HEALTH BENEFITS AND

POSSIBLE RISKS OF
CONSUMPTION OF GINGER
AND CARDAMOM:-

Submitted by:- Abitha

Francis
18003UEF02
BE 3rd YEAR FPPT
 INTRODUCTION:-
•  plantation crops is a large-scale estate, generally
centered on a plantation house. A spice is a seed, fruit,
root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for
flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from
herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants
used for flavoring or as a garnish. ginger , cardamom are
the main spices they have many health benefits and as
well as possible side effects also.
 GINGER:-
• Ginger is an herb and a plant with leafy stem and yellowish
green flower.
• the ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant and its
rhizome (underground stem) is used as a spice and as a
medicine.
• It can be used fresh, dried and powdered, or as a juice or oil
•  Ginger also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties, which can prevent cell damage and help ward off
chronic disease.
GINGER
HISTORY:-
• The story of Ginger dates back 5000 years.
• Ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius celebrated
its healing powers and to the Romans it was a
strong symbol of wealth and fertility. 
• Ginger root was discovered and cultivated in South
Asia before being exported to East Africa and the
Caribbean.
 GINGER- CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS:-
• Bioactive Components can be seen . Ginger is abundant in active constituents, such
as phenolic and terpene compounds . The phenolic compounds in ginger are
mainly gingerols, shogaols, and paradols.
• In fresh ginger, gingerols are the major polyphenols, such as 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol,
and 10-gingerol.
• Ginger rhizome contains several constituents which have antibacterial and anti
fungal effects.
• Chief constituents such as gingerol and -gingerol, isolated from ginger rhizome,
showed antibacterial activity against periodontal bacteria and -gingerol has been
reported as active inhibitor .
• Numerous active ingredients are present in ginger including terpenes and oleoresin
which called ginger oil.
• Ginger also constitutes volatile oils approximately 1% to 3% and non-volatile
pungent components oleoresin.
• phenolic compounds which are gingerol and shogaol and lipophilic rhizome
extracts, yielded potentially active gingerols, which can be converted to shogaols,
zingerone, and paradol 
 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND
THEIR ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES:-
gingerol related The antioxidant activity.

• Ginger, the rhizome of the Zingiber

compound
Anti-tumour activity via
induction of apoptosis,
modulation of genetic

officinale, plays an important role in and other biological

activity.

prevention of diseases . Anti-inflammatory and

anti-analgesic activity.

• But the exact mechanism of action in Anti-microbial activity.

Hepato-protective

diseases management is not

activity.
Paradol Anti-oxidant and anti-
cancerous activity.

understood fully. Shogoal

Anti-microbial activity.

Anti-oxidant and anti-

• that ginger act as anticancer due to

inflammatory activity.

[6]-shogaol showed
anticancer activities

various constituents such as through the inhibition of

cell invasion reduction
of matrix

vallinoids, -gingerol and -paradol,

metalloproteinase-9
expression, anti-
proliferation activity and
anti-invasion.

shogaols, zingerone, and galanals A

and B and constituents show a Zingerone Antioxidant activity.

therapeutics role in diseases control.

