TYPE OF

SPEECHES
Jens
Martensson
Objectives
 Distinguish types of speeches and speech
style
 Identify the use of each speech style in
social situations.
 Apply the necessary language forms in
different speech styles.

Jens
Martensson
Speech
It is human nature to express thoughts and
emotions. Thus, many speeches or forms of
communication in spoken language, made by
a speaker before an audience, have been
created. Speeches are more formal than
talking or usual conversations. They are
primarily delivered to leave a remarkable
message.

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Martensson
TYPES OF SPEECHES

Jens
Martensson
1. Types of Speech According to Purpose

a. Informative or Expository Speech

is mainly performed for the purpose of
educating the audience on new or relevant piece
of information on a particular topic.
example: lecture of a teacher

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Martensson
b. Persuasive Speech
• is given solely for the purpose of
convincing the audience to agree with the
speaker’s opinion on a particular topic.
example: speech of a lawyer

c. Entertainment Speech
• aims to share laughter and enjoyment to
the audience through witty and humorous lines.
example: speech of a comedian
Jens
Martensson
2. Types of Speech According to Delivery
a. Manuscript Speech
• is the word-for-word iteration of a written
message using visual aids.
example: news anchor with a teleprompter

b. Memorized Speech
• is the rote recitation of a written message that
the speaker has committed to memory.
example: actor’s dialogue

Jens
Martensson
c. Extemporaneous Speech
• is the presentation of a carefully planned and
rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational
manner using brief notes.
example: a campaign speech before a voting public

d. Impromptu Speech
• is the presentation of a short message without
advance preparation and is for people
knowledgeable about the subject.
example: a doctor’s response to the question of a
patient Jens
Martensson
 TYPES OF
SPEECH STYLE

Jens
Martensson
Speech Style
The way we communicate varies
depending on a lot of factors such as
the speech context, speech purpose,
and speech delivery. The form of
language that the speaker uses which
[sic] characterized by the degree of
formality is known as speech style
(Martin Joos, 1976:156).

Jens
Martensson
 Types of Speech Style

1. Intimate
• is used for very close relationships.
example: couple

note: Language used in this style may not

be shared in public.

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Martensson
2. Casual
is an informal communication between groups and
peers who have something to share and have shared
background information but do not have close relations.
example: classmates
note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular language are used
3. Consultative
is used in semi-formal and standard communication.
example: teacher and student
note: Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must
in this style.

Jens
Martensson
4. Formal
• is a one-way straightforward speech.
example: State of the Nation Address
note: What the speaker says is something that has been prepared
beforehand.
5. Frozen
• is the most formal communicative style that is
usually used during solemn ceremonies and events.
example: pledges
•note: It does not require any feedback from the audience.

Jens
Martensson
 TYPES OF
SPEECH ACT
O R A L C O O M U N I C AT I O N
IN CONTEXT

Prepared by: JEAN ALBIE

SITCHARON

BOOK
0 -19-2
REVIE
N11/ 12 OC - If j

W
Can you still recall our lessons on
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES?
Identify whether each statement is TRUE or FALSE.

TRUE 1. The most informal speech style is the intimate style.

________
FALSE 2. The standard style of speech is the casual style.
________
TRUE 3. Consultative style is used when talking to someone in
________
authority.
FALSE 4. Frozen style needs feedback.
________
TRUE 5. Honorifics like Mr. and Mrs. should be used when
________
talking to strangers.
FALSE 6. You can use slang words like “dude” to a stranger.
________
TRUE 7. Similar interests form a casual speech style.
________
FALSE 8. Correct pronunciation is strictly observed in the
________
intimate style.
TRUE 9. Talking to strangers should follow the consultative style.
________
TRUE
________10. Delivering a formal speech takes the longest time of
preparation.

Jens
Martensson
 What’s New?
Have you ever been misunderstood? How do you feel every time someone misunderstands you?
Recall a conversation you had with someone who did not understand what you mean and gave you a
different response. Then supply the table below with the needed information.

Letting a friend borrow my phone during our trek.

My friend “ Be careful! I want her to She responded,

want to take a That’s a new quickly do what “Of course I know
photo of a phone.” she needed to do how to use this!”
popular tourist with it and give it
spot and (Mag-ingat back once she’s (Oo naman, alam
borrowed my ha! Bago yang done ‘coz I’m still ko pa’no gamitin
not comfortable ‘to!)
new phone cellphone.)
while hiking. lending my new
phone to anybody.

