MADE BY:-AMAN KUMAR

 Articulation or Joint
 Place where two bones come together
 Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement
 Structure correlated with movement

 Named
 According to bones or parts united at joint
 According to only one of articulating bones
 By Latin equivalent of common name
 Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones
 Fibrous
 Cartilaginous
 Synovial

 Functional: Based on degree of motion

 Synarthrosis: Nonmovable
 Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable
 Diarthrosis: Freely movable
 Characteristics
 United by fibrous
connective tissue
 Have no joint cavity
 Move little or none

 Types
 Sutures
 Syndesmoses
 Gomphoses
 Bones farther apart than
suture and joined by
ligaments
 Some movement may
occur
 Specialized joints
 Pegs that fit into
sockets
 Inflammations
 Gingivitis
 Periodontal disease
 Unite two bones by
means of cartilage
 Types
 Synchondroses
 Joined by hyaline
 Little or no movement
 Symphyses
 Fibrocartilage uniting two
bones
 a cartilaginous joint creating a union between two immovable bones, such as th
e synchondroses of the cranium, the pubicsymphysis, the sternum, and the man
ubrium.
 Most common joints in body
 Most mobile joints
 Have
 Articular surfaces on bone with hyaline cartilage
 Completely enclosed joint capsule formed from ligamentous connective tissue
 Synovial fluid within capsule lubricates joint
 Some have meniscus or articular disc(e.g. knee, jaw joint)
 Allow considerable movement
 Most joints that unite bone of
appendicular skeleton
 Complex
 Articular cartilage and disks
 Joint cavity and capsule
 Synovial membrane and fluid

 Bursae
 Pockets of synovial fluid
 Bursitis
 Plane joints--intercarpal joints
 Hinge joints--elbow,ankle, interj-phalangeal
 Pivot joints--radio-ulnar joint
 Condyloid joints (egg into oval)--metacarpo-
phalangeal
 Saddle joints--carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb
 Ball-and-socket--hip, shoulder

The type of joint, in part, determines the range and direction of movement
 Plane or gliding
 Saddle
 Hinge
 Pivot
 Ball-and-socket
 Ellipsoid
 Plane or Gliding joints
 Monoaxial
 Example:Articular
processes between
vertebrae
 Pivot joints
 Monoaxial
 Example: Articulation
between dens of axis and
atlas
 Saddle Joints
 Biaxial
 Example: Thumb

 Hinge Joints
 Monoaxial
 Example: elbow, knee
 Ellipsoid
 Modified ball-and-
socket
 Biaxial
 Example:
Atlantooccipital joint

 Ball-and-socket
 Multiaxial
 Examples: shoulder and
hip joints
 TMJ
 Combination plane
and ellipsoid joint
 TMJ Disorders
 Cause most chronic
orofacial pain
 The shoulder joint (glenohumeral
joint) is a ball and socket joint
between the scapula and the 
humerus.
 The shoulder joint is formed by the
articulation of the head of the
humerus with the glenoid cavity (or
fossa) of the scapula.
 Both the articulating surfaces are
covered with hyaline cartilage –
which is typical for a synovial type
joint.
 The elbow joint is a complex
hinge joint formed between the
distal end of the humerus in the
upper arm and the proximal ends
of the ulna and radius in the
forearm
 The elbow allows for the
flexion and extension of the
forearm relative to the upper
arm, as well as rotation of the
forearm and wrist.
 Formed by an articulation
between the pelvic acetabulum
and the head of the fe
 It forms a connection from the
lower limb to the pelvic girdle,
and thus is designed for stability
and weight-bearing – rather than
a large range of movement.mur.
 Modified hinge joint
 Menisi: Fibrocartilage articular disks
 Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL
 Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial
 Football injuries
 Bursitis
 Chondromalacia
 Softening of cartilage

 Hemarthrosis:
 Acute

 “Water on the knee”

 Slower accumulation
 Highly modified hinge
joint
 Ligaments of arch
 Hold bones in proper
relationship
 Transfer weight
 Tissue repair slows
 Production of synovial fluid declines
 Ligaments and tendons become less flexible
 Decrease in ROM
 Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear
 Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or
autoimmune disease
 Joint infections
 Lyme disease: Tick vector

 Gout
 Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)