Nucleic Acid

Contents
• Review of the cell
• Structure of Nucleic acid
• Chemistry of Nucleic Acid, Nucleosides and Nucleotides
• Structure of DNA & RNA
• Functions of Nucleic Acid
• Biological importance of Nucleotides
 Nucleic Acid
• All living things
• Polynucleotide Macromolecule

• Linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides.
• Encode, transmit, express genetic info
• DNA and RNA
 Nucleotides
Composed of
• Pentose sugar (Ribose; RNA, Deoxyribose;
DNA).

• Phosphate group

• Nucleobase or Nitrogenous base

 Nitrogenous bases
Nucleotide

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Structures of nucleosides

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Types of Nucleotides (DNA)
 Types of Nucleotides (RNA)

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/biochem/hhmi/hhmiclasses/bb450/winter2002/12/5AMP.GIF
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Guanosine monophosphate (GMP)

Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) Uridine monophosphate (UMP)

Phosphodiester bond
 Phosphodiester bond

http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/images/Ch3A5.gif
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 Polymers of nucleotides

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 DNA Hydrogen bonding

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3085/3159329/blb2509/bl25fg30.jpg
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 DNA helix

http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/fourplus/images/DNA_helix.jpg
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 Types of nucleic acids
• Single stranded RNA
• Double stranded RNA
• Single stranded DNA
• Double stranded DNA
• Circular DNA
 Circular DNA
• Plasmids
• Bacterial chromosomes
• Mitochondrial and chloroplast
 Difference
• DNA: Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine
• Deoxyribose Sugar, Phosphate group
• Mostly Double Helical
• long-term storage of information

• RNA: Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil

• Ribose Sugar, Phosphate group
• Mostly Single stranded
• Transfers information from DNA to protein.
• tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
 Genes
• Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid containing the genetic
instructions used in the development and functioning of all
known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses).
The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called
genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural
purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic
information.
 Functions of DNA
• -DNA is a permanent storage place for genetic information.
• -DNA controls the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid).
• -The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the
protein development in new cells.
 Functions of RNA
• -RNA is synthesized by DNA for the transportation of genetic
information to the protein building apparatus in the cell.
• -RNA also directs the synthesis of new proteins using the
genetic information it has transported.
• -mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) is used to transfer genetic
information through plasma membranes
 Functions of Adenosine Phosphate
• -The nucleotide ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the short-term
energy storage for all living organisms.
• -cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a messenger in
hormone regulation
• -Nucleotide derivatives such as NAD + (nictinamide adenine
dinucleotide) is used as a coenzyme in photosynthesis.
Thank You