Psychology 5Th Edition Ciccarelli Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Psychology 5th Edition Ciccarelli Test
Bank
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Learning Objectives Remember the Understand the Apply What You Analyze It
Facts Concepts Know
LO 8.1 Compare and contrast 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 2, 5-6, 8, 10, 195 4, 11, 233
the special research methods 194, 244
used to study development.
LO 8.2 Explain the 13, 18 14-11966 17, 197
relationship between heredity
and environmental factors in
determining development.
LO 8.3 Summarize the role 19-28, 30, 34-36, 29, 33 31-32, 37, 39 234
of chromosomes and genes in 38, 198-202, 235
determining the transmission
of traits and the inheritance
of disorders.
LO 8.4 Explain the process 40-44, 47, 50, 46, 48 45, 49
of fertilization, including the 203-204
twinning process.
LO 8.5 Describe the three 51, 53-56, 59-60, 65 52, 57-58, 61, 63
stages of prenatal 62, 64, 66-68,
development. 205-208, 236,
245
LO 8.6 Describe the physical 69-70, 72-75, 77- 209 71, 76 210
and sensory changes that take 78, 211, 237
place in infancy and
childhood.
LO 8.7 Compare and contrast 79, 81-82, 84, 80, 87, 101-104, 83, 85-86, 90-91, 94-
two theories of cognitive 88-89, 92-93, 97- 215-216 96, 106
development, and define 100, 105, 107-
autism spectrum disorder. 110, 212-214,
238, 246
LO 8.8 Identify the 112, 114, 117- 122-123, 125, 129- 111, 113, 115-116, 217
development of personality, 120, 124, 126- 130 121, 128
relationships, and self- 127, 131-134,
concept in infancy and 218-219, 239,
childhood. 247
LO 8.9 Describe the physical 135-139, 220-
changes of puberty. 221
LO 8.10 Identify the 140, 145, 153- 141, 144, 149, 156- 142-143, 146-148,
cognitive and moral advances 154, 222-223, 157 150-152, 155
that occur in adolescence. 240
LO 8.11 Describe how the 160-161 158-159
adolescent search for
personal identity influences
relationships with others.
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

1
TOTAL Ciccarelli Psychology Test Bank
Chapter 8
ASSESSMENTRemember
Learning Objectives the Understand the
Development Across the Apply What You
LifeKnow
Span Analyze It
Facts Concepts
GUIDE
LO 8.12 Identify the physical 162, 164-165, 163, 166
changes and health issues 167-170, 224-
associated with adulthood. 226, 241
LO 8.13 Describe how 171-172
memory abilities change
during adulthood.
LO 8.14 Apply Erikson’s 173-174, 176, 178 175, 177, 179, 182
theory to some common 180-181, 183,
psychosocial concerns of 227-228
adulthood.
LO 8.15 Compare and 184-187, 229-
contrast four theories of why 231, 242
aging occurs.
LO 8.16 Describe Kübler- 232, 243, 248 188 189-191
Ross’s theory of death and
dying, and identify some
criticisms of this theory.
LO 8.17 Compare and 192-193
contrast some cross-cultural
differences in views of death
and dying.

2
Ciccarelli Psychology Test Bank
Name _____________________________________________________________
Chapter 8 - Quick Quiz 1
1. In a ________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
a) cohort c) behavior genetics
b) longitudinal d) cross-sectional
2. A(n) ________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

a) compound c) chromosome
b) gene d) amine
3. ________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by different sperm cells, resulting in two zygotes in the
uterus at the same time.
a) Monozygotic twins c) Dizygotic twins
b) Fraternal twins d) Wombmates
4. Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

a) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
b) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
c) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
d) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become
functional
5. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.

a) high pitches and low pitches
b) hip hop music
c) moderate voice pitches
d) rock and roll music
6. Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ________.
a) conservation c) centration
b) object permanence d) egocentrism
7. According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to
be loud is labeled a(n) ________child.
a) easy c) slow-to-warm-up
b) difficult d) negative
8. The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a
child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.
a) adolescence c) young adulthood
b) tweens d) puberty
3
9. Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.
a) identity c) generativity
b) intimacy d) autonomy
10. According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and
care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self, is called ________.
a) bonding c) attachment
b) intimacy d) attraction

