounding, measure water quality or
flood control and for navigational purposes.

C Based on Place` of Survey

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
:: This survey is carried out to determine the natural features of the country
`
such as hills, valleys, rivers, lakes, etc.

:: It is also used for artificial objects such

` as railways, roads, canals, etc

:: Topographic surveys are used to produce maps and plans of features that
`
are natural and man-made.

C Based on Place` of Survey

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
:: Plans tend to be used for engineering design and administration purposed
only but maps have a multitude of uses` – navigational, recreational and
military exploration.

:: The map or plan produced in a topographic survey has scales ranging from
`
1:25000 to 1:1000000

C Based on Place` of Survey

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY
:: When the survey is carried out by taking photographs with a camera fitted in
`
an airplane, it is called aerial or photogrammetric surveying.

:: It is extremely useful for making large-scale maps of extensive

`
constructional schemes with accuracy.

:: Though expensive, this survey is recommended for the development of

project in places where ground survey`will be slow and difficult because of
complicated area.

C Based on Place` of Survey

CHAIN SURVEY
:: When a plan is to be made for a very small open field, the field work may
`
consist of linear measurements only.

:: All the measurements are done with`a chain and tape.

:: However, chain survey is limited in its adaptability because of the obstacles

`
to chain like trees and shrubs.

:: Also, it cannot be resorted to in densely

` built-up areas.

:: It is recommended for plans involving the development of buildings, roads,

`
and water supply.

D Based on Instrument
` Used
TRAVERSE SURVEY
:: When the linear measurements are done with chain and tape and the
directions or angles are measured with` compass, the survey is called
traversing

:: In traversing, speed and accuracy of` the field work is enhanced.

:: A traverse survey is very useful for large projects such as reservoirs and
`
dams.

D Based on Instrument
` Used
TACHEOMETRY SURVEY
:: This is a method of surveying in which both the horizontal and vertical
distance are determined by observing `a graduated staff with a transit
equipped with a special telescope having stadia wire and anallatic lens

:: It is very useful when the direct measurements of horizontal distances are

`
inaccessible.

:: it is usually recommended for making

` contour plans

D Based on Instrument
` Used
LEVELLING SURVEY
:: This is a method of surveying in which the relative vertical heights of the
points are determined by employing a `automatic level and a graduated staff.

D Based on Instrument
` Used
SATELLITE BASED SURVEY
:: Global positioning system (GPS) is the
` satellite based survey.

:: Acquiring data for positioning on land, on the sea, and in space using
satellite based navigation system based ` on the principle of trilateration is
known as GPS.

:: Global positioning system uses the satellite signals, accurate time and
sophisticated algorithms to generate distances
` in order to triangulate
positions

D Based on Instrument
` Used