Speciation and Extinction

Speciation
The process of formation of a new species

Extinction

Complete disappearance of a species from

existence anywhere
SPECIES ???
 SIBLING SPECIES

Species yang secara morfologi mirip dan hasil

analisis genetik menunjukkan 99% identik
tetapi tidak dapat melakukan perkawinan di
alam (isolasi reproduksi)
 SPECIES NASCENDI (PROSPECIES)

Species yang habitat, perilaku, dan morfologi

identik, tetapi mempunyai jumlah kromosom
tertentu yang tidak dapat menghasilkan
keturunan fertil
 SUB SPECIES

Species yang sama dalam suatu populasi

kemudian terpisah karena adanya isolasi
geografis sehingga menempati populasi yang
berbeda serta memiliki perbedaan ciri
taksonomi dengan kelompok yang terpisah
tersebut
 SKALA EVOLUSI

• Mikroevolusi Subspecies
• Makroevolusi Genus baru
• Megaevolusi Kelas baru
Mikroevolusi Makroevolusi

SPECIASI
 Modes of Speciation
Two basic types:
• Geographic isolation
• Allopatric
• Peripatric
• Selection
• Sympatric
• Parapatric
 1. Allopatric
Speciation
• the most generally accepted mode
• geographic isolation occurs first, resulting
in no gene flow
• isolation can occur
• by vicariance (splitting of a formerly
contiguous range)
• by dispersal (colonization of new area)
Allopatric
speciation:
Darwin’s Finches,
Galapagos Island
 2. Peripatric
Speciation
• A type of allopatric speciation, where the
geographic isolate is small, and resulting
speciation and divergence is rapid
• This allows founder effects (ie, drift), which
can alter frequencies at many loci
simultaneously and result in a "Genetic
Revolution"
 3. Parapatric
Speciation
(subset of sympatric speciation)

• Population splits into two ADJACENT

populations which experience differing selection
• Gene flow exists, but is very low,
• Selection must be strong enough to outweigh gene
flow (heterozygote disadvantage)
• Selected trait must be related (or at least linked) to
reproductive isolation
 4. Sympatric
Speciation

• An interbreeding population has a

BIOLOGICAL barrier to gene flow arise
within the population (if the barrier was
physical, then it would be allopatric
speciation)
• Still controversial
 Speciation by Hybridization

• increasing evidence that new species can originate

from hybridization of two existing species
• usually involves habitat differences and new niche
• Example:
– Rhizophora lamarckii ( R.. apiculata x R. stylosa)
– Rhizophora annamalai (R. apiculata x R. mucronata)
 Speciation occur more rapidly on
islands
• Ecological opportunity
• Populations arrive on islands
• Evolve rapidly to colonize empty niches
• Founder effect
• Population size of initial colonists low
• Drift and selection combine to make colonists
genetically distinct from source population
• Colonization of new habitats offers opportunity to
evolve rapidly to new forms
Extinctions
over the past 600 million years

• Age for the Earth and the rest

of the solar system is about
4.54 billion years
• Life began nearly 3.5 billion
years ago
• Extinction is a natural
phenomenon
• It is estimated that 99.9% of all
species that have ever lived are
now extinct.
Five Largest Mass Extinction
 Five Largest Mass Extinction
• The late Ordovician period (about 438 million years ago)
• Extinct: 100 families, more than half of the bryozoan
and brachiopod species
• The late Devonian (about 360 mya)
• Extinct: 30% of animal families extinct.
• At the end of the Permian period (about 245 mya)
• Extinct: Trilobites,. 50% of all animal families, 95% of
all marine species, and many trees die out.
• The late Triassic (208 mya)
• Extinct: most early dinosaur families, most synapsids
(except mammals); 35% of all animal families die out.
went extinct
• At the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary (about 65 mya)
• Extinct: about half of all life forms, including the
dinosaurs, may families of fishes, clams, snails,
sponges, sea urchins, etc.
• Beginning in the Triassic Period and into the late Cretaceous
• Dinosaurs existence: 165 million years; Age of the Reptiles
• Why the dinosaurs ‘suddenly’ extinct?
Louis Alvarez - irridium
 EXTINCTION OF DINOSAURS:
some theories

1. UNABLE TO ADAPT TO CHANGES

o warmer at the end of the Cretaceous than it is now

2. ASTEROID THEORY (by Luis and Walter Alvarez, 1980)

o Great extinctions have occurred at 26 million year intervals
o Based on unusually high concentrations of the rare metal, Iridium, near
rock levels close to the level of last dinosaur remains.

3. SUPERNOVA THEORY (exploding star)

4. NEMESIS THEORY
o Death Star, or Nemesis, orbits around the earth, 26 million years cycles

5. PLANET K THEORY (Proposes a tenth planet)

Nemesis
 The Sixth (Modern) Extinction

• Caused by human
• Rate of extinction:
– Past extinction: between 10 and 100 species per year
– Modern extinction: between 17,000 and 100,000
species per year
• Major causes of modern extinction:
– Habitat loss and fragmentation
– Biological invasion
– Pollution
– Over-harvesting
– Human-induced climate change