4

Answer Key
1. b Explanation: In a longitudinal design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the participants
age. (Topic: Studying Human Development, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.1 - Compare and
contrast the special research methods used to study development, APA=2.4)
2. b Explanation: A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines. (Topic: Studying Human
Development, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.3 - Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in
determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders, APA=1.1)
3. c Explanation: Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs by two different sperm. (Topic: Prenatal
Development, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.4 - Explain the process of fertilization, including the
twinning process, APA=1.1)
4. b Explanation: It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures develop. (Topic: Prenatal
Development, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=8.5 - Describe the three stages of prenatal
development, APA=1.1)
5. a Explanation: Newborns seem most responsive to high-pitched (female) voices and low pitched (male)
voices. (Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=8.6 -
Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood, APA=1.1)
6. b Explanation: Understanding object permanence means understanding that an object exists even when it is
out of sight. (Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development, Apply What You Know, 1 - Easy, LO=8.7 -
Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder,
APA=1.1)
7. b Explanation: Difficult children tend to resist change. (Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development,
Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=8.8 - Identify the development of personality, relationships, and
self-concept in infancy and childhood., APA=1.2)
8. a Explanation: Adolescence is the period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties. (Topic:
Adolescence, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.9 - Describe the physical changes of puberty.,
APA=1.1)
9. a Explanation: According to Erikson, adolescents must begin to develop a sense of self. (Topic: Adolescence,
Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=8.11 - Describe how the adolescent search for personal identity
influences relationships with others, APA=1.2)
10. b Explanation: Erikson defined intimacy as an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the
ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self. (Topic: Adulthood and Aging,

5
Remember the Facts, 3 - Difficult, LO=8.14 - Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial
concerns of adulthood, APA=1.2)

6
Name _____________________________________________________________
1. ________ refers to heredity and ________ refers to environmental influences.

a) Nature; nurture c) Nurture; behavioral genetics
b) Cognition; emotion d) Cross-sectional; longitudinal
2. Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?
a) recessive c) recombinant
b) mutated d) dominant
3. Infant reflexes are ________

a) innate involuntary behavior patterns c) learned
b) voluntary behavior patterns d) not used as a means for survival
4. Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the
nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell
them?
a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one- dimensional
ones.
b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.
5. Which of the following is true of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine
and the development of autism?
a) It was conducted in a cooperative study in France, Iceland, and the Netherlands.
b) It was based on data collected from a very large sample of children.
c) It has been successfully replicated repeatedly, providing evidence for its validity.
d) It was based on falsified data.
6. Which of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial crises revolves around the child’s learning to direct his or her own
behavior?
a) trust versus mistrust
b) initiative versus guilt
c) industry versus inferiority
d) autonomy versus shame and doubt
7. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age ________.

a) 9
b) 100
c) 10

7
d) 15
8. The period of five to ten years during which a woman’s reproductive system begins to decline is called _______.
a) climacteric
b) perimenopause
c) menopause
d) postmenopause
9. The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such
as volunteering or developing a hobby, is called ________.
a) activity theory
b) wear-and-tear theory
c) disengagement theory
d) cellular clock theory
10. The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is ________.
a) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
b) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
c) anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
d) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

8

Answer Key
1. a Explanation: Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental
influences. (Topic: Studying Human Development, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.2 - Explain the
relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development, APA=1.1)
2. d Explanation: A dominant gene is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait. (Topic:
The Basic Building Blocks of Development, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.3 - Summarize the
role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders,
APA=1.1)
3. a Explanation: Reflexes help infants survive outside of the womb. (Topic: Infancy and Childhood
Development, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.6 - Describe the physical and sensory changes that take
place in infancy and childhood, APA=1.1)
4. a Explanation: Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns. (Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development ,
Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=8.6 - Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place
in infancy and childhood, APA=1.1, 1.3)
5. d Explanation: In one of the best examples of unethical research, this research was based on sham data.
(Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=8.7 - Compare and
contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder, APA=1.12; 3.1)
6. d Explanation: Autonomy versus shame and doubt revolves around the child’s learning to direct his or her
own behavior. (Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development, Understand the Concepts, 3 - Difficult,
LO=8.8 - Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood,
APA=1.2)
7. b Explanation: The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age 12. (Topic: Adolescence, Remember the
Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.9 - Describe the physical changes of puberty, APA=1.1)
8. b Explanation: Perimenopause is the term for the decline in the female reproductive system. (Topic:
Adulthood and Aging, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.12 - Identify the physical changes and health
issues associated with adulthood, APA=1.1)
9. a Explanation: Activity theory assumes older people are happier if they remain active. (Topic: Adulthood and
Aging, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=8.15 - Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs,
APA=1.2)
10. a Explanation: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are the correct sequences of the five
stages of death and dying. (Topic: Adulthood and Aging, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=8.16 -
Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory, APA=1.2)
9