Anti-inflammatory
action.
Anti-bacterial activity.
• 1.Ginger and its constituents show antioxidant activity and prevent the
damage of macromolecules, caused by the free radicals/oxidative stress.
• 2. Ginger and its constituents also show a vital role as anti-inflammatory
processes.
• 3. Ginger also acts as antitumor via modulation of genetic pathways
such as activation tumour suppressor gene.
• Earlier study has shown that terpenoids, constituents of ginger induce
apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells through the activation of p53 .
• 4. Ginger also shows antimicrobial and other biological activities due
gingerol and paradol, shogaols and zingerone.
• An important finding showed that 10% ethanolic ginger extract was
found to possess antimicrobial potential against pathogens
 HEALTH BENEFITS:-
•  Ginger is a source of a large number of antioxidants and
also plays an important role in the reduction of the lipid
oxidation and inhibits the pathogenesis of diseases.
• Previous study reported that ginger extract possesses
antioxidative characteristics and shows a role in scavenge
superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals.
• The essential oil and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale
exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities.
• Ginger also shows a vital role in the suppression/inhibition
in synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1,
TNF-α, .
• Another finding revealed that, the elevated expression of
TNF-α in liver cancer was blocked when treated with
ginger extract 
•
 ANTITUMOR
ACTIVITY:-
• Ginger and its constituents show a vital effect in the control of tumour
development through up regulation of tumour suppressor gene,
induction of apoptosis and inactivation of VEGF pathways .
• Angiogenic factor such as VEGF play a significant role in the
development and progression of tumour.
• Therefore, Inhibition of VEGF is an important step in the prevention of
tumour development/management.
• Recently studies shown that, 6-gingerol has role in the suppression of
the transformation, hyperproliferation, and inflammatory processes that
involve in various steps of carcinogenesis, angiogenesis and metastasis.
 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY:-
• An important study in the favors of ginger as anti-microbial activity showed that
ginger has antimicrobial activity against E coli, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus
subtilis and ethanolic extract of ginger showed widest zone of inhibition
against Salmonella typhi .
• Ginger rhizome contains several constituents which have antibacterial and anti fungal
effects.
• The gingerol and shagelol are identified as more active agents  .
• Ginger and their constituents showed pivotal role in the control of diabetes and its
complications via anti hyperglycemic effect.
• The exact mechanism of action of ginger in diabetes control is not fully understood
but it might be due to the inhibition of oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory
process..
NEUROPROTECTER EFFECT:-
•  ginger shows neuroprotector effect due to the phenolic and flavonoids compounds.
• Ginger shows a significant role in the treatment of osteoarthritis and also has
important therapeutic importance in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine since ancient
time.
• An important study on osteoarthritis (OA) patients of knee has revealed that, highly
purified and standardized ginger extract had significant effect on reducing
symptoms of OA of the knee .
•  Ginger and its constituents show a vital role in ulcer prevention via increasing
mucin secretion.
• Chief constituents of ginger such as -gingerol and -shogaol suppressed gastric
contraction in situ and suppression by the -shogaol was more intensive .
 •Effect on
migraine
• An important study
showed that administration
of ginger powder at dose
of 500-600 mg for 3-4
days with gap of 4 hours,
showed relief from
migraine attack .
 DRAWBACKS OF GINGER
CONSUMPTION:-
• Heartburn or stomach distress can occur if taken in large quantities. Ginger reinforces warfarin action
by heterogeneous mechanisms.
• It should thus not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and Ginger may increase the risk of
bleeding or potentiate the effects .
• Ginger has long been used in traditional as a cure including inflammatory diseases .
• Ginger also contains some phenolic compounds such as paradol and shogoal which contains anti –
oxidant and anti-cancer properties and has also been shown to down regulate the gene products
involved in proliferation including ovarian cancer cells .
• The effect of ginger, is a common morning sickness remedy, on fetal development. Pregnant rats were
administered from gestation.
• No maternal toxicity was observed, however embryonic loss in the treatment groups was double that
of the control’s malformations of fetus.
• Drinking ginger tea heavily controls the effect in female foteus which is correlated with the increased
size of the placenta.
 SOLUTION:-
•Don't consume more than 4 grams
of ginger in any given day in any form.
• People with heart conditions, diabetes,
and gallstones should especially talk
with their doctor before taking ginger as
a supplement.
 CARDAMOM:-
• Cardamom sometimes cardamon, is a spice made from the seeds
of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the
family Zingiberaceae.
• Both genera are native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia.
• it is also good for boosting digestive health.
• The cooling effects of cardamom, despite being a spice, can help
in relieving acidity.
• Along with this, cardamom can also help in treating
gastrointestinal issues like indigestion, nausea, vomiting, stomach
pain and spasms.
CARDMOM-HISTORY:-
• It is native to the East originating in the forests of the western
ghats in southern India, where it grows wild.
• Today it also grows in Sri Lanka, Guatemala, Indo China and
Tanzania.
• The ancient Egyptians chewed cardamom seeds as a tooth
cleaner; the Greeks and Romans used it as a perfume.
• Vikings first discovered this spice during their travels and brought it
back to Scandinavia.
• Cardamom originally came from wild plants located in the Western
Ghats in Southern India.
 HISTORY:-
• Cardamom is considered to be one of the world’s oldest spices.
• The use of this spice dates back at least 4000 years.
• Ancient Egyptians used Cardamom for many medicinal
purposes, as part of rituals and even for embalming.
• They chewed cardamom pods as a way to help keep their breath
minty and to help clean their teeth.
