Psychology An Exploration 2Nd Edition Ciccarelli Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Psychology An Exploration 2nd Edition
Ciccarelli Test Bank

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Chapter 7
ASSESSMENT
Development Across the Life Span
GUIDE
Factual Conceptual Applied Short

Learning True/False Essay
(Multiple (Multiple (Multiple Answer
Objectives Questions Questions
Choice) Choice) Choice) Questions
QUICK QUIZ 1 2, 7, 8 3, 6, 9 1, 4, 5, 10
7.1 - What are 1, 3, 7, 12 2, 5, 9-10 4, 6, 8, 11 206-207 260
some of the special
research methods
used to study
development?
7.2 - What is the 18 13, 17 14-16 208-209 247
relationship
between heredity
and environmental
factors in
determining
development?
7.3 - How do 19-24, 27, 25-26, 34, 36, 28-29, 43 210-215 248-249
chromosomes and 30-33, 35, 42, 44, 46, 50
genes determine 37-41, 45,
the inheritance of 47-49
disorders, and
what causes
multiple births?
7.4 - What happens 51, 53-54, 52, 55-56, 61, 57, 62 216-219 251 261
during the 58-60 63-667
germinal,
embryonic, and
fetal periods of
pregnancy, and
what are some
hazards in prenatal
development?
7.5 - What kind of 68, 70-71, 77 69, 72-74, 78 75-76 220-223 250
physical changes
take place in
infancy and
childhood?
7.6 – What are two 79, 81, 83, 80, 87, 99-103, 82, 84-85, 89, 224-229 252 262
ways of looking at 86, 88, 90- 108, 111 92, 95, 97,
cognitive 91, 93-94, 104, 109
development, and 96, 98, 105-
how does language
107, 110
develop?
Factual Conceptual Applied Short
Learning True/False Essay
(Multiple (Multiple (Multiple Answer
Objectives Questions Questions
Choice) Choice) Choice) Questions
7.7 - How do 113, 115, 121-122, 126, 112, 114, 116- 230-232 253 263
infants and 118-120, 129, 132 117, 128
children develop 123-125,
personalities and 127, 130-
form relationships
131, 133-134
with others, and
what are Erikson’s
stages of
psychosocial
development for
children?
7.8 - What is 135, 138-141 137, 142, 145- 136, 143-144 233 254
gender, and how do 146
gender roles
develop?
7.9 - What are the 147-152, 153, 156, 161, 154-155, 158- 234-237 255 263
physical, cognitive, 157, 166, 165, 168-169, 160, 162-164,
and personality 170 172-173 167, 171
changes that occur
in adolescence,
including concepts
of morality and
Erikson’s search
for identity?
7.10 - What are the 174, 177, 176, 183-184 175, 178, 186, 238-242 256 263
physical, cognitive, 179-182, 188, 191, 194
and personality 185, 187,
changes that occur 189-190,
during adulthood
192-193, 195
and aging,
including Erikson’s
last three
psychosocial stages,
and patterns of
parenting?
7.11 - How do 196-199 200 201-203 243-246 257-259 264
psychologists
explain why aging
occurs, and what
are the stages of
death and dying?
7.12 - What are 204-205
some cross-cultural
differences in views
of death and
dying?
Chapter 7: Development Across the Life Span
Quick Quiz 1
1. Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg were born with red hair. Each child is also very
intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11th child who is also likely to be born with the same
traits according to ______________, as evidenced in the _____________.
a) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
b) nature; nature versus nurture controversy
c) environmental factors; conception theory
d) teratogens; conception theory
2. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.
a) DNA
b) sex-linked traits
c) chromosomes
d) amines
3. Which of the following describes the fetal period?

a) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
b) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
c) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
d) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become
functional
4. Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the
nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?
a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.
b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.
5. Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to “show” it to his grandmother. This
example illustrates ________.
a) disoriented attachment
b) conservation
c) object permanence
d) egocentrism
6. If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act
independently.
a) integrity vs. despair
b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c) initiative vs. guilt
d) basic trust vs. mistrust
7. Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have ____________.
a) nontraditional views of gender
b) a collectivist society
c) very constrained roles for women in society
d) a strong tradition of women staying home
8. At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the
individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?
a) preoperational
b) preconventional
403
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
c) postconventional
d) conventional role conformity
9. The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is __________.
a) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
b) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
c) anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
d) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
10. Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor,
and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is
most likely in the _________stage of dying.
a) anger
b) bargaining
c) denial
d) reactive
Chapter 7
Quick Quiz 1 Answers
1. Answer: b LO: 7.2 Page(s): 230-231 Type: Applied Diff: 2
2. Answer: c LO: 7.3 Page(s): 232 Type: Factual Diff: 1
3. Answer: c LO: 7.4 Page(s): 236 Type: Conceptual Diff: 2
4. Answer: a LO: 7.5 Page(s): 236 Type: Applied Diff: 3
5. Answer: d LO: 7.6 Page(s): 242 Type: Applied Diff: 2
6. Answer: b LO: 7.7 Page(s): 251 Type: Conceptual Diff: 2
7. Answer: a LO: 7.8 Page(s): 252 Type: Factual Diff: 2
8. Answer: c LO: 7.9 Page(s): 256 Type: Factual Diff: 2
9. Answer: a LO: 7.11 Page(s): 263 Type: Conceptual Diff: 1
10. Answer: a LO: 7.11 Page(s): 263 Type: Applied Diff: 2
404
7 Development Across the Life Span
Main Test Bank Questions
Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level
Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
SG=Used in Study Guide
p=page
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Issues in Studying Human Development
Learning Objective 7.1 - What are some of the special research methods used to study development?
1. The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called_________.
a) abnormal psychology
b) gerontology
Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only older adulthood.
c) human development
Correct. Human development is the term used to refer to the changes that occur in people as they age from
conception to death.
d) maturational studies
ANS: c, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (1)
% correct 90 a= 2 b= 6 c= 90 d= 2 r = .32
2. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives.
This psychologist is most likely working in the field of___________.
a) abnormal psychology
b) gerontology
Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only the changes that occur in older adulthood.
c) human development
Correct. Human development studies focus on the changes that occur throughout people’s lives, from conception to
death.
d) maturational studies
ANS: c, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 95 d= 5 r = .18
3. In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
405
a) cohort
b) longitudinal
Correct. In a longitudinal design one group of participants is followed and assessed as the participants age.
c) behavior genetics
d) cross-sectional
Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: b, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (1)
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 14 r = .37
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 0 d= 5 r = .25
4. The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in
residents in the town, due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will
compare data on the same participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years in order to see if there are
increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a ____________.
a) cross-sequential design
b) longitudinal design
Correct. Participants are studied at various ages in a longitudinal design.
c) behavior genetics design
d) cross-sectional design
Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time.
ANS: b, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (2)
5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
Incorrect. The individuals studied in a longitudinal design are all the same age.
b) It is relatively inexpensive.
c) It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
Correct. In this design there is a risk of losing participants due to many factors.
ANS: d, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)
6. Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds
and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?
a) cohort design
Correct. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or a group of participants is followed and assessed as
the person or group ages.
Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: b, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (3)
7. A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by
definition, using the _________ method.
a) cohort design
Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as
Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: d, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (1) SG
8. Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-
year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
406
a) cohort design
Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as
Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: d, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (2)
9. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
Correct. In a cross-sectional design, individuals of different ages are being compared.
b) It is relatively expensive.
c) It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
Incorrect. The loss of participants over time is a disadvantage of longitudinal design.
ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)
10. Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to___________.
a) combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
Correct. A cross-sequential design combines the ease of a cross-sectional design with a shorter longitudinal design.
b) look for gender differences
c) reduce experimenter bias
d) only includes cross-sectional strategies within the design
Incorrect. A cross-sequential design also includes longitudinal strategies.
ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)
11 Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of
6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well
as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of
different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time.
ANS: a, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (2)
12. The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time (no longer than 6 years
apart) to examine age-related differences and changes is called a ______________.
Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of
different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time.
ANS: a, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (2)
Learning Objective 7.2 - What is the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining
development?
13. ________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

407
a) Nature; nurture
Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences.
b) Cognition; emotion
c) Nurture; behavioral genetics
Incorrect. Nurture refers to environmental influences, and behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects
of genes and environmental influences on behavior.
d) Cross-sectional; longitudinal
ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=7.2, (2)
% correct 92 a= 92 b= 4 c= 2 d= 2 r = .27
14. Dr. Smith believes that people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr.
Goldberg believes that people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the
following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
a) nature versus nurture
Correct. Nature refers to genetic factors, and nurture refers to environmental influences.
b) cognition versus emotion
Incorrect. The issue highlighted emphasizes the effects of nature (genes) and nurture (environmental factors).
c) classical versus operant conditioning
d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
ANS: a, p. 230, A, LO=7.2, (3)
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 1 d= 0 r = .51
15 Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed
with another family after a “mix up” at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys “ran into each other” at a football
game and noticed how they appeared to be “mirror images of each other.” After proving they were twins by genetic
testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and
excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F’s in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and
intelligent and excels in baseball and makes straight A’s as a result of his strict home life and study routine.
Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance
based on the research?
a) nurture
Correct. Nurture would be correct in that differences in study routines are likely to be a factor.
b) nature
Incorrect. They are likely to be similar in genetic make up.
c) school district superintendent
d) teacher appraisals of performance
ANS: a, p. 230, A, LO=7.2, (2)
16. Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg were born with red hair. Each child is also very
intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11th child who is also likely to be born with the same
traits according to ______________, as evidenced in the _____________.
a) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
b) nature; nature versus nurture controversy
Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences.
c) environmental factors; conception theory
Incorrect. Environment refers to environmental influences and the conception theory is not discussed in the book.
d) teratogens; conception theory
ANS: b, pp. 230-31, A, LO=7.2, (2)
17. According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolph Hitler, serial killer Ted
Bundy, and unibomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the “nature versus nurture” debate?
a) These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic make up.
Incorrect. Nature and nurture contribute according to Ridley.
b) Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
Correct. Both nature and nurture combined to influence these notorious individuals according to Ridley.
408
c) These individual’s behaviors were attributed to nurture and their parental influences.
d) These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation according to
Ridley.
ANS: b p. 231, C, LO=7.2, (3)
18. What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person’s actions?
a) psychobiology
Incorrect. Psychobiology is the study of the biological bases of behavior.
b) neuropsychology
c) behavioral genetics
Correct. Behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects of genes and environmental influences on
behavior.
d) psychoanalysis
ANS: c, p. 231, F, LO=7.2, (1) SG
The Basic Building Blocks of Development
Learning Objective 7.3 - How do chromosomes and genes determine the inheritance of disorders, and what causes
multiple births?
19. The science of heredity is called___________.

a) human development
b) genetics
Correct. Genetics is the study of heredity.
c) physiology
Incorrect. Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and
reproduction.
d) gerontology
ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
20. Genetics is defined as ___________.

a) the branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction, rather
than with structures
b) the science of heredity
Correct. Genetics is defined as the science of heredity.
c) the study of behavior and mental processes
d) the study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death
Incorrect. The study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death, is the definition of
human development.
ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
21. Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?
a) DNA
Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.
b) gene
c) chromosome
Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus.
d) amine
ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
22. A special molecule, __________, contains the genetic material of the organism.
a) DNA
Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.
b) a gene
409
c) a chromosome
Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus.
d) an amine
ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (2)
23. A(n) __________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

a) compound
b) gene
Correct. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
c) chromosome
Incorrect. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines and is located on chromosomes.
d) protein
ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
24. A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _________ gene.
a) recessive
Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene,
whereas a dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait.
b) mutated
c) recombinant
d) dominant
Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait.
ANS: d, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
25. Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?
a) recessive
Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene,
whereas a dominant gene actively controls the appearance of a certain trait.
b) mutated
c) recombinant
d) dominant
Correct. A dominant gene is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait.
ANS: d, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (1)
26. A trait controlled by a dominant gene ________.

a) will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even if the other half of the pair is different.
b) will be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes
c) will not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene
d) will not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
Incorrect. Traits controlled by dominant genes will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half
of the pair is different.
ANS: a, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (2)
27. A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene is called___________.
a) recessive
Correct. A recessive gene only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.
b) mutated
c) recombinant
d) dominant
Incorrect. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even when not paired with another identical
gene.
ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (2)
410
28. Silvia has blond hair, even though her mother and father each have brown hair. What do we know about Silvia’s
parents?
a) At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.
b) Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.
Correct. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Silvia to have
blond hair.
c) Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair.
Incorrect. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Silvia to
have blond hair.
d) Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.
ANS: b, p. 232, A, LO=7.3, (3)
29. Ryan has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, while his father
___________.
a) is also a carrier
Correct. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if he or she receives
the gene from both parents.
b) is not a carrier
Incorrect. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if he or she
receives the gene from both parents.
c) does not have a cystic fibrosis gene
d) has two cystic fibrosis genes
ANS: a, p. 232, A, LO=7.3, (3)
30. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when ___________.

a) a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent
Correct. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes.
b) a child inherits two dominant genes, one from each parent
c) a child inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent
Incorrect. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes.
d) the child does not inherit any genes from one parent
ANS: a, p. 232 F, LO=7.3, (2)
31. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.
a) DNA
Incorrect. DNA is a molecule that consists of two strands that wind around each other in a spiral that contains the
genetic material of the organism.
b) sex-linked traits
c) chromosomes
Correct. Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes.
d) amines
ANS: c, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
32. In ________ syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such
as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.
a) PKU
b) Down
Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
c) Klinefelter’s
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair.
d) Turner’s
ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
33. What is the cause of Down syndrome?

a) an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
411
Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
b) an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair.
c) neurotransmitter excesses
d) neurotransmitter deficiencies
ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (2)
34. Steve was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result, he has reduced masculine
characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, and excessive height. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Correct. Klinefelter’s syndrome is caused by an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair and occurs in males.
d) Turner’s
Incorrect. Turner’s syndrome occurs only in females.
ANS: c, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (3)
35. In _________ syndrome the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs only in males.
d) Turner’s
Correct. Turner’s syndrome produces short, infertile females.
ANS: d, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)
36. Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result she is infertile, has difficulty
learning, and did not develop breast tissue and rounded hips as her female peers did. Which disorder is likely to be
diagnosed?
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs only in males.
d) Turner’s
Correct. Turner’s syndrome produces the characteristics described and occurs in females.
ANS: d, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (3)
37. Ovum is a term used to describe___________.

a) the female sex cell or egg
Correct. Ovum is another term for the female sex cell or egg.
b) male sex cell
Incorrect. Sperm are male sex cells; ovum is the female sex cell.
c) the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization
d) the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)
38. The union of the ovum and sperm is called__________

a) fertilization
Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite.
b) the fetal period
c) a zygote
Incorrect. The zygote is the result of the union of the ovum and sperm.
d) an embryo
ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)
412
39. In the process of fertilization the __________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell.
a) sperm; ovum
Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite.
b) zygote; sperm
Incorrect. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite; the zygote is the result of this union.
c) embryo; zygote
d) ovum; fetus
ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)
40. At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg,
creating a new cell called a(n)____________.
a) embryo
Incorrect. An embryo is the name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.
b) zygote
Correct. A fertilized egg is called a zygote.
c) genome
d) blastocyst
ANS: b, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (2)
41. Humans have a total of _______chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

a) 46
Correct. Humans have 46 chromosomes.
b) 23
Incorrect. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, equalling a total of 46 chromosomes.
c) 21
d) 22
ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (2)
42. Monozygotic twins ___________.

a) are genetically identical
Correct. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical.
b) are genetically different
Incorrect. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical; dizygotic twins are genetically different.
c) will be of different sexes
d) are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs
ANS: a, p. 234, C, LO=7.3, (2) SG
43. Ashley and Elizabeth are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?
a) monozygotic twins
Correct. Monozygotic twins are identical.
b) fraternal twins
c) dizygotic twins
Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs, which means they are genetically different.
d) wombmates
ANS: a, p. 234, A, LO=7.3, (3)
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 14 d= 5 r = .19%
44. Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?
a) The mother’s body releases multiple eggs, two or more of which are fertilized.
Incorrect. Multiple fertilized eggs result in dizygotic twins.
b) The mother’s body releases one egg, conceives, and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle.
c) The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
Correct. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes, the result is
monozygotic twins.
d) The mother uses fertility drugs.
413
ANS: c, p. 234, C, LO=7.3, (2)
45. __________develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the
uterus at the same time.
a) Monozygotic twins
Incorrect. Monozygotic twins develop when an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two
separate zygotes.
b) Fraternal twins
c) Dizygotic twins
Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs by two different sperm.
d) Wombmates
ANS: c, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)
46. Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different
sperm. What type of twins are they?
Incorrect. Monozygotic twins result from one ovum fertilized by one sperm that splits in two.
b) maternal twins
c) dizygotic twins
Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs.
d) wombmates
ANS: c, p. 234, C, LO=7.3, (2)
47. Fraternal twins are __________ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.
a) much more
Incorrect. Fraternal twins are genetically no more similar than are any other two siblings, since they develop from
different eggs and different sperm.
b) no more
Correct. Fraternal twins develop from different eggs and different sperm, just like any other set of siblings.
c) slightly more
d) much less
ANS: b, p. 234, F LO=7.3, (2)
48 Conjoined twins are ___________.