10
8 Development Across the Life Span

Key: Topic, Answer, Type, Learning Objective, Level, Learning Outcomes
Bloom Types
Remember the Facts
Understand the Concepts
Apply What You Know
Analyze It
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
APA=Learning Outcomes
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Studying Human Development
Research Designs
Learning Objective 8.1 - Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development.
TB_08_01_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA 1.1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called ________.
a) abnormal psychology
b) gerontology
Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only older adulthood.
c) human development
Correct. Human development is the term used to refer to the changes that occur in people as they age from
conception to death.
d) maturational studies
TOPIC: Studying Human Development
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (1)
% correct 90 a= 2 b= 6 c= 90 d= 2 r = .32
11
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00

APA=1.1
TB_08_02_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.1_APA 1.1

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This
psychologist is most likely working in the field of ________.
a) abnormal psychology
b) gerontology
Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only the changes that occur in older adulthood.
c) human development
Correct. Human development studies focus on the changes that occur throughout people’s lives, from conception to
death.
d) maturational studies
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (1)
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 95 d= 5 r = .18
APA=1.1

In a ________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
a) cohort
b) longitudinal
Correct. In a longitudinal design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the participants age.
c) behavior genetics
d) cross-sectional
Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (1)
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 14 r = .37
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 0 d= 5 r = .25
APA=2.4
TB_08_04_Studying Human Development_Analyze_LO 8.1_APA 2.4

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?
a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
Incorrect. The individuals studied in a longitudinal design are all the same age.
b) It is relatively inexpensive.
c) It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
Correct. In this design, there is a risk of losing participants due to many factors.
ANS: d, Analyze It, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development.,
(2)
APA=2.4
12
TB_08_05_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.1_APA 1.3, 2.4

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying the development of motor skills. She collects data from 200, one-year-
olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez
using?
a) cohort design
b) longitudinal design
Correct. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or a group of participants is followed and assessed as
the person or group ages.
c) behavior genetics design
d) cross-sectional design
Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (1)
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 0 d= 5 r = .33
APA=1.3; 2.4

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in
residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will
compare data on participants every 10 years (e.g., at ages 10, 20, 30, etc.) to see if there are increasing rates of
cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a ________ design.
a) cross-sequential
b) longitudinal
Correct. Participants are studied at various ages in a longitudinal design.
d) cross-sectional
Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time.
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (2)
APA=1.3; 2.4

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition,
using a ________ design in her study.
a) cohort
b) longitudinal
Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as
d) cross-sectional
Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.

13

ANS: d, Remember the Facts, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (1)
APA=2.4

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-
year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
a) cohort design
Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as
Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (2)
APA=1.3; 2.4

Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to ________.
a) combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
Correct. A cross-sequential design combines the ease of a cross-sectional design with a shorter longitudinal design.
b) look for gender differences
c) reduce experimenter bias
d) only include cross-sectional strategies within the design
Incorrect. A cross-sequential design also includes longitudinal strategies.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (2)
APA=2.4

Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-
year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as
to their own performance in the study five years ago. Professor Grant is employing a ________ design in his
research.
a) cross-sequential
Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of
different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time.
b) longitudinal
d) cross-sectional

14

ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (3)
APA=1.3; 2.4

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?
a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
Correct. In a cross-sectional design, individuals of different ages are being compared.
b) It is relatively expensive.
c) It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
Incorrect. The loss of participants over time is a disadvantage of longitudinal design.
ANS: a, Analyze It, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development.,
(1)
APA=2.4
TB_08_12_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA2.4

The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time to examine age-related
differences and changes is called a ________.
a) cross-sequential design
Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of
different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study
development., (1)
APA=2.4
Nature and Nurture
Learning Objective 8.2 - Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining
development.

________ refers to heredity and ________ refers to environmental influences.
a) Nature; nurture
Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences.
b) Cognition; emotion
c) Nurture; behavioral genetics
Incorrect. Nurture refers to environmental influences and behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects
of genes and environmental influences on behavior.
15
d) Cross-sectional; longitudinal
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors
in determining development., (1)
% correct 92 a= 92 b= 4 c= 2 d= 2 r = .27
APA=1.1

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg
believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms
BEST describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
a) nature versus nurture
Correct. Nature refers to genetic factors and nurture refers to environmental influences.
b) cognition versus emotion
Incorrect. The issue highlighted emphasizes the effects of nature (genes) and nurture (environmental factors).
c) classical versus operant conditioning
d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental
factors in determining development., (3)
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 1 d= 0 r = .51
APA=1.1; 1.3

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed
with another family after a “mix up” at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys “ran into each other” at a football
game and noticed how they appeared to be “mirror images of each other.” After proving they were twins by genetic
testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and
excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F’s in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and
intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A’s as a result of his strict home life and study routine.
Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance
based on the research?
a) nurture
Correct. Nurture would be correct in that differences in study routines are likely to be a factor.
b) nature
Incorrect. They are likely to be similar in genetic makeup.
c) school district superintendent
d) teacher appraisals of performance
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental
APA=1.1; 1.3