• The Greeks and Romans used Cardamom for its pungent aroma.
• It was a main ingredient in perfumes and aromatic oils.
• Vikings first discovered this spice during their travels and
brought it back to Scandinavia.
 HISTORY:-
• Cardamom originally came from wild plants located in the Western
Ghats in Southern India.
• The plants grew in such abundance in this region that this area
became known as Cardamom Hills.
• During the 19th century, plantations of cardamom were set up by
British colonists and this is where much of the green and black
cardamom that we use still comes from today.
• Guatemala is the biggest commercial producer of cardamom.
• In some parts of Guatemala, it is considered even more valuable
than coffee as a crop.
PROCESSING AND MAIN VARIETIES:-
• Cardamom is the Queen of Spices and has
grown lavishly under the tropical canopy on
hillsides in the Ghat Mountains on the Malabar
Coast of southern India to be harvested by
hand and shipped around the world.
•   The cardamom familiar to India and the
western world is called green cardamom and it,
along with several other types such as giant
cardamom, black cardamom, and bastard
cardamom, have been used for cooking,
perfumery, incense, and medicine since very
early in history.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CARDMOM THAT HELPS
TO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES:-
• The chemical composition of cardamom varies considerably with variety, region and age
of the product.
• The main compound are 1, 8-cineole (representing 50% or more), with smaller amounts
of limonene, α-terpenyl acetate, α-terpineol, borneol, camphor and α-pinene.
• Indian cardamom is low in fat and high in protein, iron and vitamins B and C.
• Seeds of Cardamom are with their sweet and spicy aroma, used in aromatherapy to
stimulate energy.
• The content of volatile oil in the seeds is strongly dependent on storage conditions, and
may be as high as 8%.
• The volatile oil contains about 1.5% α-pinene, 0.2% β-pinene, 2.8% sabinene, 1.6%
mycrene, 0.2% α-phellandrene, 11.6% limonene, 36.3% 1,8-cineole, 0.7% γ-terpinene,
0.5% terpinolene, 3% linalool, 2.5% linalyl acetate, 0.9% terpinen, 2.6% α-terpineol and
31.3% α-terpinyl-nerolidol .
Cardamom is a rich source of
the compound 1,8-cineole,
which is present in most oils
used by aromatherapists to
treat various ailments and
relieve tension
• The basic cardamom aroma is produced by a combination of the
major components, 1, 8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate .
• It is known as Queen of spices and traditionally employed in
foods as flavouring component and for its medicinal effect .
• Limonene, 1, 8-cineole and its esters; α-terpinyl acetates are the
most abundant bioactive compounds in cardamom .
• Cardamom has total phenolic content: 0.317- 1.66 g/100 g, total
flavonoid content: 11.33-14.63 g/100 g and antioxidant activity:
85-90% sufficient for inhibition of lipid peroxidation .
1.Antioxidant and Diuretic Properties May
Lower Blood Pressure
• Cardamom may be helpful for people with high blood pressure.
• In one study, researchers gave three grams of cardamom powder a day to 20 adults who were
newly diagnosed with high blood pressure.
• After 12 weeks, blood pressure levels had significantly decreased to the normal range.
• The promising results of this study may be related to the high levels of antioxidants in cardamom.
• In fact, the participants’ antioxidant status had increased by 90% by the end of the study.
Antioxidants have been linked to lower blood pressure .
• Researchers also suspect that the spice may lower blood pressure due to its diuretic effect, meaning
it can promote urination to remove water that builds up in your body, for example around your
heart.
• Cardamom extract has been shown to increase urination and decrease blood pressure in rats.
• Cardamom may help lower blood pressure, most likely due to its antioxidant and diuretic
properties.
2.Contain Cancer-Fighting Compounds
• The compounds in cardamom may help fight cancer cells.
• Studies in mice have shown that cardamom powder can increase the activity of certain
enzymes that help fight cancer  .
• The spice may also enhance the ability of natural killer cells to attack tumors.
• In one study, researchers exposed two groups of mice to a compound that causes skin
cancer and fed one group 500 mg of ground cardamom per kg (227 mg per pound) of
weight per day .
• After 12 weeks, only 29% of the group who ate the cardamom developed cancer,
compared to over 90% of the control group .
• Research on human cancer cells and cardamom indicate similar results. One study
showed that a certain compound in the spice stopped oral cancer cells in test tubes from
multiplying. Certain compounds in cardamom may fight cancer and stop the growth of
tumors
 3. May Protect from Chronic Diseases
Thanks to Anti-Inflammatory Effects
• Cardamom is rich in compounds that may fight inflammation.
• Inflammation occurs when your body is exposed to foreign
substances. Acute inflammation is necessary and beneficial, but
long-term inflammation can lead to chronic diseases.
• Antioxidants, found in abundance in cardamom, protect cells from
damage and stop inflammation from occurring
• The antioxidant compounds in cardamom may help protect cells
from damage and slow down and prevent inflammation in your
body.
 4.HELPS LIVER
PROTECTION:-
• Liver protection: Cardamom extract may decrease elevated liver enzymes,
triglyceride and cholesterol levels. They may also prevent liver
enlargement and liver weight, which reduces the risk of fatty liver disease
• Anxiety: One rat study suggests that cardamom extract may prevent
anxious behaviors. This may be because low blood levels of antioxidants
have been linked to the development of anxiety and other mood disorders
• Weight loss: A study in 80 overweight and obese prediabetic women
found a link between cardamom and slightly reduced waist
circumference.
 5.Improve Breathing and Oxygen Use
• Compounds in cardamom may help increase airflow to your lungs and
improve breathing.
• When used in aromatherapy, cardamom can provide an invigorating
odor that enhances your body’s ability to use oxygen during exercise .
• One study asked a group of participants to inhale cardamom 
essential oil for one minute before walking on a treadmill for 15-minute
intervals. This group had a significantly higher oxygen uptake compared
to the control group .
• Another way that cardamom may improve breathing and oxygen use is
by relaxing your airway. This may be particularly helpful for treating
asthm
6.Help with Digestive Problems, Including Ulcers