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eech
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Acts
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What is a
SPEECH
ACT?
 It is an utterance that a speaker
makes to achieve an intended
effect.
 Language is a tool to perform
various functions.
 It considers the degree to which
utterances are said to perform
locutionary acts, illocutionary
acts, and perlocutionary acts.

Jens
Martensson
What is a
SPEECH
ACT?
 Speech acts are performed when
a person offers an apology,
greeting, request, complaint,
invitation compliment, or refusal.
 As we communicate with others,
the number of words in a single
utterance does not matter so long
as we can get our message across.

Jens
Martensson
 THE SPEECH ACT THEORY

was introduced by. . .

 J. L. Austin a British (Oxford University)

Philosopher of languages.
 In 1975 on his well-known book of ‘How Do
Things With Words’.
 He Categorizes Speech Act into three (1962):
JOHN
JOHN LANGSHAW
LANGSHAW AUSTIN
AUSTIN
(1911
(1911 -- 1960)
1960)
 locutionary act
 illocutionary act
 perlocutionary act
Jens
Martensson
 THE SPEECH ACT THEORY
was further developed by. . .

 John Searle an American (University of California)

Philosopher best known for his work in the
philosophy of language and the philosophy of
mind.

 He Classifies Illocutionary Act into five

(1976):
JOHN
JOHN ROGERS
ROGERS SEARLE
SEARLE  Assertive
(1932
(1932 –– PRESENT
PRESENT ))  Directive
 Commissive
 Expressive
 Declarative/ Declaration Jens
Martensson
What is the
Speech Act Theory?
 A subfield of Pragmatics (the study of how language is used in a
social context ) that studies how words are used not only
to present information but also to carry out
actions.
 The speech act theory considers language as a
sort of action rather than a medium to convey and
express.
 Speech act theory suggests that the meaning of
what we say is influenced by the type of speech it
is, the structure of the utterance, and the context
in which it is used.
 It also explains how speech can create an action
or outcome.

Jens
Martensson
Speech Act
Theory
The theory further identify that there are
TWO KINDS OF UTTERANCES:

1. Constative Utterances - utterances which refer to

some facts or statements which may either be true or
false.
Example:
“China is in Asia.”
“John has five children.”
“France is hexagonal.”

About all these statements we may ask- Are they true

or false?

Jens
Martensson
Speech Act
Theory
2. Performative Utterances - utterances which are
always used to operate or act something. These
statements does not refer to some fact or falsehood,
but always stimulate to do something.
Example:
“I promise to examine you tomorrow.”
“You may kiss the bride.”
“You are fired!”

A performative is a first-person declarative sentence

in the singular or plural, present indicative tense.

Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 LOCUTIONARY
ACT

The actual act of uttering.

This act happens with the

utterances of a sound, a
word or even a phrase as J.L. AUSTIN
a natural unit of speech.
Jens
Martensson
 THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 LOCUTIONARY
ACT
► For the utterances to be a Locutionary
Act, consider the following:

 It has sense for communication to take place.

 It has the same meaning to both the speaker and
the listener.
 Utterances give rise to shared meaning when it
is adjusted by the speaker for the listener.
J.L. AUSTIN
Jens
Martensson
 THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 LOCUTIONARY
ACT
► Examples of Locutionary Acts:

 “It’s raining outside.” (stating what is happening)

 “Wow!” (when someone is amazed)
 “Hello.” (greeting someone)
 “Don’t do that!” (a strong command)

Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 ILLLOCUTIONARY
ACT

The social function of what is said.

It is a Performative utterance.

It is not just saying or uttering itself,

but it is with the intention of conveying
something to the listener or receiver to J.L. AUSTIN
act on something.
Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 ILLLOCUTIONARY
ACT
► The intentions of saying the message
could be any of the following:

 stating an opinion, conforming, or

denying something;
 making a prediction, a promise, a request;
 issuing an order or a decision; or
 giving advice or permission J.L. AUSTIN
Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 ILLLOCUTIONARY
ACT
► Examples of Illocutionary Acts:

 It’s more fun in the Philippines. (opinion)

 I’ll help you clean the house tomorrow.
(promise)
 Get my things in the office. (order)

Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 PERLOCUTIONARY
ACT
Refers to the consequent effect of what was
said. The resulting act of what is said.

This is based on the context in which the

speech act was mentioned.
J.L. AUSTIN
Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 PERLOCUTIONARY
ACT
► The aim of Perlocutionary Speech Act
is to change feelings, thoughts, or
actions elicited by:

 inspiring or insulting
 persuading/convincing; or
 deterring/scaring
J.L. AUSTIN
Jens
Martensson
 THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 PERLOCUTIONARY
► ACT of Perlocutionary Acts:
Examples

 “We can do this. We heal and win as one!”