Correct. Conjoined twins are monozygotic and are the result of a single fertilized egg that did not completely
separate before developing into two embryos.
b) fraternal twins
c) dizygotic twins
Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs and cannot become conjoined.
d) nonidentical twins
ANS: a, p. 234-235, F, LO=7.3, (1)
49. Abby and Brittany Hensel __________.

a) share one body from the waist down
Correct. Abby and Brittany Hensel share one body from the waist down.
b) share one upper body
Incorrect. Abby and Brittany Hensel share one body from the waist down.
c) share a heart
d) share a stomach
ANS: a, p. 234-235, F, LO=7.3, (1)
50. Brittany and Abby Hensel are ___________.

a) nonidentical twins
b) dizygotic twins
414
Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs; Brittany and Abby Hensel are the result of one
fertilized egg.
c) fraternal twins
d) conjoined twins
Correct. They have two separate heads but share one body.
ANS: d, p. 234-235, C, LO=7.3, (2) SG
Learning Objective 7.4 - What happens during the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods of pregnancy, and what
are some hazards in prenatal development?
51. The germinal period ___________.

a) occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization
Correct. The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the germinal period.
b) occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
Incorrect. The embryonic period occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
c) occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth
d) occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization
ANS: a, p. 235, F, LO=7.4, (1)
52. Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical
cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
a) fetal
b) embryonic
Incorrect. During the embryonic period, the organism is called an embryo, not a zygote.
c) placental
d) germinal
Correct. During the germinal period, the organism is called a zygote, and the placenta and umbilical cord begin to
form.
ANS: d, p. 235, C, LO=7.4, (2)
53. The placenta is ___________.

a) the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment
Incorrect. The placenta is not a tube; the umbilical cord, which connects the developing baby to the placenta, is a
tube.
b) the technical name for the “belly button”
c) a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby
Correct. The placenta is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the
developing baby.
d) the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old
ANS c, p. 235, F, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 90 a= 8 b= 0 c= 90 d= 2 r = .18
54. The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is
called the _________.
a) placenta
Correct. The placenta is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the
developing baby.
b) uterus
c) umbilical cord
Incorrect. The umbilical cord is a tube that connects the developing baby to the placenta.
d) embryo
ANS: a, p. 235, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 19 d= 0 r = .29
415
55. Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
Incorrect. The zygote begins to implant in the uterine lining during the germinal period.
Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures develop.
functional
ANS: b, p. 236, C, LO=7.4, (2)
56. Tameka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first
developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameka currently experiencing?
a) fetal
Incorrect. The fetal period occurs after the organs have first developed and is the time during which they continue to
develop and become functional.
b) embryonic
Correct. During the embryonic period major organs and structures first develop.
c) placental
d) germinal
ANS: b, p. 236, C, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 52 a= 40 b= 52 c= 2 d= 7 r = .52
57. Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily’s uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician
reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby’s fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are
developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is one inch long. Given this information, the current stage of
prenatal development is the_________.
a) embryonic period
Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures first develop.
b) germinal period
c) zygotic period
d) fetal stage
Incorrect. In the fetal stage, fingers, toes, and other major systems and organs would have already developed, and
the baby would be more than an inch long.
ANS: a, p. 236, A, LO=7.4, (3)
% correct 62 a= 62 b= 0 c= 10 d= 29 r = .47
58. Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called
__________.
a) fetal periods
Incorrect. Critical periods are times when internal and external influences have a major impact on development; the
most critical time is during the embryonic period.
b) critical periods
Correct. Critical periods are times when internal and external influences have a major impact on development.
c) germinal periods
d) latency periods
ANS: b, p. 236, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 0 d= 6 r = .18
% correct 96 a= 3 b= 96 c= 1 d= 0 r = .19
59. Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring
about a birth defect?
a) teratogen
Correct. Teratogens are substances that can bring about a birth defect.
b) critical period
c) carcinogen
416
Incorrect. A carcinogen may cause birth defects, but the term does not encompass viruses and all of the other things
that can also cause birth defects.
d) biohazard
ANS: a, p. 236, F, LO=7.4, (1)
60. The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become
functional is called the ___________ period.
a) germinal
b) embryonic
Incorrect. The embryonic period is the stage when various organs and structures first begin to form.
c) fetal
Correct. The fetal period is the stage when tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and
become functional.
d) gestational
ANS: c, p. 236, F, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 56 a= 4 b= 12 c= 56 d= 27 r = .30
61. Which of the following describes the fetal period?

Incorrect. The major organs and structures first develop during the embryonic period.
functional
Correct. The fetal period is the stage when tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and
become functional.
ANS: d, p. 236, C, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 87 a= 8 b= 2 c= 3 d= 87 r = .23
62. Greta’s child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning
difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,
which was she most likely abusing?
a) nicotine
Incorrect. The effects of nicotine do not include smaller than normal heads, facial deformities, and heart defects.
b) cocaine
c) marijuana
d) alcohol
Correct. Greta’s child is exhibiting symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
ANS: d, p. 237, A, LO=7.4, (3)
% correct 91 a= 4 b= 4 c= 0 d= 91 r = .38
63. What are some of the common developmental effects on a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?
a) increased birth weight and lethargy
b) lower birth weight and short stature
Correct. Lower birth weight and short stature are common consequences of smoking during pregnancy.
c) severe hearing loss and heart defects
Incorrect. Hearing loss and heart defects are consequences of rubella.
d) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
ANS: b, p. 237, C, LO=7.4, (2) SG
64. Isabelle’s baby was born blind, deaf, and with heart defects. Most likely Isabelle was exposed to _________
during her pregnancy.
a) rubella
Correct. Blindness, deafness, and heart defects are potential consequences of prenatal exposure to rubella.
b) mercury
417
c) syphilis
Incorrect. Exposure to syphilis does not cause blindness or heart defects.
d) radiation
ANS: a, p. 237, C, LO=7.4, (3)
65. Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions, movement, and
kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
a) fetal
Correct. During the fetal period, the developing fetus first begins to move its muscles.
b) embryonic
Incorrect. The embryonic period ends at 8 weeks, and muscle contraction does not occur until about the third
month.
c) placental
d) germinal
ANS: a, p. 237, C, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 61 a= 61 b= 2 c= 15 d= 23 r = .59
66. The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the _________months.
a) first three
Correct. The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the first three months.
b) last three
Incorrect. The most likely time for miscarriage is during the first three months.
c) middle three
d) last six
ANS: a, p. 237, C, LO=7.4, (2)
67. The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is__________.
a) a genetic defect
Correct. A genetic defect is the most likely cause of miscarriage in the first three months of pregnancy.
b) alcohol use
Incorrect. A miscarriage in the first three months of pregnancy is most likely caused by a genetic defect that will not
allow the embryo or fetus to survive.
c) not taking prenatal vitamins
d) lack of exercise
ANS: a, p. 237, C, LO=7.4, (3)
Infancy and Childhood Development
Learning Objective 7.5 - What kind of physical changes take place in infancy and childhood?
68 Infant reflexes are___________.

a) innate involuntary behavior patterns
Correct. Reflexes help infants survive outside of the womb.
b) voluntary behavior patterns
Incorrect. Reflexes are involuntary
c) learned
d) not used as a means for survival
ANS: a, p. 238, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 4 d= 0 r = .39
69. Which sense is the most functional at birth?

a) touch
Correct. Touch is the most functional sense at birth.
b) taste
418
c) smell
d) vision
Incorrect. Cones, which assist us in seeing color and provide sharpness of vision, take about 6 months to fully
develop.
ANS: a, p. 238, C, LO=7.5, (3)
70. At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother’s milk scent and another
woman’s milk scent?
a) within a few days after birth
Correct. The sense of smell is highly developed at birth, enabling babies to tell the difference between their own
mother’s milk scent and another woman’s milk scent.
b) within a few weeks after birth
Incorrect. The sense of smell is highly developed at birth, enabling babies to tell the difference between their own
mother’s milk scent and another woman’s milk scent.
c) within a few months after birth
d) within a year after birth
ANS: a, p. 238, F, LO=7.5, (2)
71. By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

a) within a few days after birth
b) by four months
Correct. A preference for salty tastes occurs by four months and may come from exposure to the salty taste of their
mother’s skin.
c) at birth
Incorrect. At birth infants show a preference for sweet tastes; preference for salty tastes develops at about four
months.
d) within a year after birth
ANS: b, p. 238 F, LO=7.5, (2)
72. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to__________.

a) high pitches and low pitches
Correct. Newborns seem most responsive to high-pitched (female) voices and low-pitched (male) voices.
b) hip hop music
c) moderate voice pitches
Incorrect. Newborns seem most responsive to high-pitched (female) voices and low-pitched (male) voices.
d) rock and roll music
ANS: a, p. 238, C, LO=7.5, (2)
73. Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

a) touch
Incorrect. Touch is the most functional at birth.
b) taste
c) smell
d) vision
Correct. Vision takes about 6 months to fully develop, whereas touch, taste, and smell are all present at birth.
ANS: d, p. 238, C, LO=7.5, (2)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 1 c= 0 d= 98 r = .05
74. Vision is not very well developed at birth. As a result, which of the following statements is true?
a) Color and visual acuity takes approximately 12 months to develop more clearly from birth.
b) Newborns have a clear vision field of 12-14 inches at birth.
Inorrect. Newborns have a clear field from 7-10 inches.
c) Newborns prefer to look at 2 dimensional objects versus 3 dimensional objects.
d) Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns and the human face rather than other stimuli.
419
Correct. This is correct according to the research. Newborns prefer to look at human faces and complex stimuli.
ANS: d, pp. 238-239, C, LO=7.5, (3)
75. Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes that the doctors have been
testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?
a) Moro reflex
b) rooting reflex
Incorrect. This is one of the 5 reflexes that an infant exhibits when trying to find nourishment when hungry.
c) walking reflex
Correct. This is not one of the 5 mentioned in the book.
d) stepping reflex
ANS: c, p. 239, A, LO=7.5, (3)
76. Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the
nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?
a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.
Correct. Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns.
b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.
Incorrect. Newborns prefer complex patterns, particularly those that are three dimensional.
ANS: a, p. 239, A, LO=7.5, (3)
77. Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?

a) rolling over
b) standing alone
Incorrect. Standing alone develops before walking.
c) walking
Correct. Walking develops after sucking, rolling over, and standing alone.
d) sucking
ANS: c, p. 240, F, LO=7.5, (3)
78. What is the correct order of development of the Six Motor Milestones according to research?
a) Sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over.
b) Crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support.
Incorrect. Answer c is the correct order per the book.
c) Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking.
Correct. This is the correct order, as shown in Figure 7.5.
d) Rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest.
ANS: c, p. 240, C, LO=7.5, (1)
Learning Objective 7.6 - What are two ways of looking at cognitive development, and how does language develop?
79. Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ________.

a) cognitive development
Correct. Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development.
b) perceptual development
c) language development
Incorrect. Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development.
d) motor development
ANS: a, p. 240, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 4 d= 10 r = .33
80. Assimilation is to accommodation as _________.