• Cardamom has been used for thousands of years to help with

digestion.
• It’s often mixed with other medicinal spices to relieve discomfort, 
nausea and vomiting .
• The most researched property of cardamom, as it pertains to
relieving stomach issues, is its possible ability to heal ulcers.
Cardamom may protect against digestive issues and has been
shown to reduce the number and size of stomach ulcers 
 7. Treat Bad Breath and Prevent Cavities
• The use of cardamom to treat bad breath and improve oral health is
an ancient remedy.
• In some cultures, it’s common to freshen your breath by eating
entire cardamom pods after a meal .
• Even the chewing gum manufacturer Wrigley uses the spice in one
of its products.
• The reason why cardamom can lead to minty fresh breath may have
to do with its ability to fight common mouth bacteria.
 8.Have Antibacterial Effects and Treat
Infections
• Cardamom also has antibacterial effects outside of the mouth and may treat
infections.
• Research shows that cardamom extracts and essential oils have compounds
that fight several common strains of bacteria .
• One test-tube study examined the impact of these extracts on drug-resistant
strains of Candida, a yeast that can cause fungal infections.
• The extracts were able to inhibit the growth of some strains by 0.39–0.59
inches (0.99–1.49 cm)).
• Additional test-tube research found that essential oils and extracts of
cardamom were just as, and sometimes more effective than standard drugs
against E. coli and Staphylococcus, bacteria that can cause food poisoning).
 ADVANTAGES OF CARDAMOM:-

• Recently identified that cardamom used for Build up of fat in the liver in people
who drink little or no alcohol (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD). 
• Some research shows that taking cardamom daily for 3 months can improve
liver health in some people with NAFLD.
• 1 gram of cardamom powder three times daily for 3 months.
• Cardamom tea is a spicy and sweet tea that has been used in Asia and the Middle
East as an herbal remedy.
• It boasts anti-inflammatory properties that protect heart health and is frequently
used as an antidepressant to boost mood.
HEALTH RISK-CONSUMPTION OF
CARDAMOM:-
• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Cardamom is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth as a medicine during
pregnancy.
• There is concern that taking cardamom might cause a miscarriage.
• There isn't enough reliable information to know if cardamom is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe
side and stick to food amounts.

