Contoh Gerak Harmonik

Apa itu gerak “periodik” ?????????? “harmonik” ????????? “Getaran” ?????

Gerak periodik, adalah gerak berulang pada
waktu yang tetap.

Getaran, adalah gerak bolak-balik pada

jalan yang sama.

Gerak harmonik, adalah gerak dengan

persamaan berupa fungsi
sinus.
 Hooke's Law

One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about

twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That
linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force
is called Hooke's law.
 Contoh gerak harmonis

Gaya yang bekerja : - Gaya balik : F = - kx

- Gaya Newton : F = ma
Dalam kondisi setimbang :
d 2x
F = - kx = m 2
dt
atau 2
d x
m 2  kx  0
dt
2
d x
atau m 2   kx
dt
Persamaan ini dipenuhi oleh fungsi
“sinusoidal”.
Bentuk umum persamaan :

x t   A cos t   
Jika didiferensialkan dua kali di dapat :

d d
x t   A cos t      A sin  t   
dt dt

dan d2
2
x t    A cos t   
2

dt
Sehingga didapat diferensial kedua dari

x t   A cos t   

adalah :

d2
2
x t    A cos t   
2

dt
Arti fisis dari tetapan  dapat dilihat dalam
persamaan :

x  A cos  t  2 /     
 A cos t  2   
 Acos t   
Jadi, fungsi kembali pada nilai semula setelah
selang waktu 2 /  ( = T )
  
Besaran t   disebut fasa dari gerak
harmonik.
Tetapan  disebut tetapan fasa.
x2  t  x1 t 
x1 t   A cos t

x1 t  
x2  t   A cos t  1800 
x3 t 
x3 t   A2 cos t
x1 t 
x4  t 
x4 t   A cos 2t
 Simple Harmonic Motion

When a mass is acted upon by an elastic force which tends to bring it back to
its equilibrium configuration, and when that force is proportional to the
distance from equilibrium (e.g., doubles when the distance from equilibrium
doubles, a Hooke's Law force), then the object will undergo simple harmonic
motion when released.

A mass on a spring is the standard example of such periodic motion. If the

displacement of the mass is plotted as a function of time, it will trace out a pure
sine wave. It turns out that the motion of the medium in a traveling wave is also
simple harmonic motion as the wave passes a given point in the medium.
Simple harmonic motion is typified by the motion of a mass on a
spring when it is subject to the linear elastic restoring force given by
Hooke's Law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and demonstrates a
single resonant frequency.
 Simple Harmonic Motion Equations
The motion equation for simple harmonic motion contains
a complete description of the motion, and other
parameters of the motion can be calculated from it.

The velocity and acceleration are given by

 Simple Pendulum

The motion of a simple pendulum is like

simple harmonic motion in that the equation for the
angular displacement is

which is the same form as the

motion of a mass on a spring:
 The anglular frequency of the motion is then
given by

compared to for a mass on a spring.

The frequency of the pendulum in Hz is given by

and the period of motion is

then
 Period of Simple Pendulum

A point mass hanging on a massless string is

an idealized example of a simple pendulum.
When displaced from its equilibrium point, the
restoring force which brings it back to the
center is given by:
For small angles θ, we can use
the approximation

in which case
Newton's 2nd law takes the
form
Even in this approximate case, the
solution of the equation uses calculus
and differential equations. The
differential equation is

and for small angles θ the

solution is:
Pendulum Geometry
 Pendulum Equation

The equation of motion for the

simple pendulum for sufficiently small
amplitude has the form

which when put in angular form

becomes
This differential equation is like
that for the
simple harmonic oscillator and
has the solution:
Deskripsi Gerak Harmonik Dengan
Menggunakan Vektor :

Tugas !!!!!!!
A

AA
A
Gerak Harmonik Teredam & Terpaksa

Tugas !!!!!!!!!!

Analisa dalam bentuk matematik

dengan caramu sendiri
 Traveling Wave Relationship

A single frequency traveling wave will take the form of

a sine wave. A snapshot of the wave in space at an
instant of time can be used to show the relationship of
the wave properties frequency, wavelength and
propagation velocity.
 Traveling Wave Relationship

The motion relationship "distance = velocity x

time" is the key to the basic wave relationship.
With the wavelength as distance, this relationship
becomes =vT. Then using f=1/T gives the
standard wave relationship

This is a general wave relationship which applies to

sound and light waves, other electromagnetic
waves, and waves in mechanical media.
 String Wave Solutions

A solution to the wave equation for an ideal string can take the
form of a traveling wave

For a string of length L which is fixed at both ends, the

solution can take the form of standing waves:
For different initial conditions on such a string, the
standing wave solution can be expressed to an
arbitrary degree of precision by a Fourier series
 Traveling Wave Solution for String

A useful solution to the wave equation for an ideal string is

It can be shown to be a solution to the one-dimensional wave equation

by direct substitution:
 Setting the final two expressions equal to each other and
factoring out the common terms gives

These two expressions are equal for all values of x and t

and therefore represent a valid solution if the
wave velocity is

Wave velocity for a stretched string

 String Traveling Wave Velocity

For a point of constant height moving to the right:

 For a point of constant height moving to the left:

From the traveling wave solution, the phase velocity for a string wave is
given by:
 Traveling Wave Parameters

A traveling wave solution to the wave equation may be written in several different
ways with different choices of related parameters. These include the basic
periodic motion parameters amplitude, period and frequency.
Equivalent forms of wave solution:

Wave parameters:

*Amplitude A
*Period T = 1/f
*Frequency f = 1/T
*Propagation speed v
*Angular frequency ω = 2πf
*Wave relationship v = fλ
 Plane Wave Expressions
A traveling wave which is confined to one plane in space and varies
sinusoidally in both space and time can be expressed as
combinations of

It is sometimes convenient to use the complex form

which may be shown to be a combination of the above forms by

the use of the Euler identity

In the case of classical waves, either the real or the imaginary part is
chosen since the wave must be real, but for application to quantum
mechanical wavefunctions such as that for a free particle, the complex form
may be retained.