420
a) necessary is to optional
Incorrect. Piaget did not consider either of these two processes to be optional.
b) help is to hinder
c) hinder is to help
d) using is to changing
Correct. In Piaget’s theory, assimilation allows the use of existing schemas to interpret new information, while
accommodation results in the adjusting or changing of existing schemas in the face of new information.
ANS: d, p. 240, C, LO=7.6, (3)
81. In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses
and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the _________ stage.
a) concrete operations
b) sensorimotor
Correct. The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2.
c) preoperational
Incorrect. The preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7.
d) formal operations
ANS: b, p. 241, F, LO=7.6, (2)
% correct 76 a= 0 b= 76 c= 24 d= 0 r = .61
82. Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean
Piaget’s model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?
b) sensorimotor
Correct. During this stage infants interact deliberately with objects by chewing, grasping, and tasting them.
c) preoperational
Incorrect. During the preoperational stage children no longer have to rely only on senses and motor skills. It is
during the sensorimotor stage when they chew, grasp, and taste objects.
ANS: b, p. 241, A, LO=7.6, (3)
83. Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is _________.
a) conservation
Incorrect. Conservation is the ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its
nature or quantity.
b) object permanence
Correct. Understanding object permanence means understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight.
c) centration
d) egocentrism
ANS: b, p. 241, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 2 d= 2 r = .46
84. Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut
because they have not yet developed a sense of __________.
a) conservation
Incorrect. Conservation is a term used to describe understanding that changing the appearance of an object does
not change its nature or quantity.
Correct. Object permanence is a term used to describe understanding that an object exists even when it is out of
sight.
c) centration
d) egocentrism
ANS: b, p. 241, A, LO=7.6, (3)
% correct 98 a= 2 b= 98 c= 0 d= 0 r = .18
421
85. Ashani is 18 months old. When her mom leaves her at the babysitter’s house, Ashani cries initially. After a few
moments, she stops crying because her mom is “out of sight and out of mind.” According to Piaget, which period of
cognitive development would Ashani be in?
a) sensorimotor
Correct. Ashani seems to suffer from a lack of object permanence, which is noted during the sensorimotor stage of
Piaget’s theory.
b) preoperational
Incorrect. Piaget speculated that by the time children reach the preoperational stage of development, they will have
overcome the lack of object permanence that seems to be troublesome for Ashani.
c) concrete operations
ANS: a, p. 241, A, LO=7.6, (2)
86. According to Piaget, __________ represents the beginning of the child’s language development and symbolic
thought.
a) egocentric thinking
Incorrect. Egocentrism is the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes; it is not related to language.
b) accommodation
Correct. To understand object permanence a child has knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
and that one object can stand in for another. Words are symbols that stand in for things that may not be present.
d) assimilation
ANS: c, p. 241, F, LO=7.6, (3)
% correct 24 a= 38 b= 4 c= 24 d= 28 r = .33
87. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
a) preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations
b) concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations
c) sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations
Correct. The order in which Piaget’s stages occur is sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal
operations.
d) preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations
Incorrect. Sensorimotor is the stage prior to the preoperational stage.
ANS: c, pp. 241-243, C, LO=7.6, (2)
% correct 79 a= 0 b= 2 c= 79 d= 19 r = .44
88. According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns
to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ________ stage.
b) sensorimotor
Incorrect. The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2.
c) preoperational
Correct. Preoperational is the name Piaget gave to the stage children are in from 2 to 7 years of age.
ANS: c, pp. 241-243, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 73 a= 15 b= 12 c= 73 d= 0 r = .49
89. Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape.
He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget’s stages is your brother likely to be in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
Correct. Your little brother shows lack of conservation, or the ability to understand that altering the appearance of
something does not change its quantity; this lack of understanding is characteristic of preoperational children.
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
422
Incorrect. By the time children are in the concrete operational stage, they have developed conservation.
ANS: b, pp. 241-243, A, LO=7.6, (3)
% correct 84 a= 14 b= 84 c= 2 d= 0 r = .41
90. Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
a) abstract concepts
c) hypothetical thinking
Incorrect. Hypothetical thinking is a capability of people in the formal operations stage.
d) centration
Correct. Centration, or focusing on only one feature of something rather than taking all of its features into
consideration, is a limitation of the preoperational child.
ANS: d, p. 242, F, LO=7.6, (2)
91. What term is used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes except his or her
own?
a) disparity
b) narcissism
Incorrect. Narcissism is a term used to describe a type of adult personality characterized by excessive self-
admiration and centeredness.
c) egocentrism
Correct. Egocentrism is the term used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
except his or her own.
d) autonomy
ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 4 c= 88 d= 8 r = .26
92. Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to “show” it to his grandmother.
This example illustrates ________.
a) disoriented attachment
b) conservation
Incorrect. In Piaget’s theory, object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they
cannot be immediately perceived.
d) egocentrism
Correct. In Piaget’s theory, egocentrism is the inability to take another person’s point of view.
ANS: d, p. 242, A, LO=7.6, (2)
93. According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change
the object’s nature is known as ___________.
a) object permanence
b) conservation
Correct. Conservation is the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change
the object’s nature.
c) centration
Incorrect. Centration is the tendency to focus on one feature while ignoring others.
d) reversibility
ANS: b, p. 242 F, LO=7.6, (1)
94. In which of Piaget’s stages does the child develop conservation?

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
Incorrect. During the preoperational stage, children lack conservation.
423
Correct. The child develops conservation during the concrete operational stage.
ANS: d, p. 242, F, LO=7.6, (2)
95. Ethan, a three year old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into twelve rather than eight pieces because he is “really
hungry.” On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan __________.
a) understands object permanence
b) does not understand object permanence
c) understands conservation
Incorrect. In this example, Ethan does not understand the concept of conservation because he thinks that 12 slices of
pizza is more food than eight slices of the same pizza.
d) does not understand conservation
Correct. Conservation is the Piagetian principle that certain properties remain the same even when the appearance
of an object changes.
ANS: d, p. 242, A, LO=7.6, (2)
96. In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, in which an individual
becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ________ stage.
Correct. The concrete operational stage occurs between ages 7 and 12.
b) sensorimotor
c) preoperational
Incorrect. The preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7.
ANS: a, p. 243, F, LO=7.6, (1)
97. Larry, a ten-year-old, first sees two identical glasses with water at the same level; then, the water from one of the
short, wide glasses is poured into a taller, thinner glass. Larry will likely conclude that __________.
a) there is more water in the taller, thinner glass
Incorrect. If Larry were younger, and in the preoperational period, this would be an accurate answer.
b) there is more water in the shorter, wider glass
c) there are equal amounts of water in the shorter, wider and taller, thinner glasses
Correct. Because Larry is in the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s theory, he has mastered the concepts of
conservation and reversibility.
d) there are equal amounts of water in the two identical glasses only
ANS: c, p. 243, A, LO=7.6, (2)
98. Which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of
hypotheticals?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
Correct. The stage of formal operations is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories.
Incorrect. Children at the concrete operational stage are unable to deal effectively with abstract concepts.
ANS: c, p. 243, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 77 a= 4 b= 0 c= 77 d= 19 r = .26
99. A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is __________.
a) irreversibility
b) egocentrism
c) abstract thinking
Correct. Abstract thinking develops during the formal operational stage.
d) logical thinking
Incorrect. Logical thinking first reveals itself in the concrete operational stage.
ANS: c, p. 243, C, LO=7.6, (2)
424
% correct 38 a= 0 b= 24 c= 38 d= 38 r = .33
100. Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operational thought?
a) thinking about what is possible
Correct. Thinking about what is possible is an aspect of hypothetical thinking, which occurs in the formal
operational stage.
b) thinking about what is logical
Incorrect. Logical thought occurs in the concrete operational stage.
c) thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight
d) thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration
ANS: a, p. 243, C, LO=7.6, (3)
101. Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child’s interaction with
objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to__________.
a) biological changes in the brain
b) unconscious factors
c) completing activities in isolation
Incorrect. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of social interactions between a child
and skilled people.
d) interaction between a child and skilled people
Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interaction between a child and skilled people.
ANS: d, p. 244, C, LO=7.6, (3)
% correct 29 a= 57 b= 4 c= 10 d= 29 r = .33
102. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of ________ during development.
a) learned responses
Incorrect. This would be the theory of the behaviorist, and this is not the type of psychologist that Vygotsky was.
b) social interactions
Correct. Vygotsky believed that social interactions were essential for the development of cognitive skills.
c) individual differences
d) the child’s representations of the world
ANS: b, p. 244, C, LO=7.6, (1)
103. According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child’s cognitive development?
a) balanced diet
b) social interactions
Correct. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of social interactions.
c) genetic endowment
d) successful resolution of psychosocial crises
Incorrect. Psychosocial crises refer to the theory of psychosocial development, not to Vygotsky’s theories.
ANS: b, p. 244, C, LO=7.6, (3)
104. Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding?

a) Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer individually.
Incorrect. Scaffolding emphasizes one-on-one learning.
b) A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more
skilled.
Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interactions between a child and skilled people.
c) Learning in one area, such as language, tends to reinforce learning that occurs in other areas, such as
mathematics.
d) Physical interaction with the environment is a key to learning, so teachers require students to run and play
a great deal.
ANS: b, p. 244, A, LO=7.6, (3)
105. Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that
425
child can do with the help of a teacher?
a) scaffolding
Incorrect. Scaffolding occurs when a more skilled person helps a less skilled learner.
b) conservation
c) hypothetical thinking.
d) zone of proximal development
Correct. The zone of proximal development is a term used to refer to the difference between what a child can do
alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.
ANS: d, p. 244, F, LO=7.6, (2)
106. Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of __________.
a) 6 weeks
b) 2 months
Correct. At 2 months infants typically make vowel-like sounds, called cooing.
c) 6 months
Incorrect. At 6 months of age, infants have already been cooing for several months and begin adding consonant
sounds to their vowels.
d) 7 months
ANS: b, p. 245, F, LO=7.6, (2)
107. A baby’s language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called __________.
a) cooing
Incorrect. Cooing involves vowel sounds only.
b) holophrasing
c) telegraphic speech
d) babbling
Correct. Babbling consists of repetition of consonant–vowel combinations.
ANS: d, p. 245, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 71 a= 12 b= 17 c= 0 d= 71 r = .28
108. By about 12 months, most infants ___________.

a) begin to use intonation in their language
b) build a vocabulary of one-word phrases
Correct. By about 12 months most infants build a vocabulary of one-word phrases.
c) begin to distinguish, in their language, between themselves and others
d) begin to form two- and three-word sentences
Incorrect. Two- and three-word sentences do not typically occur until approximately age 18 months to 2 years.
ANS: b, p. 245, C, LO=7.6, (2) SG
109. Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

a) “pet dog”
Correct. Telegraphic speech packs a lot of information into a few highly informative words, typically omitting words
such as the, a, and of.
b) “ba ba ba ba ba”
Incorrect. This would be an example of babbling, not telegraphic speech.
c) “but I just runned home”
d) “bottle”
ANS: a, p. 245, A, LO=7.6, (1)
110. What physician first published research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the
development of autism?
a) Stephen Kessling
Incorrect. Andrew Wakefield was the physician who first published research suggesting a relationship between the
MMR vaccine and the development of autism.
b) Vladimir Uberkoff
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c) Andrew Wakefield
Correct. Andrew Wakefield was the physician who first published research suggesting a relationship between the
MMR vaccine and the development of autism.
d) Robert Rosenfield
ANS: c, p. 245, F, LO=7.6, (1)
111. Which of the following is true of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine
and the development of autism?
a) It was conducted in a cooperative study in France, Iceland, and the Netherlands.
b) It was based on data collected from a very large sample of children.
c) It has been successfully replicated repeatedly, providing evidence for its validity.
Incorrect. The research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism was
actually based on falsified data.
d) It was based on falsified data.
Correct. The research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism was
based on falsified data.
ANS: d, pp. 245-246, C, LO=7.6, (3)
Learning Objective 7.7 - How do infants and children develop personalities and form relationships with others, and
what are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development for children?
112. Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a three-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, “My son is so fussy,”
to which Julie replies, “That is funny — my son is so easy.” It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their
newborns’ ________.
a) personalities.
b) moods.
c) reflexes.
Incorrect. A reflex refers to an inborn, involuntary motor response to a stimulus.
d) temperaments.
Correct. A temperament refers to a child’s inclination to engage in a certain style of behavior.
ANS: d, p. 246, A, LO=7.7, (2)
113. Which of the following is one of the three types of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?
a) active
Incorrect. Thomas and Chess used the terms easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
b) fussy
c) tired
d) easy
Correct. Easy is a temperament type described by Thomas and Chess.
ANS: a, pp. 246-247, F, LO=7.7, (1)
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 14 c= 4 d= 4 r = .76
114. Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and
Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) _________child.
a) easy
Correct. Easy children are described as being adaptable to change and on regular schedules.
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) undemanding
Incorrect. Thomas and Chess use the term easy to describe children on regular schedules.
ANS: a, pp. 246-247, A, LO=7.7, (2)
115. According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends
to be loud is labeled a(n)_____________ child.
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a) easy
b) difficult
Correct. Difficult children tend to resist change.
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) negative
Incorrect. Thomas and Chess used the term difficult for children who tend to resist change.
ANS: b, pp. 246-247, F, LO=7.7, (1)
116. Chester is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He does not like it when new people pick him up, and
he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. What temperament does he exhibit?
a) active
Incorrect. Babies who are irritable and irregular are considered difficult.
b) slow-to-warm-up
c) difficult
Correct. Difficult babies tend to be irritable, are not comfortable with change, and have irregular schedules.
d) easy
ANS: c, pp. 246-247, A, LO=7.7, (3) SG
% correct 92 a= 2 b= 4 c= 92 d= 2 r = .18
117. Ernie is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people
or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Thomas and Chess would say his
temperament is ______.
a) active
b) slow-to-warm-up
Correct. Slow-to-warm-up babies tend be quieter and slow to adapt to change.
c) difficult
Incorrect. Difficult babies tend to be loud, are not comfortable with change, and have irregular schedules. Slow-to-
warm-up babies tend be quieter and slow to adapt to change.
d) easy
ANS: b, pp. 246-247, A, LO=7.7, (3)
118. Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _____________.

a) unstable and subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime
b) unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person’s
adult life
c) relatively stable through the first three to four years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child
reaches school age
Incorrect. Temperament is considered stable well into adulthood.
d) relatively stable well into adulthood
Correct. Temperament is considered stable well into adulthood.
ANS: d, p. 247, F, LO=7.7, (3)
119. The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called___________.
a) temperament
b) attachment
Correct. Attachment is an emotional bond that forms between an infant and primary caregiver.
c) trust
Incorrect. Trust is an element of attachment, but the term used for the bond itself is attachment.
d) habituation
ANS: b, p. 247, F, LO=7.7, (1)
% correct 76 a= 10 b= 76 c= 14 d= 0 r = .18
% correct 73 a= 6 b= 73 c= 22 d= 0 r = .17
120. Attachment usually takes place within the first __________of life.
a) year
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b) month
Incorrect. Attachment takes place within the first six months of life.
c) six months
Correct. Attachment takes place within the first six months of life.
d) four months.
ANS: c, p. 247, F, LO=7.7, (2)
% correct 27 a= 29 b= 33 c= 27 d= 11 r = .18
121. If a child is exposed to the “Strange Situation,” then he or she ___________.

a) should receive immediate medical attention
b) will view novel and eccentric stimuli
c) will be in a room with other children that he or she does not know
Incorrect. This sort of peer exposure was not an aspect of the strange situation experiment.
d) will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation
Correct. This was the basis of Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation experiment; children were separated from and
then reunified with their primary caregivers.
ANS: d, p. 247, C, LO=7.7, (2)
122. What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the "Strange
Situation"?
a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life
Incorrect. She sought to study the nature of attachment.
d) the nature of attachment between caregivers and children
Correct. She sought to understand the nature of attachment between caregivers and infants.
ANS: d, p. 247, C, LO=7.7, (3)
123. Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants__________.

a) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
Incorrect. Ainsworth’s term for infants who do not care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out
when she returns is avoidant.
b) protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns
c) cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns
Correct. Securely attached infants are easily soothed when they cry and welcome their mother back upon return.
d) are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return
ANS: c, p. 247, F, LO=7.7, (2)
124. Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the
mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?
a) secure
Incorrect. The secure attachment is evident if babies venture away from their mother, are upset when she leaves and
not well comforted by a stranger, and calm down quickly when she returns.
b) avoidant
Correct. An avoidant attachment is evident if babies do not seem to care very much whether their mother is present
or absent, and are equally comfortable in the presence of their mother or a stranger.
c) ambivalent
d) disorganized
ANS: b, pp. 247-248, F LO=7.7, (2)
125. ___________babies in Ainsworth’s study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger
regardless of the mother’s presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed
reactions upon mother’s return.
a) Secure
b) Avoidant
429
Incorrect. Avoidant infants’ main reaction was anger; they did not respond upon the mother’s return, and they
failed to make eye contact with her.
c) Ambivalent
Correct. Ambivalent attached infants were clinging, unwilling to explore, and protested when the mother left.
d) Disorganized/disoriented
ANS: c, p. 248, F, LO=7.7, (2)
126. Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with __________ attached
infants.
a) securely
b) avoidant
Correct. Mothers of avoidant attached infants were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting.
c) ambivalent
d) disorganized-disoriented
Incorrect. Mothers of disorganized/disoriented infants were worse than cold; they were abusive or neglectful in
interactions with the infant.
ANS: b, p. 248, C, LO=7.7, (2)
127. In Harry Harlow’s study of attachment, the primary factor in determining the baby monkeys’ attachment figure
was ___________.
a) contact comfort
Correct. Contact comfort was the key factor in determining attachment relationships.
b) food
Incorrect. Food did not play a part in determining attachment relationships.
c) safety
d) water
ANS: a, p. 249, F, LO=7.7, (1)
128. Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her
devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
a) trust
Correct. Infants whose needs are consistently met come to trust their caregivers, and this trust helps promote
attachment.
b) mistrust
c) autonomy
Incorrect. Autonomy does not develop until around 18 months of age.
d) initiative
ANS: a, p. 251, A, LO=7.7, (2)
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 10 d= r = .18
129. Which of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial crises revolves around the child’s learning to direct his or her own
behavior?
a) trust versus mistrust
b) initiative versus guilt
Incorrect. Initiative versus guilt revolves around the challenge to control one’s own behavior.
c) industry versus inferiority
d) autonomy versus shame and doubt
Correct. Autonomy versus shame and doubt revolves around the child’s learning to direct his or her own behavior.
ANS: d, p. 251, C, LO=7.7, (2)
% correct 50 a= 11 b= 23 c= 17 d= 50 r = .27
130. Erikson’s theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5, his third stage, as characterized by
the major challenge of ______.
a) identity versus role diffusion
b) industry versus inferiority
430
Incorrect. Industry versus inferiority takes place between ages 5 and 12.
c) initiative versus guilt
Correct. Initiative versus guilt takes place between ages 3 and 5.
d) autonomy versus shame and doubt
ANS: c, p. 251, F, LO=7.7, (2) SG
% correct 35 a= 17 b= 21 c=35 d= 27 r = .26
131. In Erikson’s __________stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own
behavior.
b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
Incorrect. Autonomy versus shame and doubt takes place during the toddler years and focuses on directing rather
than controlling one’s own behavior.
Correct. During the stage of initiative versus guilt, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior.
d) industry versus inferiority
ANS: c, p. 251, F, LO=7.7, (2)
% correct 33 a= 0 b= 62 c= 33 d= 5 r = .19
132. If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act
independently.
a) integrity vs. despair
Incorrect. This is the final stage of Erikson’s theory, and is seen at the end of our lives.
b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Correct. This is the second stage of Erikson’s theory.
c) initiative vs. guilt
d) basic trust vs. mistrust
ANS: b, p. 251, C, LO=7.7, (2)
133. Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and
effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.
b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
Incorrect. A toddler in the stage called autonomy versus shame and doubt strives for independence.
Correct. A child in the stage of initiative versus guilt strives to develop a sense of competence as a result of his or
her work and effort.
d) industry versus inferiority
ANS: c, p. 251, F, LO=7.7, (2)
134. According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the
result may be the development of a sense of _________.
a) stagnation
b) inferiority
Correct. Failure to learn new skills and knowledge may result in a sense of inferiority.
c) shame and doubt
Incorrect. Shame and doubt are associated with an earlier stage of development that emphasizes independence.
d) role confusion
ANS: b, p. 251, F, LO=7.7, (2)
% correct 49 a= 3 b= 49 c= 6 d= 43 r = .42
Gender Development
Learning Objective 7.8 – What is gender, and how do gender roles develop?
431
135. ________ is the behavior associated with being male or female.
a) Sex
Incorrect. Sex is the physical characteristics associated with being male or female.
b) Gender identity
c) Gender role
d) Gender
Correct. Gender is the behavior associated with being male or female.
ANS: d, p. 251, F, LO=7.8, (1)
136. Jevon and his sister Lea are opening their presents on Christmas morning. Lea opens up a beautiful doll with a
dress and lovely blond hair. Jevon says, “Ew, that is a girl’s toy.” Jevon clearly has some established gender
_______ for playtime behavior.
a) roles
Correct. A gender role refers to culturally determined appropriate behaviors for males and females.
b) stereotypes
Incorrect. Gender stereotypes are not discussed in this chapter.
c) expectations
d) sequences
ANS: a, p. 251, A, LO=7.8, (2)
137. A culture’s expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as ______________.
a) homosexual
b) heterosexual
Incorrect. The correct answer is gender roles, and heterosexuality is not related to cultural expectations.
c) gender roles
Correct. Gender roles include attitudes, actions, and personality traits.
d) gender typing
ANS: c, p. 252, C, LO=7.8, (2)
138. Studies of genetically male children who were surgically altered to appear as females found that
____________.
a) almost all of them were happy that they were raised as females
Incorrect. Fourteen of the altered males have openly declared themselves to be boys.
b) they preferred to play with feminine toys such as dolls
c) half acted more like boys and half acted more like girls
d) they preferred male play activities
Correct. The altered males preferred male play activities.
ANS: d, p. 252, F, LO=7.8, (2)
139. Which term has the most negative connotation in most Western cultures?
a) tomboy
Incorrect. Tomboy is not considered an insult, as most people do not disapprove of girls who engage in activities
that boys typically prefer.
b) sissy
Correct. Sissy is considered to be an insult, as our society tends to disapprove of boys who engage in activities that
girls typically prefer.
c) masculine
d) feminine
ANS: b, p. 252, F, LO=7.8, (3)
% correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 4 d= 7 r = .19
140. Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in ___________.
a) collectivist cultures
432
Correct. Collectivist cultures are more traditional than individualistic ones.
b) individualistic cultures
Incorrect. Collectivist cultures are more traditional than individualistic ones.
c) countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England
d) none of these
ANS: a, p. 252, F, LO=7.8, (2) SG
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 11 c= 3 d= 1 r = .45
141. Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have ____________.
a) nontraditional views of gender
Correct. The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more individualistic than collectivistic and, therefore,
have nontraditional views.
b) a collectivist society
c) very constrained roles for women in society
d) a strong tradition of women staying home
Incorrect. The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England have nontraditional views, which allows for more freedom
for women to work outside the home.
ANS: a, p. 252, F, LO=7.8, (2)
142. When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a
psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?
a) Freudian psychoanalysis
b) Piaget’s theory of development
c) gender schema theory
Incorrect. Gender schema theory deals with children developing mental patterns for male and female.
d) social learning theory
Correct. Social learning theory deals with observing behavior and imitating behavior.
ANS: d, pp. 252-253, C, LO=7.8, (2) SG
% correct 61 a= 0 b= 0 c= 39 d= 61 r = .20
143. Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave It to Beaver. After watching the show, they decide
to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be
best explained by _________.
Incorrect. Gender schema theory focuses more on mental patterns than on imitation.
Correct. Social learning theory would best explain imitating male and female role models and how TV influences
behavior.
ANS: d, pp. 252-253, A, LO=7.8, (2)
144. Sue sees her mother knitting a sweater. Later, Sue takes out a ball of yarn and some knitting needles from her
mother’s supplies and tries to do the same. This is a good example of the ___________ theory of gender
development.
a) gender schema theory
Incorrect. Gender schema theory focuses on mental patterns, not imitation.
b) gender role theory
c) psychoanalytic theory
Correct. Social learning theory focuses on imitation of male and female role models.
ANS: d, pp. 252-253, A, LO=7.8, (2)
433
145. The tendency of children to develop a mental pattern for being male or female in much the same way they
develop other concepts, such as “dog,” “bird,” and “big,” can best be explained by ___________.
Correct. Gender schema theory deals with children developing mental patterns for male and female.
Incorrect. Social learning theory deals with observing behavior and imitating behavior. Gender schema theory
deals with developing mental patterns for male and female.
ANS: c, p. 253, C, LO=7.8, (2)
% correct 93 a= 3 b= 4 c= 93 d= 0 r = .17
146. Gender schema theory is based on _____________.

Correct. Gender schema theory is based on Piaget’s work.
c) biological inheritance theory
Incorrect. Gender schema theory is based on Piaget’s work.
ANS: b, p. 253, C, LO=7.8, (2)
Adolescence
Learning Objective 7.9 - What are the physical, cognitive, and personality changes that occur in adolescence,
including concepts of morality and Erikson’s search for identity?
147. The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically
a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called _________.
a) adolescence
Correct. Adolescence is the period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties.
b) tweens
c) young adulthood
d) puberty
Incorrect. Puberty is the word for the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its
peak.
ANS: a, p. 253, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 83 a= 83 b= 2 c= 12 d= 2 r = .37
148. Puberty is defined as _________.

a) the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland
Incorrect. The production of hormones in the reproductive glands is only one of the physical changes that occur in
the body during puberty.
b) the stage of identity versus role confusion
c) the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
Correct. Puberty is defined as the period during which physical changes occur in the body as sexual development
reaches its peak.
d) the time when a child becomes a teenager
ANS: c, p. 254, F, LO=7.9, (1)
149. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age__________.

a) 9
b) 12
Correct. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age 12.
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c) 10
Incorrect. Girls typically experience a growth spurt earlier, around age 10.
d) 15
ANS: b, p. 254, F, LO=7.9, (1) SG
% correct 76 a= 0 b= 76 c= 0 d= 24 r = .29
150. The growth spurt for girls typically begins at what age?
a) 9
b) 12
Incorrect. Girls typically experience a growth spurt earlier, at age 10.
c) 10
Correct. The growth spurt for girls typically begins at age 10.
d) 15
ANS: c, p. 254, F, LO=7.9, (1)
151. Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?

a) the growth of the testes and penis
b) the appearance of pubic hair
c) higher pitch of the voice
Correct. Boys’ voices do not get higher; they get deeper.
d) the appearance of underarm hair
Incorrect. The appearance of underarm hair is a sign of puberty in males.
ANS: c, p. 254, F, LO=7.9, (2)
152. Most young adolescents, especially those who receive a formal high school education, are at the level of
thinking that Piaget described as ________.
a) formal operations
Correct. Most adolescents who receive a formal high school education are at the formal operations level of thinking.
b) preoperational
c) preconventional
d) identity versus role confusion
Incorrect. Identity versus role confusion is the stage of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
ANS: a, p. 254, F, LO=7.9, (2)
153. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to __________.

a) extroverted behavior
Incorrect. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to introspection and egocentrism.
b) a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought
c) introspection and egocentrism
Correct. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to introspection and egocentrism.
d) thinking in terms of concrete things
ANS: c, p. 254, C, LO=7.9, (3)
% correct 48 a= 14 b= 14 c= 48 d= 21 r = .14
154. Abe just got his driver’s license. He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour above the
speed limit. He believes that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing. This is an example of
________.
a) underestimation
b) personal fable
Correct. The personal fable convinces adolescents that they are special and protected and, thus, nothing bad can
happen to them.
c) self-serving bias
d) imaginary audience
Incorrect. The imaginary audience is the belief sometimes held by adolescents in which they view themselves as
actors with everyone else as the audience.
435
ANS: b, p. 255, A, LO=7.9, (2)
155. Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel he describes
his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or
experienced such ecstasy before. Todd’s writings most clearly reflect _________.
a) his sense of autonomy
Incorrect. Todd’s portrayal of being unique is indicative of the personal fable.
b) the personal fable
Correct. The personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected.
c) the period of rebellion common to all adolescents
d) his developing sense of conscience
ANS: b, p. 255, A, LO=7.9, (2) SG
156. The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of ____________.
a) their sense of autonomy
b) the personal fable
Correct. The personal fable convinces adolescents that they are special and protected and, thus, nothing bad can
happen to them.
c) the period of rebellion common to all adolescents
Incorrect. Recklessness is due to the personal fable, which somehow makes adolescents feel they are protected from
the dangers of the world, and, as a result, they do not take precautions.
d) their developing sense of conscience
ANS: b, p. 255, C, LO=7.9, (2)
157. The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always “on stage” and that they are the center of everyone else’s
world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as ___________.
a) formal operations
b) the imaginary audience
Correct. Imaginary audience refers to the feeling that everyone is watching you closely; it causes teenagers to feel
extremely self-conscious.
c) the personal fable
Incorrect. The term personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected.
d) puberty
ANS: b, p. 255, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 67 a= 10 b= 67 c= 19 d= 5 r = .18
158. Last night, Allie’s mom gave her a haircut. As she walked into her high school, she felt like everyone could tell
that her bangs were a little uneven. This example illustrates the belief of a(n) __________.
a) underestimation
b) personal fable
Incorrect. The personal fable is the adolescent idea that they are the star in a story, and therefore have
extraordinary abilities and privileges. It may also contribute the adolescent belief that they are immune to the
negative outcomes are consequences of their actions.
Correct. The imaginary audience is the belief sometimes held by adolescents in which they view themselves as
ANS: d, p. 255, A, LO=7.9, (1)
159. Simone’s family does not have a lot of money. Simone’s mom buys her clothing from the local super store.
Simone believes that other students notice that she does not wear brand name clothes. This is an example of
________.
a) underestimation
b) personal fable
436
Incorrect. The personal fable is the adolescent idea that they are the star in a story, and therefore have
extraordinary abilities and privileges. It may also contribute the adolescent belief that they are immune to the
negative outcomes are consequences of their actions.
Correct. The imaginary audience is the belief sometimes held by adolescents in which they view themselves as
ANS: d, p. 255, A, LO=7.9, (2)
160. Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-
conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary’s behavior
exhibits____________.
a) a sense of idealism
b) imaginary audience
Correct. Imaginary audience refers to the feeling that everyone is watching you closely; it makes teenagers feel
extremely self-conscious.
c) personal fable
Incorrect. The term personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected.
d) puberty
ANS: b, p. 255, A, LO=7.9, (2)
161. Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of___________.

