STRUCTURE

& WRITTEN EXPRESSION

TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
SECTION TWO: STRUCTURE

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
15
A. QUESTIONS;
STRUCTURE SENTENCE
COMPLETION
25
MINUTE 25
S QUESTIONS;
B. WRITTEN
ERROR
EXPRESSION
IDENTIFICATI
ON
 CONTEXT

“FORMAL WRITTEN ENGLISH”

 In this period, the company developing nuclear

technology. company is

 John, Jack and me will go to the theater together

tonight. I
SCOPE & SEQUENCE
> NOUN
> PARTS OF A SENTENCE
SENTENCE > SUBJECT VERB
STRUCTURE AGREEMENT
> INVERTED STRUCTURE
> VERB
> SUFFIXATION
WORD
STRUCTURE FORM > COMPARATIVE &
SUPERLATIVE
& > CONJUNCTION
WRITTEN COMPOUND > PARALLEL STRUCTURE
EXPRESSION & COMPLEX > SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
SENTENCE
> REDUCED CLAUSE
(VERBAL)
> PRONOUN
CORRECT > PREPOSITION
USAGE > WORD CHOICE
> ARTICLE
 C.1 NOUN (P. 96)
TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
 FIND OUT THE NOUNS

1. The participant sent a forms from the post office.

2. Many candle have been used since prehistoric era.

3. The test was supervised by some supervisor.

4. The articles of the professor depicted some exciting story.

5. The stories become a favorite for many childs.

Nouns are words refer to people, places, things, or names.

Nouns are usually used as Subject, Object, or Object of
Preposition
 IDENTIFY THE ERROR
form from the post office.
1. The participant sent a forms

2. Many candles
candle have been used since prehistoric era.

3. The test was supervised by some supervisors.

supervisor.

4. The articles of the professor depicted some exciting stories

story.
.
childre
5. The stories become a favorite for many childs.
n
Identify the correct form of noun, should it be singular or
plural. Pay attention to the occurrence of Quantifiers.
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
(P. 96)
SINGULAR & PLURAL (P. 96-
97)
NOUN

COUNT NONCOUNT

SINGULAR PLURAL > Much

> Little/A little
> Both > Amount
> A/An
> Many
> Every/Each
> Few/A few
>Another Singular Quantifier <> Singular Noun
> Several
Plural Quantifier <> Plural Noun
Noncount Quantifier <> Noncount
Noun
Relative Quantifier <> Plural/Noncount
Noun
 The error can be in the form of noun or the
EXAMPLES: quantifier used.

 Through aquaculture, or fish farming, more than

A B
year
500 million tons of fish are produced each years.
C D
many
 The legal system has much safeguards to protect
A
the right of a defendant to an impartial jury.
B C D
 The error can be in the form of noun or the
EXAMPLES: quantifier used.

 In a person’s lifetime, the brain can store 100 trillion

A B
information
pieces of informations.
C D

teeth
 A couple of tooths in the back of some child mouths
A B C
need to be capped.
D
COMPOUND NOUNS (P. 98)
 Compound = Mix Noun + Noun
(Adj.)

Examples: College Students, War Zone, etc.

Noun used as adjective is not usually in plural forms,

though it has plural meaning.
Example:
a ten-watt light bulb.
NUMBERS (P. 99)
 Number + Hundred
Thousand
Million Singular
Trillion
etc.
 Hundreds, Thousands,
Plural
Millions, Trillions, etc.
EXAMPLE:

The five hundred pages book written by the first

A B page
secretary of the state is stored in the museum.
C D
SUMMARY
QUANTIFI
ER
COUNT-
NONCOUN
SINGULAR T
NOUN
-PLURAL
IRREGULA
R PLURAL

COMPUND
NOUN
 C. 3 PARTS OF A
SENTENCE (P. 116)
TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE (P. 117)
With the London publication of her book,
adverb
she spread her fame on both sides of the Atlantic.
subject verb object adverb

Identify the element(s) missing

in the sentence. It is frequently
dealing with subject and/or verb.
 Identify the element(s) missing in the
EXAMPLES: sentence. It is frequently dealing with
subject or verb.

(subject)
1. With the London publication of her book, …. spread
her fame on both sides of the Atlantic.

A. she has been C. she

B. has her D. her
has
2. The agreement it has been taken when the first war
A B C
in American Revolution took place.
D
SENTENCE (P. 116)
 Simple Sentence Identify the number of subjects
She wrote a book. and verbs in a sentence. If there
are more than one subject and
verb, a conjunction is required.
 Compound Sentence
She wrote a book and she published it.

 Complex Sentence
She became famous because she wrote a book.
 Identify the number of subjects and verbs,
EXAMPLES: as well as of conjunctions, in the sentence.

 ………. Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word

with the meaning of “first people”.
A. The city of C. After the city of
B. It is in the city of D. When the city has

 ………. sucked groundwater, some parts of the city

begin to sink as much as ten inches annually.
A. Pumps C. As pumps have
B. Pumps haveD. With pumps
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 118)

 The young emperor chick ………. in front of one

of its parents for its protection from cold.
A. stands C. it stands
B. stand D. when standing

Make sure that subject and verb are in

agreement.
Singular Subject + Singular Verb
Plural Subject + Plural Verb
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 118)

 Certain Prepositional Phrases

Among her works is To the King’s Most Excellent Health.
 Expressions with one, each, any+, some+, every+

Everyone was amazed by her poems.

 Introductory ‘it’

It was her poems that amazed everyone.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 119)

 ‘and’, ‘both… and…’

Both her mother and father were proud.

 ‘Several’, ‘Both’, ‘Many’, and ‘Few’.

Many were amazed by her talent.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 119)

 A number of  Plural; The number of  Singular

A number of people were at the reading.

The number of people at the banquet was amazing.

 Expressions with ‘none’, ‘no’, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘most’,

‘half’, ‘any’, or ‘majority’.

All of her poems were good.

All of her work was good.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
(119)
 Expressions with ‘either… or…’, ‘neither… nor…’,
‘not only… but also…’

Not only her mistress but also the literary circles

were proud of her.

Not only the literary circles but also her mistress

was proud of her.
 Make sure that the subject and the verb are
Examples: in agreement.

 One problem with all languages ………. they are

full of irregularities.
A. when C. is that
B. so D. are when

 More than half of the children in the 1.356-member

A B C
deserve
district deserves reduced-price of free lunches.
D
INTRODUCTORY ‘IT’ (P. 121)
 That the book became popular was in 1920s.
It was in 1920s that the book became popular.

 To financially manage yourself is necessary.

It is necessary to financially manage yourself.

 To establish the peace treaty lasted two years.

It lasted two years to establish the peace treaty.
INVERTED STRUCTURE: ‘THERE’ (P. 121)

 There + to be + Subject

There are many books.

V S
There is a book.
V S
SUMMARY

PARTS OF SENTENCE

S-V
S-V-O-Adv.
Agreement