(inspiring)
 “It is crucial that we give all our collective
efforts to fight against this pandemic. We
must start working together.” (persuading)
 “Smoking destroys your health, certain as it
brings diseases, it kills – you, your loved
ones, and others!” (deterring)
Jens
Martensson
THE THREE
TYPES OF SPEECH
ACT
 LOCUTIONARY ACT
UTTERANCE. What the sentence basically
means.
 ILLLOCUTIONARY
ACT
INTENTION. Meaning depends on the
context or situation.

 PERLOCUTIONARY
ACT
EFFECT OF UTTERANCE. The act
carried out by the hearer. Jens
Martensson
THE THREE TYPES OF
SPEECH ACT
SPEAKER: “It is raining outside.”

LOCUTIONARY
“It is raining outside.”
The literal meaning, the utterance
How the speaker uttered the word
WHAT WE SAY
ILLOCUTIONARY
“It is raining outside.”
The intention of the speaker is for the listener
to use an umbrella (depends on the context or
situation)
WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY IT
PERLOCUTIONARY
“It is raining outside.”
Listener may use an umbrella when going or wait
for the rain to stop (depends on the effect it has
on the addressee)

J.L. AUSTIN
WHAT WE ACCOMPLISH BY SAYING IT

Jens
Martensson
Direction: Suppose you are in the situations described below. As a good citizen, how are
you going to respond to these? Supply the table with the needed information. The first one Activity 1:
is done for you.

Answers may
vary. We must look for His classmates help
“I lost my wallet.” Renato’s wallet. him look for it.

“There are The vehicles started

Please slow slowing down in
children crossing
down! consideration to the kids
the street.”
crossing the street.

“I think, I lost You can try looking Anton tries

my eraser.” inside your bag or checking his
inside your pockets. pockets and inside
his bag.
I can’t stand. A friend lend a hand and
“Ouch! That help her to stand and look
hurts.” Mae finds it hard to
get back on her feet.
for a comfortable chair to
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sit on. Acts
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Activity 2:
A. Here is a dialogue from a movie. Analyze the speech act of the
characters shown in the table below.

B. Suppose you are in the same situation. What would be your

reaction to what Cali said? Write your response on a separate
sheet of paper.

Answers may vary

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Acts
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Searle’s Classification
of Speech Act
1. ASSERTIVE

A type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker expresses belief about the truth
of a proposition.
Some examples of an assertive act are
suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
boasting and concluding.
Example: J.R. SEARLE
“No one can love me like you do.”
Jens
Martensson
Searle’s Classification
of Speech Act
2. DIRECTIVE

A type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker tries to make the addressee perform
an action.

Directive acts : asking, ordering,

requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Example:
“Please maintain the cleanliness of our
school.”
Jens
Martensson
Searle’s Classification
of Speech Act
3. COMMISSIVE

A type of illocutionary act which

commits the speaker to doing something
in the future.

Commissive act : promising, planning,

vowing, and betting

Example:
“From this moment on, I will love you
and honor you for the rest of my life.”
Jens
Martensson
Searle’s Classification
of Speech Act
4. EXPRESSIVE

A type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions.
Expressive act : thanking,
apologizing, welcoming and deploring

Example:
“Thank heavens, you came to save me!
I owe you, my life.” Jens
Martensson
 Searle’s Classification
of Speech Act
5 . DECL ARATIO N

A type of illocutionary act which brings a

change in the external situation. Simply put, it
brings into existence or cause the situation
which they refer to.
Declaration act : blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing a sentence, and
excommunicating

Example:
By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes or brings
“You are hired!” about the person’s acceptance to job; consequently, this changes
his external situation.
Jens
Martensson
Searle’s Classification
of Speech Act
1. ASSERTIVE

2. DIRECTIVE

3. COMMISSIVE

4. EXPRESSIVE

5 . DECL ARATIO N

Jens
Martensson
 I’M WATCHING YOU. . .
Now, let us check what you have learned from this lesson. Activity 3:
Direction: Complete the statements by writing the correct word or phrases.
Speech Act

offering an apology, greeting, requesting, complaining,

complimenting, inviting
communication
locutionary, illocutionary
perlocutionary
uttering

Illocutionary
Perlocutionary

feelings, thoughts
actions
John Langshaw Austin

assertive
directive, commissive, expressive declaration

Answers may vary.

Jens
Martensson
Thank
You
FOR LISTENING

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN
CONTEXT