a) conventional morality
Incorrect. In conventional morality behavior is governed by the norms of society.
b) preconventional morality
Correct. In preconventional morality, behavior is governed by the consequences of an action.
c) principled morality
d) postconventional morality
ANS: b, p. 256, C, LO=7.9, (2)
% correct 29 a= 43 b= 29 c= 24 d= 4 r = .18
162. Edmund is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake.
Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund wants to do what the leader tells
him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral
reasoning is he in?
a) preconventional
Correct. Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who determines what a correct action is
or is not.
b) conventional
Incorrect. Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and allow people to get along.
c) postconventional
d) convenient
ANS: a, p. 256, A, LO=7.9, (2)
163. Saul wants people to view him as a good citizen. Most likely, he is in which level of moral development?
a) convergent
b) postconventional
c) conventional
Correct. Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and allow people to get along.
d) preconventional
Incorrect. Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who determines what a correct action
is or is not.
ANS: c, p. 256, A, LO=7.9, (3)
437
164. Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab
one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught
and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad’s decision represent?
a) preoperational
Incorrect. Preoperational is a term used in Piaget’s theory of human development; it is not a term related to moral
choices.
b) preconventional
Correct. At the preconventional level one determines right and wrong based on what consequences would likely
result from an action.
c) autonomous moral principles
ANS: b, p. 256, A, LO=7.9, (3)
165. According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality.
a) preconventional
Incorrect. Most adolescents are beyond the preconventional level, which is for young children.
b) conventional
Correct. According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the conventional level.
c) postconventional
d) preliminary
ANS: b, p. 256, C, LO=7.9, (2)
166. At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the
individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?
a) preoperational
b) preconventional
Incorrect. At the preconventional level a person determines right and wrong based on the expected consequences of
an action.
c) postconventional
Correct. At the postconventional level morality is driven by an individual’s self-determined moral principles.
ANS: c, p. 256, F, LO=7.9, (2)
% correct 56 a= 4 b= 23 c= 56 d= 17 r = .38
167. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk.
This would be characteristic of__________.
a) conventional morality
b) preconventional morality
Incorrect. At the preconventional level a person determines right and wrong based on the expected consequences of
an action.
c) postconventional morality
Correct. At the postconventional level right and wrong are determined by the individual, which may be in
disagreement with accepted social norms.
d) unconventional morality
ANS: c, p. 256, A, LO=7.9, (2)
168. What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?
a) preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Correct. The sequence of the stages of moral development is preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b) preoperational, postoperational, world view
c) preconventional, postconventional, conventional
Incorrect. Postconventional follows conventional.
d) concrete operational, formal operational, autonomous
ANS: a, p. 256, C, LO=7.9, (1)
438
169. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
a) should only be applied to males.
Correct. Because Kohlberg’s theory was established using only boys and men, Gilligan has suggested that his
theory is not applicable to the morality of girls or women.
b) explains moral reasoning in multiple cultures.
c) should be extended to males.
Incorrect. In fact, Gilligan suggests that Kohlberg theory should be restricted to only males.
d) is a comprehensive theory without missing components.
ANS: a, p. 256, C, LO=7.9, (2)
170. Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of __________.
a) identity
Correct. According to Erikson, adolescents must begin to develop a sense of self.
b) intimacy
Incorrect. According to Erikson, developing intimacy begins in early adulthood.
c) generativity
d) autonomy
ANS: a, p. 257, F, LO=7.9, (1) SG
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 24 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29
171. Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet
chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
a) integrity versus despair
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation
Incorrect. Brad is too young to enter the generativity versus stagnation stage.
d) identity versus role confusion
Correct. In the identity versus role confusion stage, the individual is searching for a consistent sense of self; one
part of this process is choosing a career.
ANS: d, p. 257, A, LO=7.9, (2)
% correct 90 a= 2 b= 0 c= 8 d= 90 r = .18
172. Conflicts between adolescents and their parents tend to be over _________.
a) trivial things
Correct. Most arguments are about trivial things.
b) moral issues
c) political issues
d) major things
Incorrect. Most arguments are over trivial things such as hair, clothing, and taste in music.
ANS: a, p. 257, C, LO=7.9, (3)
173. On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to __________.

a) completely disagree
b) be in agreement
Correct. Parents and teens tend to be in agreement on big moral issues.
c) are not familiar with each other’s position
d) have intense arguments
Incorrect. Most intense arguments are over trivial things such as hair, clothing, and taste in music.
ANS: b, p. 257, C, LO=7.9, (3)
Adulthood
Learning Objective 7.10: What are the physical, cognitive, and personality changes that occur during adulthood
and aging, including Erikson’s last three psychosocial stages, and patterns of parenting?
439
174. The twenties are a time of___________.
a) peak physical health
Correct. This is a time when health is at its peak.
b) decline in senses
c) immature cognitive abilities
Incorrect. The twenties is a time when health is at its peak.
d) illness
ANS: a, p. 258, F, LO=7.10, (2)
175. Megan just turned 32. She is keenly aware of biological changes that occur as she gets older. What’s more, she
measures the sensitivity of her senses and other physical characteristics by using sophisticated testing equipment. In
which of the following areas is she likely to find some decline?
a) vision and hearing
Correct. Although these changes may not be noticeable, they are beginning in many adults in their thirties.
b) sensitivity to odors and temperatures
c) sensitivity to taste, muscular strength, and hearing
d) sensitivity to taste, vision, and muscular strength
Incorrect. Decline in taste sensitivity occurs later in adulthood; vision and hearing begin to decline in the thirties.
ANS: a, p. 258, A, LO=7.10, (3)
176. Around age 40, adults ___________.

a) see a decline in sexual functioning
Incorrect. Any decline in sexual functioning is more typically due to a decrease in opportunity rather than ability.
b) may need to wear bifocal lenses
Correct. The lens of the eye begins to harden and has difficulty changing shape to focus.
c) experience a sharpening of the senses
d) do not experience any physical changes
ANS: b, p. 258, C, LO=7.10, (2)
177. The period of five to ten years during which a woman’s reproductive system begins to decline is
called________.
a) climacteric
b) perimenopause
Correct. Perimenopause is the term for the decline in the female reproductive system.
c) menopause
Incorrect. Menopause is the term used to describe the cessation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation.
d) postmenopause
ANS: b, p. 258, F, LO=7.10, (2)
178. Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing “hot flashes” that are keeping
her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called ____________.
a) the climacteric
Correct. The climacteric is the term for the physical changes, such as those that Sarah is experiencing, that occur
during perimenopause.
b) perimenopause
Incorrect. Perimenopause is the term for the period of time during which the climacteric, or decline in the female
reproductive system, occurs; it is not the term for the changes themselves.
c) menopause
d) andropause
ANS: a, p. 258, A, LO=7.10, (3)
179. The average age of menopause is__________.

a) 43
Incorrect. At 43 the average woman may be experiencing the physical changes of the climacteric but is still about
eight years away from menopause.
440
b) 34
c) 51
Correct. Fifty-one is the average age for women to cease ovulation.
d) 55
ANS: c, p. 258, F, LO=7.10, (2)
180. The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called _________.

a) the climacteric
b) perimenopause
Incorrect. Perimenopause is the term for the period of five to ten years during which a woman’s reproductive system
begins to decline.
c) menopause
Correct. Menopause is the term for the cessation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation.
d) andropause
ANS: c, p. 258, F, LO=7.10, (1) SG
% correct 81 a= 5 b= 10 c= 81 d= 5 r = .42
181. The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called____________.
a) menopause
b) andropause
Correct. Andropause is the term for the gradual decline in the reproductive system of males.
c) male menopause
Incorrect. The appropriate term for the gradual decline of the male reproductive system is andropause.
d) change of life
ANS: b, p. 259, F, LO=7.10, (2)
182. Which of the following is the MOST common cause of death in middle adulthood?
a) suicide
b) homicide
c) heart disease
Correct. Heart disease is the most common cause of death in middle adulthood.
d) stroke
Incorrect. Stroke is the third most common cause of death in middle adulthood, whereas heart disease is the most
common.
ANS: c, p. 259, F, LO=7.10, (1)
183. Which of the following abilities decline during adulthood?