Gallstones: If you have gallstones, do not take cardamom in amounts greater than those typically found in food.
• The cardamom seed can trigger gallstone colic (spasmodic pain).

• . Allergies Due To Cardamom

• If used for prolonged time and in large quantities, cardamom might lead to some unexplained allergic reactions.
• Skin allergy known as contact dermatitis is a popular type of skin rash developed due to over intake of
cardamom .
• Some people may also experience hives if they are sensitive to cardamom but intake cardamom unknowingly.
• Using cardamom as a spice and flavor agent is safe for most
people.
• There is no established dosage for taking cardamom as a
supplement.
• Many cardamom capsules or tablets list a dosage of 400–500 mg
of dried herb per pill.
• Before taking cardamom pills or any other natural supplements, a
person should talk to a healthcare professional.
• consume cardamom consciously if we are following any medicinal course This is so, because some
drugs may interact with cardamom adversely and lead to serious health consequences.
• If we are negligent to this situation, we might escalate the disorder for which you eating medicines.
• Many of us are not aware of such interaction and continue having cardamom regularly.
• The chance of drug interaction is higher in people who consume the same as regular habit without
knowing the consequences.
• Avoid eating this as mouth freshener if you are consuming any of the following types of medicines.
• HIV drugs
• Anticoagulants
• Liver medicines
• Antidepressants
• Aspirin
• Anti-platelet drugs
• Gallstone medicines
• Irritable bowel syndrome medicines
 SOLUTION:-
• Do not get afraid by the above cardamom seeds side effects.
• This is still a less harmful herb.
• However, it is always better to consume any eatable maintaining a
limit.
• Do not ever consume the same excessively.
• Always consult your physician whether you can eat cardamom
when you are suffering from any health disorder.
• Balance out the cardamom side effects and benefits for an
ensured solution that leads to better health
 CONCLUSION:-
• It is concluded that adverse effects of herbal medicines as well as their interactions
with other prescription drugs should be known to the consumers and physicians.
• Herbal remedies under conventional therapy are known to show many benefits to
humans, which is true but one should be fully familiar with their side effects at
normal and large doses.
• Medicinal plants exhibit their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
Although many of its health benefits need further study,
• cardamom and ginger is safe for most people to take in moderate amounts.
• Cardamom’s and ginger’s natural phytochemicals have antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory abilities that could improve health
 REFERENCES:-
• Maitre S, Neher J, Safranek S. 2011, FPIN's clinical inquiries: ginger for the
treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. ;
• James P. B., Halimathukamara, Jawho Bah A., John Wardle A. S., 2018 herbal
medicines used among hypersentitive patients attending public and private health
facilities.
• Journal of complementary therapies and clinical practice Tapsell, L. C., Hemphill,
I., Cobiac, L., Sullivan, D. R., Fenech, M., Patch, C. S., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J.
B., Clifton, P. M., Williams, P. G., Fazio, V. A. & Inge, K. E. 2006. Health benefits
of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Medical Journal of Australia,.
• Shankland WE 2nd., 2014. Four common herbs seen in dental practice:
properpties and potential adverse effect, Journal of cardiomandibular practice..
 REFERENCES:-
• Health benefits and possible Risks of Turmeric, Garlic
and Ginger: A short Review Pinali P. Timba1, Dr.
Sucheta Ghorai Giri2, Richa V. Panchal.
• Active ingredients of ginger as potential candidates in
the prevention and treatment of diseases via
modulation of biological activities. Arshad H Rahmani
,1 Fahad M Al shabrmi,2 and Salah M Aly