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SEMANTIC
ROLES
SENTENCE AND PROPOSITION
SEMANTIC ROLES
SOME CHANGES IN VALENCY
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SENTENCE AND
PROPOSITION
By miss Fitri

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 2
 Sentence and Proposition
Meaning and examples
• something that expresses a complete thought.
• Examples
1. We play football in the batllefield.
2. our play football in the batllefield
3. for us to play football in the batllefield
• The semantic content shared by the three
expressions is a proposition
• A proposition can be expressed in different
sentences.
• a proposition does not have a focus; a sentence
may add a focus and may add the focus in
different places and in different ways.

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 3
More of sentence and proposition
• The description of a sentence is a syntactic
analysis. The description of a proposition is
a semantic analysis.
• A syntactic analysis is an account of the
lexemes and function words in a sentence,
describing how these combine into phrases, and
showing the functions that these lexemes and
phrases have in the sentence.
• every lexeme and function word is assigned to
one of the syntactic functions, subject,
predicate, etc., and these functions are listed in
the order they have in the sentence
• In semantic analysis every proposition contains
one predicate and a varying number of
referring expressions (noun phrases) called
arguments, like a window, Albert, marmalade,
the house. The predicate may be a verb, an
adjective, a preposition, or a noun phrase.

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 4
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Semantic
Roles
By mr Dhoan

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 5
 Semantic Roles
Meaning

Semantic role is the

underlying relationship that
a participant has with the
main verb in a clause.

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 6
 Table of semantic roles
No Terms and Meaning Sentence Examples
Sylvia left.
1 Actors = performs some action without affecting any other entity Betty likes opera
Opera delights Betty
Affected = undergoes changes due to some events/affected by some other Tom broke window
2
entity
3 Affecting = without any actions, affects another entity Betty likes opera
4 Agent = by its actions affects any other entities Tom broke window.
5 Associate = tells the status/identity of another argument Roger is a student.
6 Effect = comes into existence through the action of the predicate Tillie baked a pie.
The fireman climbed a
7 Place = names of the location where actions of the predicate occurs
ladder.
Audrey is a computer
8 Theme = a topic of the predicate that doesn’t express action
expert.
9 Goal = yes the goal

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 7
 ES
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Valecy
By sister Siti
A
YAAA

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 8
 VARIETY OF VALENCY Valency of two >Consist of intransitive verb
• The cat killed a rat.
valency of one-> intransitive verbs/one
argument verb • I broke the window.
a. The dog is sleeping • Bert hit Harry.
b. Pecko laughed. • The cat dug a hole.
c. The earth rotates (on its axis). • Chris is making an omelet.
d. Grandfather died (last week). • Picasso created a masterpiece
e. A volcano erupted.
f. The cake fell.
Event - a change in the condition of the
entity named
Affected - the entity named in the
argument undergoes this change

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 9
 c h a n g e s
So m e
a le n c y
in v
Valency of zero
• It’s shiny.
• It born (yesterday).
• It has been raining (in the west).
• It’s windy

Jens
Jens Martensson
Martensson 10
Thank
You
Semantic roles
Is there any questions