a) intellectual abilities
b) speed of processing
Correct. Speed of processing declines during adulthood.
c) wisdom
d) verbal ability
Incorrect. Verbal ability tends to increase during adulthood.
ANS: b, p. 259, C, LO=7.10, (2)
184. All of the following are reasons that middle-aged adults experience changes in memory EXCEPT _________.
a) stress
Incorrect. Stress can trigger memory challenges.
b) having more information to remember
c) having more information stored in memory
d) hardening of the arteries
Correct. Hardening of the arteries is an example of physical decline, which is unrelated to memory changes during
middle age.
ANS: d, p. 259, C, LO=7.10, (2)
441
185. Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of __________.
a) intimacy versus isolation
Correct. Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as intimacy versus isolation.
b) generativity versus stagnation
c) identity versus role confusion
Incorrect. Erikson identified identity versus role confusion as the major task in adolescence.
d) integrity versus despair
ANS: a, p. 260, F, LO=7.10, (1)
% correct 48 a= 48 b= 10 c= 43 d= 0 r = .49
186. Amy is 30 years old and she has difficulty forming meaningful relationships with others. According to Erikson,
she is most likely in the _________ stage.
a) intimacy vs. isolation
Correct. Erikson said that the primary challenge of young adulthood is forming intimate relationships, or being left
with the sense that we are alone in the world.
b) identity vs. role confusion
c) basic trust vs. mistrust
Incorrect. This is the first stage of Erikson’s theory, and it occurs during the first year of life.
d) integrity vs. despair
ANS: a, p. 260, A, LO=7.10, (2)
187. According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and
care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self, is called_________.
a) bonding
b) intimacy
Correct. Erikson defined intimacy as an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust,
share, and care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self.
c) attachment
Incorrect. Attachment refers to the bond that is formed between an infant and primary caregiver.
d) attraction
ANS: b, p. 260, F, LO=7.10, (2)
188. Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey
them without question or they know there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would describe Germain’s
parenting style as __________.
a) authoritarian
Correct. An authoritarian parenting style leaves little to no room for exchange between parent and child, and
obedience is expected.
b) authoritative
Incorrect. An authoritative parenting style allows for exchange between a child and parents, and while rules are still
enforced there can be collaboration and discussion on some of those rules.
c) ironclad
d) indulgent
ANS: a, pp. 260-261, A, LO=7.10, (3)
189. A child from which of the following parenting types would be most likely to lack social skills later in life?
a) ambivalent
b) authoritative
Incorrect. A child from permissive parents would be most likely to lack social skills later in life.
c) authoritarian
d) permissive
Correct. A child from permissive parents would be most likely to lack social skills later in life.
ANS: d, pp. 260-261, F, LO=7.10, (1)
190. Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of ________.
442
a) intimacy versus isolation
b) identity versus role diffusion
c) ego integrity versus despair
Incorrect. Erikson saw ego integrity versus despair as a stage beginning in older adulthood.
d) generativity versus stagnation
Correct. Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as generativity versus stagnation.
ANS: d, p. 261, F, LO=7.10, (2)
191. Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers
interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing _________.
a) intimacy
b) identity
c) generativity
Correct. According to Erikson, mentoring is a kind of generativity.
d) integrity
Incorrect. According to Erikson, sense of integrity is usually established in older adulthood.
ANS: c, p. 261, A, LO=7.10, (3)
192. According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of
intimacy or even identity, that person is experiencing __________.
a) generativity
b) stagnation
Correct. Erikson used the term stagnation to refer to a situation in which someone in middle adulthood is still
dealing with issues of intimacy and identity.
c) ego integrity
d) despair
Incorrect. Erikson used the term despair to refer to a sense of deep regret over things that will never be
accomplished because time has run out.
ANS: b, p. 261, F, LO=7.10, (2)
193. Psychologists say that an elderly person who is looking back over his or her life and coming to terms with the
actions of that life is engaging in ___________.
a) despair
b) a sense of identity
c) ego integrity
Incorrect. Ego integrity is the best possible outcome of a life review, but it is not the term used for the process itself.
d) a life review
Correct. A life review occurs when an older adult looks back and evaluates the life he or she has lived.
ANS: d, p. 261 F, LO=7.10, (1)
194. Hector is 70 years old and has just retired from a career as a lawyer. He is now spending time looking back on
his life and is recognizing, as well as coming to terms with, mistakes, regrets, and unfinished business. Hector is
engaging in a process called___________.
a) despair
b) sense of identity
c) ego integrity
Incorrect. Ego integrity is the best possible outcome of a life review, but it is not the term used for the process itself.
d) life review
Correct. A life review occurs when an older adult looks back on and evaluates the life he or she has lived.
ANS: d, p. 261, A, LO=7.10, (2)
195. Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets and wish they could relive their lives have not
successfully resolved Erikson’s psychosocial crisis of____________.
a) ego integrity versus despair
Correct. Ego integrity versus despair occurs during late adulthood.
443
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation
Incorrect. Generativity versus stagnation occurs during middle adulthood.
d) identity versus identity confusion
ANS: a, p. 261, F, LO=7.10, (2)
Learning Objective 7.11 - How do psychologists explain why aging occurs, and what are the stages of death and
dying?
196. Which of the following theories sees aging as a process whereby cells are assumed to have a limitation on the
number of times they can reproduce to repair damage?
a) wear-and-tear theory
b) cellular clock theory
Correct. Cellular clock theory assumes that there is a limitation on the number of times a cell can reproduce to
repair damage.
c) activity theory
d) free radical theory
Incorrect. The free radical theory explains damage to the body as arising from free radicals, or oxygen molecules
that damage structures inside the cell.
ANS: b, p. 262, F, LO=7.11, (2)
197. The theory in which aging is attributed to our bodies’ organs and cell tissues simply wearing out with repeated
use and abuse is called__________.
a) activity theory
b) wear-and-tear theory
Correct. Wear-and-tear theory attributes aging to the body wearing out with repeated use.
c) disengagement theory
d) cellular clock theory
Incorrect. Cellular clock theory attributes aging to the limited amount of times a cell can reproduce to repair
damage.
ANS: b, p. 262, F, LO=7.11, (1)
198. The ________theory of aging suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells,
increasing with age.
a) wear-and-tear theory
b) cellular clock theory
Incorrect. Cellular clock theory sees aging as a process whereby cells are assumed to have a limitation on the
number of times they can reproduce to repair damage.
d) free radical theory
Correct. Free radical theory suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells.
ANS: d, p. 262, F, LO=7.11, (2) SG
199. The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way,
such as volunteering or developing a hobby, is called__________.
a) activity theory
Correct. Activity theory assumes older people are happier if they remain active.
b) wear-and-tear theory
Incorrect. Wear-and-tear theory attributes aging to the body wearing out with repeated use.
d) cellular clock theory
ANS: a, pp. 262-263, F, LO=7.11, (1)
200. The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is __________.
444
a) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
Correct. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are the correct sequences of the five stages of death
and dying.
b) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
c) anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
Incorrect. In the five stages of death and dying, denial occurs before anger.
d) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
ANS: a, p. 263, C, LO=7.11, (1)
% correct 67 a= 67 b= 10 c= 10 d= 14 r = .69
201. Mr. Beluga has just been told that he has a rare form of cancer. He insists that there has been a mistake and asks
his physician to retake his medical tests. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Mr. Beluga is most likely in the
_________stage of dying.
a) anger
Incorrect. Mr. Beluga is not showing any signs of anger, probably because he is refusing to believe that the
diagnosis is real.
b) bargaining
c) denial
Correct. By refusing to believe that the diagnosis is correct, Mr. Beluga is denying the reality of his situation.
d) reactive
ANS: c, p. 263, A, LO=7.11, (2)
% correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 98 d= 0 r = .18
202. Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor,
and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is
most likely in the _________stage of dying.
a) anger
Correct. By lashing out, Leticia is showing signs of anger, the second stage of dying, according to Kübler-Ross.
b) bargaining
c) denial
Incorrect. Leticia’s actions are more indicative of anger than of denial, which is the first stage of dying, according
to Kübler-Ross.
d) reactive
ANS: a, p. 263, A, LO=7.11, (2)
203. Several weeks of diagnostic tests have revealed that cancer has spread throughout Barry’s body. His physician
suggested that he “take care of important matters.” Barry realizes his family’s home needs repairs, so he arranges to
have that done right away. To relieve his family of the agony of planning his funeral, he has made all the
arrangements. Barry tells his minister he has had a good life and just wants to make sure he provides for his family
after his death. This description fits the stage Kübler-Ross called_________.
a) denial
b) acceptance
Correct. Barry exhibits acceptance of his impending death by making his own funeral arrangements and wanting to
provide for his family.
c) bargaining
d) depression
Incorrect. By making his own funeral arrangements and wanting to provide for his family, Barry has begun to break
ties with the living with preparation for his death and entered the acceptance stage.
ANS: b, p. 263, A, LO=7.11, (3) SG
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 5 d= 0 r = .18
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Cross-Cultural Views on Death
Learning Objective 7.12 – What are some cross-cultural differences in views of death and dying?
445
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tant d’hommes habilement masqués, ou cachés dans les coulisses
du théâtre politique; vol qui, fait dans la rue, à la lueur d’un
réverbère, enverrait au bagne un malheureux, mais que sanctionne
l’or des moulures et des candélabres. Diard accaparait et revendait
les sucres, il vendait des places, il eut la gloire d’inventer l’homme
de paille pour les emplois lucratifs qu’il était nécessaire de garder
pendant un certain temps, avant d’en avoir d’autres. Puis, il méditait
les primes, il étudiait le défaut des lois, il faisait une contrebande
légale. Pour peindre d’un seul mot ce haut négoce, il demanda tant
pour cent sur l’achat des quinze voix législatives qui, dans l’espace
d’une nuit, passèrent des bancs de la Gauche aux bancs de la
Droite. Ces actions ne sont plus ni des crimes ni des vols, c’est faire
du gouvernement, commanditer l’industrie, être une tête financière.
Diard fut assis par l’opinion publique sur le banc d’infamie, où
siégeait déjà plus d’un homme habile. Là, se trouve l’aristocratie du
mal. C’est la chambre haute des scélérats de bon ton. Diard ne fut
donc pas un joueur vulgaire que le drame représente ignoble et
finissant par mendier. Ce joueur n’existe plus dans le monde à une
certaine hauteur topographique. Aujourd’hui, ces hardis coquins
meurent brillamment attelés au vice et sous le harnais de la fortune.
Ils vont se brûler la cervelle en carrosse et emportent tout ce dont on
leur a fait crédit. Du moins, Diard eut le talent de ne pas acheter ses
remords au rabais, et se fit un de ces hommes privilégiés. Ayant
appris tous les ressorts du gouvernement, tous les secrets et les
passions des gens en place, il sut se maintenir à son rang dans la
fournaise ardente où il s’était jeté. Madame Diard ignorait la vie
infernale que menait son mari. Satisfaite de l’abandon dans lequel il
la laissait, elle ne s’en étonna pas d’abord, parce que toutes ses
heures furent bien remplies. Elle avait consacré son argent à
l’éducation de ses enfants, à payer un très-habile précepteur et tous
les maîtres nécessaires pour un enseignement complet; elle voulait
faire d’eux des hommes, leur donner une raison droite, sans déflorer
leur imagination; n’ayant plus de sensations que par eux, elle ne
souffrait donc plus de sa vie décolorée, ils étaient, pour elle, ce que
sont les enfants, pendant longtemps, pour beaucoup de mères, une
sorte de prolongement de leur existence. Diard n’était plus qu’un
accident; et depuis que Diard avait cessé d’être le père, le chef de la
famille, Juana ne tenait plus à lui que par les liens de parade
socialement imposés aux époux. Néanmoins, elle élevait ses enfants
dans le plus haut respect du pouvoir paternel, quelque imaginaire
qu’il était pour eux; mais elle fut très-heureusement secondée par la
continuelle absence de son mari. S’il était resté au logis, Diard aurait
détruit les efforts de Juana. Ses enfants avaient déjà trop de tact et
de finesse pour ne pas juger leur père. Juger son père, est un
parricide moral. Cependant, à la longue, l’indifférence de Juana pour
son mari s’effaça. Ce sentiment primitif se changea même en
terreur. Elle comprit un jour que la conduite d’un père peut peser
longtemps sur l’avenir de ses enfants, et sa tendresse maternelle lui
donna parfois des révélations incomplètes de la vérité. De jour en
jour, l’appréhension de ce malheur inconnu, mais inévitable, dans
laquelle elle avait constamment vécu, devenait et plus vive et plus
ardente. Aussi, pendant les rares instants durant lesquels Juana
voyait Diard, jetait-elle sur sa face creusée, blême de nuits passées,
ridée par les émotions, un regard perçant dont la clarté faisait
presque tressaillir Diard. Alors, la gaieté de commande affichée par
son mari l’effrayait encore plus que les sombres expressions de son
inquiétude quand, par hasard, il oubliait son rôle de joie. Il craignait
sa femme comme le criminel craint le bourreau. Juana voyait en lui
la honte de ses enfants; et Diard redoutait en elle la vengeance
calme, une sorte de justice au front serein, le bras toujours levé,
toujours armé.
Après quinze ans de mariage, Diard se trouva un jour sans
ressources. Il devait cent mille écus et possédait à peine cent mille
francs. Son hôtel, son seul bien visible, était grevé d’une somme
d’hypothèques qui en dépassait la valeur. Encore quelques jours, et
le prestige dont l’avait revêtu l’opulence allait s’évanouir. Après ces
jours de grâce, pas une main ne lui serait tendue, pas une bourse ne
lui serait ouverte. Puis, à moins de quelque événement favorable, il
irait tomber dans le bourbier du mépris, plus bas peut-être qu’il ne
devait y être, précisément parce qu’il s’en était tenu à une hauteur
indue. Il apprit heureusement que, durant la saison des Eaux, il se
trouverait à celle des Pyrénées plusieurs étrangers de distinction,
des diplomates, tous jouant un jeu d’enfer, et sans doute munis de
grosses sommes. Il résolut aussitôt de partir pour les Pyrénées.
Mais il ne voulut pas laisser à Paris sa femme, à laquelle quelques
créanciers pourraient révéler l’affreux mystère de sa situation, et il
l’emmena avec ses deux enfants, en leur refusant même le
précepteur. Il ne prit avec lui qu’un valet, et permit à peine à Juana
de garder une femme de chambre. Son ton était devenu bref,
impérieux, il semblait avoir retrouvé de l’énergie. Ce voyage
soudain, dont la cause échappait à sa pénétration, glaça Juana d’un
secret effroi. Son mari fit gaiement la route; et, forcément réunis
dans leur berline, le père se montra chaque jour plus attentif pour les
enfants et plus aimable pour la mère. Néanmoins, chaque jour
apportait à Juana de sinistres pressentiments, les pressentiments
des mères, qui tremblent sans raison apparente, mais qui se
trompent rarement quand elles tremblent ainsi. Pour elles, le voile de
l’avenir semble être plus léger.
A Bordeaux, Diard loua, dans une rue tranquille, une petite
maison tranquille, très-proprement meublée, et y logea sa femme.
Cette maison était située par hasard à un des coins de la rue, et
avait un grand jardin. Ne tenant donc que par un de ses flancs à la
maison voisine, elle se trouvait en vue et accessible de trois côtés.
Diard en paya le loyer, et ne laissa à Juana que l’argent strictement
nécessaire pour sa dépense pendant trois mois; à peine lui donna-t-
il cinquante louis. Madame Diard ne se permit aucune observation
sur cette lésinerie inaccoutumée. Quand son mari lui dit qu’il allait
aux Eaux et qu’elle devait rester à Bordeaux, Juana forma le plan
d’apprendre plus complétement à ses enfants l’espagnol, l’italien, et
de leur faire lire les principaux chefs-d’œuvre de ces deux langues.
Elle allait donc mener une vie retirée, simple et naturellement
économique. Pour s’épargner les ennuis de la vie matérielle, elle
s’arrangea, le lendemain du départ de Diard, avec un traiteur pour
sa nourriture. Sa femme de chambre suffit à son service, et elle se
trouva sans argent, mais pourvue de tout jusqu’au retour de son
mari. Ses plaisirs devaient consister à faire quelques promenades
avec ses enfants. Elle avait alors trente-trois ans. Sa beauté,
largement développée, éclatait dans tout son lustre. Aussi, quand
elle se montra, ne fut-il question dans Bordeaux que de la belle
Espagnole. A la première lettre d’amour qu’elle reçut, Juana ne se
promena plus que dans son jardin. Diard fit d’abord fortune aux
Eaux; il gagna trois cent mille francs en deux mois, et ne songea
point à envoyer de l’argent à sa femme, il voulait en garder
beaucoup pour jouer encore plus gros jeu. A la fin du dernier mois,
vint aux Eaux le marquis de Montefiore, déjà précédé par la célébrité
de sa fortune, de sa belle figure, de son heureux mariage avec une
illustre Anglaise, et plus encore par son goût pour le jeu. Diard, son
ancien compagnon, voulut l’y attendre, dans l’intention d’en joindre
les dépouilles à celles de tous les autres. Un joueur armé de quatre
cent mille francs environ est toujours dans une position d’où il
domine la vie, et Diard, confiant en sa veine, renoua connaissance
avec Montefiore; celui-ci le reçut froidement, mais ils jouèrent, et
Diard perdit tout ce qu’il possédait.
—Mon cher Montefiore, dit l’ancien quartier-maître après avoir
fait le tour du salon, quand il eut achevé de se ruiner, je vous dois
cent mille francs; mais mon argent est à Bordeaux, où j’ai laissé ma
femme.
Diard avait bien les cent billets de banque dans sa poche; mais
avec l’aplomb et le coup d’œil rapide d’un homme accoutumé à faire
ressource de tout, il espérait encore dans les indéfinissables
caprices du jeu. Montefiore avait manifesté l’intention de voir
Bordeaux. En s’acquittant, Diard n’avait plus d’argent, et ne pouvait
plus prendre sa revanche. Une revanche comble quelquefois toutes
les pertes précédentes. Néanmoins, ces brûlantes espérances
dépendaient de la réponse du marquis.
—Attends, mon cher, dit Montefiore, nous irons ensemble à
Bordeaux. En conscience, je suis assez riche aujourd’hui pour ne
pas vouloir prendre l’argent d’un ancien camarade.
Trois jours après, Diard et l’Italien étaient à Bordeaux. L’un offrit
revanche à l’autre. Or, pendant une soirée, où Diard commença par
payer ses cent mille francs, il en perdit deux cent mille autres sur sa
parole. Le Provençal était gai comme un homme habitué à prendre
des bains d’or. Onze heures venaient de sonner, le ciel était
superbe, Montefiore devait éprouver autant que Diard le besoin de
respirer sous le ciel et de faire une promenade pour se remettre de
leurs émotions, celui-ci lui proposa donc de venir prendre son argent
et une tasse de thé chez lui.
—Mais madame Diard, dit Montefiore.
—Bah! fit le Provençal.
Ils descendirent; mais avant de prendre son chapeau, Diard entra
dans la salle à manger de la maison où il était, et demanda un verre
d’eau; pendant qu’on le lui apprêtait, il se promena de long en large,
et put, sans être aperçu, saisir un de ces couteaux d’acier très-petits,
pointus et à manche de nacre, qui servent à couper les fruits au
dessert, et qui n’avaient pas encore été rangés.
—Où demeures-tu? lui demanda Montefiore dans la cour. Il faut
que j’envoie ma voiture à ta porte.
Diard indiqua parfaitement bien sa maison.
—Tu comprends, lui dit Montefiore à voix basse en lui prenant le
bras, que tant que je serai avec toi je n’aurai rien à craindre; mais si
je revenais seul, et qu’un vaurien me suivît, je serais très-bon à tuer.
—Qu’as-tu donc sur toi?
—Oh! presque rien, répondit le défiant Italien. Je n’ai que mes
gains. Cependant ils feraient encore une jolie fortune à un gueux qui,
certes, aurait un bon brevet d’honnête homme pour le reste de ses
jours.
Diard conduisit l’Italien par une rue déserte où il avait remarqué
une maison dont la porte se trouvait au bout d’une espèce d’avenue
garnie d’arbres, et bordée de hautes murailles très-sombres. En
arrivant à cet endroit, il eut l’audace de prier militairement Montefiore
d’aller en avant. Montefiore comprit Diard et voulut lui tenir
compagnie. Alors, aussitôt qu’ils eurent tous deux mis le pied dans
cette avenue, Diard, avec une agilité de tigre, renversa le marquis
par un croc-en-jambe donné à l’articulation intérieure des genoux, lui
mit hardiment le pied sur la gorge, et lui enfonça le couteau à
plusieurs reprises dans le cœur, où la lame se cassa. Puis il fouilla
Montefiore, lui prit portefeuille, argent, tout. Quoique Diard y allât
avec une rage lucide, avec une prestesse de filou; quoiqu’il eût très-
habilement surpris l’Italien, Montefiore avait eu le temps de crier:—A
l’assassin! à l’assassin! d’une voix claire et perçante qui dut remuer
les entrailles des gens endormis. Ses derniers soupirs furent des cris
horribles. Diard ne savait pas que, au moment où ils entrèrent dans
l’avenue, un flot de gens sortis des théâtres où le spectacle était fini
se trouvèrent en haut de la rue, et entendirent le râle du mourant,
quoique le Provençal tâchât d’étouffer la voix en appuyant plus
fortement le pied sur la gorge de Montefiore, et en fît graduellement
cesser les cris. Ces gens se mirent donc à courir en se dirigeant
vers l’avenue, dont les hautes murailles, répercutant les cris, leur
indiquèrent l’endroit précis où se commettait le crime. Leurs pas
retentirent dans la cervelle de Diard. Mais ne perdant pas encore la
tête, l’assassin quitta l’avenue et sortit dans la rue, en marchant très-
doucement, comme un curieux qui aurait reconnu l’inutilité des
secours. Il se retourna même pour bien juger de la distance qui
pouvait le séparer des survenants, il les vit se précipitant dans
l’allée, à l’exception de l’un d’eux, qui, par une précaution toute
naturelle, se mit à observer Diard.
—C’est lui! c’est lui! crièrent les gens entrés dans l’allée,
lorsqu’ils aperçurent Montefiore étendu, la porte de l’hôtel fermée, et
qu’ils eurent tout fouillé sans rencontrer l’assassin.
Aussitôt que cette clameur eut retenti, Diard, se sentant de
l’avance, trouva l’énergie du lion et les bonds du cerf, il se mit à
courir ou mieux à voler. A l’autre bout de la rue, il vit ou crut voir une
masse de monde, et alors il se jeta dans une rue transversale. Mais
déjà toutes les croisées s’ouvraient, et à chaque croisée surgissaient
des figures; à chaque porte partaient et des cris et des lueurs. Et
Diard de se sauver, allant devant lui, courant au milieu des lumières
et du tumulte; mais ses jambes étaient si activement agiles, qu’il
devançait le tumulte, sans néanmoins pouvoir se soustraire aux
yeux qui embrassaient encore plus rapidement l’étendue qu’il ne
l’envahissait par sa course. Habitants, soldats, gendarmes, tout dans
le quartier fut sur pied en un clin d’œil. Des officieux éveillèrent les
commissaires, d’autres gardèrent le corps. La rumeur allait en
s’envolant et vers le fugitif qui l’entraînait avec lui comme une
flamme d’incendie, et vers le centre de la ville où étaient les
magistrats. Diard avait toutes les sensations d’un rêve à entendre
ainsi une ville entière hurlant, courant, frissonnant. Cependant il
conservait encore ses idées et sa présence d’esprit, il s’essuyait les
mains le long des murs. Enfin, il atteignit le mur du jardin de sa
maison. Croyant avoir dépisté les poursuites, il se trouvait dans un
endroit parfaitement silencieux, où néanmoins parvenait encore le
lointain murmure de la ville, semblable au mugissement de la mer. Il
puisa de l’eau dans un ruisseau et la but. Voyant un tas de pavés de
rebut, il y cacha son trésor, en obéissant à une de ces vagues
pensées qui arrivent aux criminels, au moment où, n’ayant plus la
faculté de juger de l’ensemble de leurs actions, ils sont pressés
d’établir leur innocence sur quelque manque de preuves. Cela fait, il
tâcha de prendre une contenance placide, essaya de sourire, et
frappa doucement à la porte de sa maison, en espérant n’avoir été
vu de personne. Il leva les yeux, et aperçut, à travers les persiennes,
la lumière des bougies qui éclairaient la chambre de sa femme.
Alors, au milieu de son trouble, les images de la douce vie de Juana,
assise entre ses fils, vinrent lui heurter le crâne comme s’il y eût reçu
un coup de marteau. La femme de chambre ouvrit la porte, que
Diard referma vivement d’un coup de pied. En ce moment, il respira;
mais alors, il s’aperçut qu’il était en sueur, il resta dans l’ombre et
renvoya la servante près de Juana. Il s’essuya le visage avec son
mouchoir, mit ses vêtements en ordre comme un fat qui déplisse son
habit avant d’entrer chez une jolie femme; puis il vint à la lueur de la
lune pour examiner ses mains et se tâter le visage; il eut un
mouvement de joie en voyant qu’il n’avait aucune tache de sang,
l’épanchement s’était sans doute fait dans le corps même de la
victime. Mais cette toilette de criminel prit du temps. Il monta chez
Juana, dans un maintien calme, posé, comme peut l’être celui d’un
homme qui revient se coucher après être allé au spectacle. En
gravissant les marches de l’escalier, il put réfléchir à sa position, et
la résuma en deux mots: sortir et gagner le port. Ces idées il ne les
pensa pas, il les trouvait écrites en lettres de feu dans l’ombre. Une
fois au port, se cacher pendant le jour, revenir chercher le trésor à la
nuit; puis se mettre, comme un rat, à fond de cale d’un bâtiment, et
partir sans que personne ne se doutât qu’il fût dans ce vaisseau.
Pour tout cela, de l’or avant toute chose! Et il n’avait rien. La femme
de chambre vint l’éclairer.
—Félicie, lui dit-il, n’entendez-vous pas du bruit dans la rue, des
cris; allez en savoir la cause, vous me la direz...
Vêtue de ses blancs ajustements de nuit, sa femme était assise à
une table, et faisait lire Francisque et Juan dans un Cervantes
espagnol, où tous deux suivaient le texte pendant qu’elle le leur
prononçait à haute voix. Ils s’arrêtèrent tous trois et regardèrent
Diard qui restait debout, les mains dans ses poches, étonné peut-
être de se trouver dans le calme de cette scène, si douce de lueur,
embellie par les figures de cette femme et de ces deux enfants.
C’était un tableau vivant de la Vierge entre son fils et saint Jean.
—Juana, j’ai quelque chose à te dire.
—Qu’y a-t-il? demanda-t-elle en devinant sous la pâleur jaune de
son mari le malheur qu’elle avait attendu chaque jour.
—Ce n’est rien, mais je voudrais te parler... à toi... seule.
Et il regarda fixement ses deux fils.
—Mes chers petits, allez dans votre chambre et couchez-vous,
dit Juana. Dites vos prières sans moi.
Les deux fils sortirent en silence et avec l’incurieuse obéissance
des enfants bien élevés.
—Ma chère Juana, reprit Diard d’une voix caressante, je t’ai
laissé bien peu d’argent, et j’en suis désolé maintenant. Écoute,
depuis que je t’ai ôté les soucis de ta maison en te donnant une
pension, n’aurais-tu pas fait, comme toutes les femmes, quelques
petites économies?
—Non, répondit Juana, je n’ai rien. Vous n’aviez pas compté les
frais de l’éducation de vos enfants. Je ne vous le reproche point,
mon ami, et ne vous rappelle cette omission que pour vous expliquer
mon manque d’argent. Tout celui que vous m’avez donné m’a servi
pour payer les maîtres, et...
—Assez, s’écria Diard brusquement. Sacré tonnerre! le temps
est précieux. N’avez-vous pas des bijoux?
—Vous savez bien que je n’en ai jamais porté.
—Il n’y a donc pas un sou ici, cria Diard avec frénésie.
—Pourquoi criez-vous, dit-elle.
—Juana, reprit-il, je viens de tuer un homme.
Juana sauta vers la chambre de ses enfants, et en revint après
avoir fermé toutes les portes.
—Que vos fils n’entendent rien, dit-elle. Mais avec qui donc avez-
vous pu vous battre?
—Avec Montefiore, répondit-il.
—Ah! dit-elle, en laissant échapper un soupir, c’est le seul
homme que vous eussiez le droit de tuer...
—Beaucoup de raisons voulaient qu’il mourût de ma main. Mais
ne perdons pas de temps. De l’argent, de l’argent, de l’argent, au
nom de Dieu! Je puis être poursuivi. Nous ne nous sommes pas
battus, je l’ai... tué.
—Tué! s’écria-t-elle. Et comment...
—Mais, comme on tue; il m’avait volé toute ma fortune au jeu,
moi, je la lui ai reprise. Vous devriez, Juana, pendant que tout est
tranquille, puisque nous n’avons pas d’argent, aller chercher le mien
sous ce tas de pierres que vous savez, ce tas qui est au bout de la
rue.
—Allons, dit Juana, vous l’avez volé.
—Qu’est-ce que cela vous fait? Ne faut-il pas que je m’en aille?
Avez-vous de l’argent? Ils sont sur mes traces!
—Qui?
—Les juges!
Juana sortit et revint brusquement.
—Tenez, dit-elle, en lui tendant à distance un bijou, voilà la croix
de dona Lagounia. Il y a quatre rubis de grande valeur, m’a-t-on dit.
Allez, partez, partez... partez donc!
—Félicie ne revient point, dit-il avec stupeur. Serait-elle donc
arrêtée?
Juana laissa la croix au bord de la table, et s’élança vers les
fenêtres qui donnaient sur la rue. Là, elle vit, à la lueur de la lune,
des soldats qui se plaçaient, dans le plus grand silence, le long des
murs. Elle revint en affectant d’être calme, et dit à son mari:—Vous
n’avez pas une minute à perdre, il faut fuir par le jardin. Voici la clef
de la petite porte.
Par un reste de prudence, elle alla cependant jeter un coup d’œil
sur le jardin. Dans l’ombre, sous les arbres, elle aperçut alors
quelques lueurs produites par le bord argenté des chapeaux de
gendarmes. Elle entendit même la rumeur vague de la foule, attirée
par la curiosité, mais qu’une sentinelle contenait aux différents bouts
des rues par lesquelles elle affluait. En effet, Diard avait été vu par
les gens qui s’étaient mis à leurs fenêtres. Bientôt, sur leurs
indications, sur celles de sa servante que l’on avait effrayée, puis
arrêtée, les troupes et le peuple avaient barré les deux rues, à
l’angle desquelles était située la maison. Une douzaine de
gendarmes revenus du théâtre l’ayant cernée, d’autres grimpaient
par dessus les murs du jardin et le fouillaient, autorisés par la
flagrance du crime.
—Monsieur, dit Juana, vous ne pouvez plus sortir. Toute la ville
est là.
Diard courut aux fenêtres avec la folle activité d’un oiseau
enfermé qui se heurte à toutes les clartés. Il alla et vint à chaque
issue. Juana resta debout, pensive.
—Où puis-je me cacher? dit-il.
Il regardait la cheminée, et Juana contemplait les deux chaises
vides. Depuis un moment, pour elle, ses enfants étaient là. En cet
instant la porte de la rue s’ouvrit, et un bruit de pas nombreux retentit
dans la cour.
—Juana, ma chère Juana, donnez-moi donc, par grâce, un bon
conseil.
—Je vais vous en donner un, dit-elle, et vous sauver.
—Ah! tu seras mon bon ange.
Juana revint, tendit à Diard un de ses pistolets, et détourna la
tête. Diard ne prit pas le pistolet. Juana entendit le bruit de la cour,
où l’on déposait le corps du marquis pour le confronter avec
l’assassin, elle se retourna, vit Diard pâle et blême. Cet homme se
sentait défaillir et voulait s’asseoir.
—Vos enfants vous en supplient, lui dit-elle, en lui mettant l’arme
sur les mains.
—Mais, ma bonne Juana, ma petite Juana, tu crois donc que...
Juana? Cela est-il bien pressé... Je voudrais t’embrasser.
Les gendarmes montaient les marches de l’escalier. Juana reprit
alors le pistolet, ajusta Diard, le maintint malgré ses cris en le
saisissant à la gorge, lui fit sauter la cervelle, et jeta l’arme par terre.
En ce moment la porte s’ouvrit brusquement. Le procureur du roi,
suivi d’un juge, d’un médecin, d’un greffier, les gendarmes, enfin
toute la Justice humaine apparut.
—Que voulez-vous? dit-elle.
—Est-ce là monsieur Diard? répondit le procureur du roi, en
montrant le corps courbé en deux.
—Oui, monsieur.
—Votre robe est pleine de sang, madame.
—Ne comprenez-vous pas pourquoi? dit Juana.
Elle alla s’asseoir à la petite table où elle prit le volume de
Cervantes, et resta pâle, dans une agitation nerveuse tout intérieure
qu’elle tâcha de contenir.
—Sortez, dit le magistrat aux gendarmes.
Puis il fit un signe au juge d’instruction et au médecin, qui
demeurèrent.
—Madame, en cette occasion, nous n’avons qu’à vous féliciter
de la mort de votre mari. Du moins, s’il a été égaré par la passion, il
sera mort en militaire, et rend inutile l’action de la justice. Mais quel
que soit notre désir de ne pas vous troubler en un semblable
moment, la loi nous oblige de constater toute mort violente.
Permettez-nous de faire notre devoir.
—Puis-je aller changer de robe? demanda-t-elle en posant le
volume.
—Oui, madame; mais vous la rapporterez ici. Le docteur en aura
sans doute besoin...
—Il serait trop pénible à madame de me voir et de m’entendre
opérer, dit le médecin qui comprit les soupçons du magistrat.
Messieurs, permettez-lui de demeurer dans la chambre voisine.
Les magistrats approuvèrent le charitable médecin, et alors
Félicie alla servir sa maîtresse. Le juge et le procureur du roi se
mirent à causer à voix basse. Les magistrats sont bien malheureux
d’être obligés de tout soupçonner, de tout concevoir. A force de
supposer des intentions mauvaises et de les comprendre toutes
pour arriver à des vérités cachées sous les actions les plus
contradictoires, il est impossible que l’exercice de leur épouvantable
sacerdoce ne dessèche pas à la longue la source des émotions
généreuses qu’ils sont contraints de mettre en doute. Si les sens du
chirurgien qui va fouillant les mystères du corps finissent par se
blaser, que devient la conscience du juge obligé de fouiller
incessamment les replis de l’âme? Premiers martyrs de leur mission,
les magistrats marchent toujours en deuil de leurs illusions perdues,
et le crime ne pèse pas moins sur eux que sur les criminels. Un
vieillard assis sur un tribunal est sublime, mais un juge jeune ne fait-
il pas frémir? Or, ce juge d’instruction était jeune, et il fut obligé de
dire au procureur du roi:—Croyez-vous que la femme soit complice
du mari? Faut-il instruire contre elle? Êtes-vous d’avis de
l’interroger?
Le procureur du roi répondit en faisant un geste d’épaules fort
insouciant.
—Montefiore et Diard, ajouta-t-il, étaient deux mauvais sujets
connus. La femme de chambre ne savait rien du crime. Restons-en
là.
Le médecin opérait, visitait Diard, et dictait son procès-verbal au
greffier. Tout à coup il s’élança dans la chambre de Juana.
—Madame...
Juana, ayant déjà quitté sa robe ensanglantée, vint au-devant du
docteur.
—C’est vous, lui dit-il, en se penchant à l’oreille de l’Espagnole,
qui avez tué votre mari.
—Oui, monsieur.
... Et, de cet ensemble de faits... continua le médecin en dictant,
il résulte pour nous que le nommé Diard s’est volontairement et lui-
même donné la mort.
—Avez-vous fini? demanda-t-il au greffier après une pause.
—Oui, dit le scribe.
Le médecin signa, Juana lui jeta un regard, en réprimant avec
peine des larmes qui lui humectèrent passagèrement les yeux.
—Messieurs, dit-elle au procureur du roi, je suis étrangère,
Espagnole. J’ignore les lois, je ne connais personne à Bordeaux, je
réclame de vous un bon office. Faites-moi donner un passe-port
pour l’Espagne...
—Un instant, s’écria le juge d’instruction. Madame, qu’est
devenue la somme volée au marquis de Montefiore?
—Monsieur Diard, répondit-elle, m’a parlé vaguement d’un tas de
pierres sous lequel il l’aurait cachée.
—Où?
—Dans la rue.
Les deux magistrats se regardèrent. Juana laissa échapper un
geste sublime et appela le médecin.
—Monsieur, lui dit-elle à l’oreille, serais-je donc soupçonnée de
quelque infamie? moi! Le tas de pierres doit être au bout de mon
jardin. Allez-y vous-même, je vous en prie. Voyez, visitez, trouvez
cet argent.
Le médecin sortit en emmenant le juge d’instruction, et ils
retrouvèrent le portefeuille de Montefiore.
Le surlendemain, Juana vendit sa croix d’or pour subvenir aux
frais de son voyage. En se rendant avec ses deux enfants à la
diligence qui allait la conduire aux frontières de l’Espagne, elle
s’entendit appeler dans la rue, sa mère mourante était conduite à
l’hôpital; et, par la fente des rideaux du brancard sur lequel on la
portait, elle avait aperçu sa fille. Juana fit entrer le brancard sous
une porte cochère. Là, eut lieu la dernière entrevue entre la mère et
la fille. Quoique toutes deux s’entretinssent à voix basse, Juan
entendit ces mots d’adieu:
—Mourez en paix, ma mère, j’ai souffert pour vous toutes!
Paris, novembre 1832.

ADIEU.
AU PRINCE FRÉDÉRIC SCHWARZENBERG.
—Allons, député du centre, en avant! Il s’agit d’aller au pas

accéléré si nous voulons être à table en même temps que les autres.
Haut le pied! Saute, marquis! là donc! bien. Vous franchissez les
sillons comme un véritable cerf!
Ces paroles étaient prononcées par un chasseur paisiblement
assis sur une lisière de la forêt de l’Isle-Adam, et qui achevait de
fumer un cigare de la Havane en attendant son compagnon, sans
doute égaré depuis longtemps dans les halliers de la forêt. A ses
côtés, quatre chiens haletants regardaient comme lui le personnage
auquel il s’adressait. Pour comprendre combien étaient railleuses
ces allocutions répétées par intervalles, il faut dire que le chasseur
était un gros homme court dont le ventre proéminent accusait un
embonpoint véritablement ministériel. Aussi arpentait-il avec peine
les sillons d’un vaste champ récemment moissonné, dont les
chaumes gênaient considérablement sa marche; puis, pour surcroît
de douleur, les rayons du soleil qui frappaient obliquement sa figure
y amassaient de grosses gouttes de sueur. Préoccupé par le soin de
garder son équilibre, il se penchait tantôt en avant, tantôt en arrière,
en imitant ainsi les soubresauts d’une voiture fortement cahotée. Ce
jour était un de ceux qui, pendant le mois de septembre, achèvent
de mûrir les raisins par des feux équatoriaux. Le temps annonçait un
orage. Quoique plusieurs grands espaces d’azur séparassent
encore vers l’horizon de gros nuages noirs, on voyait des nuées
blondes s’avancer avec une effrayante rapidité, en étendant, de
l’ouest à l’est, un léger rideau grisâtre. Le vent, n’agissant que dans
la haute région de l’air, l’atmosphère comprimait vers les bas-fonds
les brûlantes vapeurs de la terre. Entouré de hautes futaies qui le
privaient d’air, le vallon que franchissait le chasseur avait la
température d’une fournaise. Ardente et silencieuse, la forêt semblait
avoir soif. Les oiseaux, les insectes étaient muets, et les cimes des
arbres s’inclinaient à peine. Les personnes auxquelles il reste
quelque souvenir de l’été de 1819, doivent donc compatir aux maux
du pauvre ministériel, qui suait sang et eau pour rejoindre son
compagnon moqueur. Tout en fumant son cigare, celui-ci avait
calculé, par la position du soleil, qu’il pouvait être environ cinq
heures du soir.
—Où diable sommes-nous? dit le gros chasseur en s’essuyant le
front et s’appuyant contre un arbre du champ, presque en face de
son compagnon; car il ne se sentit plus la force de sauter le large
fossé qui l’en séparait.
—Et c’est à moi que tu le demandes, répondit en riant le
chasseur couché dans les hautes herbes jaunes qui couronnaient le
talus. Il jeta le bout de son cigare dans le fossé, en s’écriant:—Je
jure par saint Hubert qu’on ne me reprendra plus à m’aventurer dans
un pays inconnu avec un magistrat, fût-il comme toi, mon cher
d’Albon, un vieux camarade de collége!
—Mais, Philippe, vous ne comprenez donc plus le français? Vous
avez sans doute laissé votre esprit en Sibérie, répliqua le gros
homme en lançant un regard douloureusement comique sur un
poteau qui se trouvait à cent pas de là.
—J’entends! répondit Philippe qui saisit son fusil, se leva tout à
coup, s’élança d’un seul bond dans le champ, et courut vers le
poteau.—Par ici, d’Albon, par ici! demi-tour à gauche, cria-t-il à son
compagnon en lui indiquant par un geste une large voie pavée.
Chemin de Baillet à l’Ile-Adam! reprit-il, ainsi nous trouverons dans
cette direction celui de Cassan, qui doit s’embrancher sur celui de
l’Ile-Adam.
—C’est juste, mon colonel, dit monsieur d’Albon en remettant sur
sa tête une casquette avec laquelle il venait de s’éventer.
—En avant donc, mon respectable conseiller, répondit le colonel
Philippe en sifflant les chiens qui semblaient déjà lui mieux obéir
qu’au magistrat auquel ils appartenaient.
—Savez-vous, monsieur le marquis, reprit le militaire goguenard,
que nous avons encore plus de deux lieues à faire? Le village que
nous apercevons là-bas doit être Baillet.
—Grand Dieu! s’écria le marquis d’Albon, allez à Cassan, si cela
peut vous être agréable, mais vous irez tout seul. Je préfère attendre
ici, malgré l’orage, un cheval que vous m’enverrez du château. Vous
vous êtes moqué de moi, Sucy. Nous devions faire une jolie petite
partie de chasse, ne pas nous éloigner de Cassan, fureter sur les
terres que je connais. Bah! au lieu de nous amuser, vous m’avez fait
courir comme un lévrier depuis quatre heures du matin, et nous
n’avons eu pour tout déjeuner que deux tasses de lait! Ah! si vous
avez jamais un procès à la Cour, je vous le ferai perdre, eussiez-
vous cent fois raison.
Le chasseur découragé s’assit sur une des bornes qui étaient au
pied du poteau, se débarrassa de son fusil, de sa carnassière vide,
et poussa un long soupir.
—France! voilà tes députés, s’écria en riant le colonel de Sucy.
Ah! mon pauvre d’Albon, si vous aviez été comme moi six ans au
fond de la Sibérie...
Il n’acheva pas et leva les yeux au ciel, comme si ses malheurs
étaient un secret entre Dieu et lui.
—Allons! marchez! ajouta-t-il. Si vous restez assis, vous êtes
perdu.
—Que voulez-vous, Philippe? c’est une si vieille habitude chez
un magistrat! D’honneur, je suis excédé! Encore si j’avais tué un
lièvre!
Les deux chasseurs présentaient un contraste assez rare. Le
ministériel était âgé de quarante-deux ans et ne paraissait pas en
avoir plus de trente, tandis que le militaire, âgé de trente ans,
semblait en avoir au moins quarante. Tous deux étaient décorés de
la rosette rouge, attribut des officiers de la Légion d’honneur.
Quelques mèches de cheveux, mélangées de noir et de blanc
comme l’aile d’une pie, s’échappaient de dessous la casquette du
colonel; de belles boucles blondes ornaient les tempes du magistrat.
L’un était d’une haute taille, sec, maigre, nerveux, et les rides de sa
figure blanche trahissaient des passions terribles ou d’affreux
malheurs; l’autre avait un visage brillant de santé, jovial et digne d’un
épicurien. Tous deux étaient fortement hâlés par le soleil, et leurs
longues guêtres de cuir fauve portaient les marques de tous les
fossés, de tous les marais qu’ils avaient traversés.
—Allons, s’écria monsieur de Sucy, en avant! Après une petite
heure de marche nous serons à Cassan, devant une bonne table.
—Il faut que vous n’ayez jamais aimé, répondit le conseiller d’un
air piteusement comique, vous êtes aussi impitoyable que l’article
304 du Code pénal!
Philippe de Sucy tressaillit violemment; son large front se plissa;
sa figure devint aussi sombre que l’était le ciel en ce moment.
Quoiqu’un souvenir d’une affreuse amertume crispât tous ses traits,
il ne pleura pas. Semblable aux hommes puissants, il savait refouler
ses émotions au fond de son cœur, et trouvait peut-être, comme
beaucoup de caractères purs, une sorte d’impudeur à dévoiler ses
peines quand aucune parole humaine n’en peut rendre la
profondeur, et qu’on redoute la moquerie des gens qui ne veulent
pas les comprendre. Monsieur d’Albon avait une de ces âmes
délicates qui devinent les douleurs et ressentent vivement la
commotion qu’elles ont involontairement produite par quelque
maladresse. Il respecta le silence de son ami, se leva, oublia sa
fatigue, et le suivit silencieusement, tout chagrin d’avoir touché une
plaie qui probablement n’était pas cicatrisée.
—Un jour, mon ami, lui dit Philippe en lui serrant la main et en le
remerciant de son muet repentir par un regard déchirant, un jour je
te raconterai ma vie. Aujourd’hui, je ne saurais.
Ils continuèrent à marcher en silence. Quand la douleur du
colonel parut dissipée, le conseiller retrouva sa fatigue; et avec
l’instinct ou plutôt avec le vouloir d’un homme harassé, son œil
sonda toutes les profondeurs de la forêt; il interrogea les cimes des
arbres, examina les avenues, en espérant y découvrir quelque gîte
où il pût demander l’hospitalité. En arrivant à un carrefour, il crut
apercevoir une légère fumée qui s’élevait entre les arbres. Il s’arrêta,
regarda fort attentivement, et reconnut, au milieu d’un massif
immense, les branches vertes et sombres de quelques pins.
—Une maison! une maison! s’écria-t-il avec le plaisir qu’aurait eu
un marin à crier: Terre! terre!
Puis il s’élança vivement à travers un hallier assez épais, et le
colonel, qui était tombé dans une profonde rêverie, l’y suivit
machinalement.
—J’aime mieux trouver ici une omelette, du pain de ménage et
une chaise, que d’aller chercher à Cassan des divans, des truffes et
du vin de Bordeaux.
Ces paroles étaient une exclamation d’enthousiasme arrachée
au conseiller par l’aspect d’un mur dont la couleur blanchâtre
tranchait, dans le lointain, sur la masse brune des troncs noueux de
la forêt.
—Ah! ah! ceci m’a l’air d’être quelque ancien prieuré, s’écria
derechef le marquis d’Albon en arrivant à une grille antique et noire,
d’où il put voir, au milieu d’un parc assez vaste, un bâtiment construit
dans le style employé jadis pour les monuments monastiques.—
Comme ces coquins de moines savaient choisir un emplacement!
Cette nouvelle exclamation était l’expression de l’étonnement
que causait au magistrat le poétique ermitage qui s’offrait à ses
regards. La maison était située à mi-côte, sur le revers de la
montagne, dont le sommet est occupé par le village de Nerville. Les
grands chênes séculaires de la forêt, qui décrivait un cercle
immense autour de cette habitation, en faisaient une véritable
solitude. Le corps de logis jadis destiné aux moines avait son
exposition au midi. Le parc paraissait avoir une quarantaine
d’arpents. Auprès de la maison, régnait une verte prairie,
heureusement découpée par plusieurs ruisseaux clairs, par des
nappes d’eau gracieusement posées, et sans aucun artifice
apparent. Çà et là s’élevaient des arbres verts aux formes élégantes,
aux feuillages variés. Puis, des grottes habilement ménagées, des
terrasses massives avec leurs escaliers dégradés et leurs rampes
rouillées imprimaient une physionomie particulière à cette sauvage
Thébaïde. L’art y avait élégamment uni ses constructions aux plus
pittoresques effets de la nature. Les passions humaines semblaient
devoir mourir aux pieds de ces grands arbres qui défendaient
l’approche de cet asile aux bruits du monde, comme ils y
tempéraient les feux du soleil.
—Quel désordre! se dit monsieur d’Albon après avoir joui de la
sombre expression que les ruines donnaient à ce paysage, qui
paraissait frappé de malédiction. C’était comme un lieu funeste
abandonné par les hommes. Le lierre avait étendu partout ses nerfs
tortueux et ses riches manteaux. Des mousses brunes, verdâtres,
jaunes ou rouges répandaient leurs teintes romantiques sur les
arbres, sur les bancs, sur les toits, sur les pierres. Les fenêtres
vermoulues étaient usées par la pluie, creusées par le temps; les
balcons étaient brisés, les terrasses démolies. Quelques persiennes
ne tenaient plus que par un de leurs gonds. Les portes disjointes
paraissaient ne pas devoir résister à un assaillant. Chargées des
touffes luisantes du guy, les branches des arbres fruitiers négligés
s’étendaient au loin sans donner de récolte. De hautes herbes
croissaient dans les allées. Ces débris jetaient dans le tableau des
effets d’une poésie ravissante, et des idées rêveuses dans l’âme du
spectateur. Un poëte serait resté là plongé dans une longue
mélancolie, en admirant ce désordre plein d’harmonies, cette
destruction qui n’était pas sans grâce. En ce moment, quelques
rayons de soleil se firent jour à travers les crevasses des nuages,
illuminèrent par des jets de mille couleurs cette scène à demi
sauvage. Les tuiles brunes resplendirent, les mousses brillèrent, des
ombres fantastiques s’agitèrent sur les prés, sous les arbres; des
couleurs mortes se réveillèrent, des oppositions piquantes se
combattirent, les feuillages se découpèrent dans la clarté. Tout à
coup, la lumière disparut. Ce paysage qui semblait avoir parlé, se
tut, et redevint sombre, ou plutôt doux comme la plus douce teinte
d’un crépuscule d’automne.

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Psychology An Exploration 2nd Edition

Ciccarelli Test Bank

Factual Conceptual Applied Short

3. Which of the following describes the fetal period?

1. Answer: b LO: 7.2 Page(s): 230-231 Type: Applied Diff: 2

2. Answer: c LO: 7.3 Page(s): 232 Type: Factual Diff: 1

3. Answer: c LO: 7.4 Page(s): 236 Type: Conceptual Diff: 2

4. Answer: a LO: 7.5 Page(s): 236 Type: Applied Diff: 3

5. Answer: d LO: 7.6 Page(s): 242 Type: Applied Diff: 2

6. Answer: b LO: 7.7 Page(s): 251 Type: Conceptual Diff: 2

7. Answer: a LO: 7.8 Page(s): 252 Type: Factual Diff: 2

8. Answer: c LO: 7.9 Page(s): 256 Type: Factual Diff: 2

9. Answer: a LO: 7.11 Page(s): 263 Type: Conceptual Diff: 1

10. Answer: a LO: 7.11 Page(s): 263 Type: Applied Diff: 2

Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Issues in Studying Human Development

5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

9. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

13. ________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

The Basic Building Blocks of Development

19. The science of heredity is called___________.

20. Genetics is defined as ___________.

23. A(n) __________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

26. A trait controlled by a dominant gene ________.

30. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when ___________.

33. What is the cause of Down syndrome?

37. Ovum is a term used to describe___________.

38. The union of the ovum and sperm is called__________

41. Humans have a total of _______chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

42. Monozygotic twins ___________.

48 Conjoined twins are ___________.

49. Abby and Brittany Hensel __________.

50. Brittany and Abby Hensel are ___________.

51. The germinal period ___________.

53. The placenta is ___________.

61. Which of the following describes the fetal period?

Infancy and Childhood Development

68 Infant reflexes are___________.

69. Which sense is the most functional at birth?

71. By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

72. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to__________.

73. Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

77. Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?

79. Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ________.

80. Assimilation is to accommodation as _________.

94. In which of Piaget’s stages does the child develop conservation?

104. Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding?

108. By about 12 months, most infants ___________.

109. Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

118. Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _____________.

121. If a child is exposed to the “Strange Situation,” then he or she ___________.

123. Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants__________.

146. Gender schema theory is based on _____________.

148. Puberty is defined as _________.

149. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age__________.

151. Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?

153. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to __________.

161. Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of___________.

173. On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to __________.

176. Around age 40, adults ___________.

179. The average age of menopause is__________.

180. The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called _________.

183. Which of the following abilities decline during adulthood?

13. refers to heredity and __ refers to environmental influences.