16
Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very
intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11 th child, who is also likely to be born with the same
traits according to ________, as evidenced in the ________.
a) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
b) nature; nature versus nurture controversy
Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences.
c) environmental factors; conception theory
Incorrect. Environment refers to environmental influences and the conception theory is not discussed in the book.
d) teratogens; conception theory
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, LO=8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental
% correct 84 a= 0 b= 84 c= 11 d= 5 r = .35
APA=1.1; 1.3

According to several published research studies, how could individuals like Adolf Hitler or Boston Marathon
bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev commit such acts according to the “nature versus nurture” debate?
a) These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic makeup.
Incorrect. Nature and nurture both contribute, according to Ridley.
b) Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
Correct. Both nature and nurture combined to influence these notorious individuals, according to Ridley.
c) These individuals’ behaviors were attributed to “nurture” and the influences of their parents.
d) These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation, according
to Ridley.
ANS: b, Analyze It, LO=8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in
determining development., (3)
APA=1.2

Which field of study tries to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is
due to a person's experiences?
a) psychobiology
Incorrect. Psychobiology is the study of the biological bases of behavior.
b) neuropsychology
c) behavioral genetics
Correct. Behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects of genes and environmental influences on
behavior.
d) psychoanalysis
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors
in determining development., (1)
APA=1.1
The Basic Building Blocks of Development

17
Learning Objective 8.3 - Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits
and the inheritance of disorders.

The science of heredity is called ________.
a) human development
b) genetics
Correct. Genetics is the study of heredity.
c) physiology
Incorrect. Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and
reproduction.
d) gerontology
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders., (1)
APA=1.1

Genetics is defined as ________.
a) the branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction, rather
than with structures
b) the science of inherited traits
Correct. Genetics is defined as the science of heredity.
c) the study of behavior and mental processes
d) the study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death
Incorrect. The study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death, is the definition of
human development.
APA=1.1

Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?
a) DNA
Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.
b) gene
c) chromosome
Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus.
d) amine
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
% correct 84 a= 84 b= 0 c= 15 d= 1 r = .23
APA=1.1
18

A special molecule, ________, contains the genetic material of the organism.
a) DNA
Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.
b) a gene
c) a chromosome
Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus.
d) an amine
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 9 d= 0 r = .21
APA=1.1

A(n) ________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
a) compound
b) gene
Correct. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
c) chromosome
Incorrect. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines and is located on chromosomes.
d) amine
APA=1.1

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as ________.
a) DNA
Incorrect. DNA is a molecule that consists of two strands that wind around each other in a spiral that contains the
genetic material of the organism.
b) sex-linked traits
c) chromosomes
Correct. Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes.
d) amines
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
APA=1.1

In normal developmental cases, humans have a total of ________ chromosomes.
a) 46
Correct. Humans usually have 46 chromosomes.
19
b) 23
Incorrect. Humans usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but a total of 46 chromosomes.
c) 21
d) 22
APA=1.1

How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body?
a) 46
Incorrect. Humans normally have 46 total chromosomes in each cell, but 23 pairs of chromosomes.
b) 23
Correct. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
c) 21
d) 22
% correct 79 a= 21 b= 79 c= 0 d= 0 r = .26
APA=1.1

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ________ gene.
a) recessive
Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene,
whereas a dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait.
b) mutated
c) recombinant
d) dominant
Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
APA=1.1

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?
a) recessive
Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene,
whereas a dominant gene actively controls the appearance of a certain trait.
b) mutated
c) recombinant
d) dominant

20
Correct. A dominant gene is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait.
APA=1.1
TB_08_29_Studying Human Development_Understand_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

A trait controlled by a dominant gene will ________.
a) be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even if the other half of the pair is different.
b) be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes
c) not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene
d) not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
Incorrect. Traits controlled by dominant genes will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half
of the pair is different.
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
APA=1.1

A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called ________.
a) recessive
Correct. A recessive gene only influences the expression of a trait when paired with a less active gene.
b) mutated
c) recombinant
d) dominant
Incorrect. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even when not paired with a less active gene.
APA=1.1

Silvia has blond hair, even though her mother and father each have brown hair. What do we know about Silvia’s
parents?
a) At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.
b) Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.
Correct. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Silvia to have
blond hair.
c) Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair.
Incorrect. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Silvia to
have blond hair.
d) Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.

21

ANS: b, Apply What You Know, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
APA=1.1; 1.3

Ryan has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, while his father
________.
a) is also a carrier
Correct. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if he or she receives
the gene from both parents.
b) is not a carrier
Incorrect. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if he or she
receives the gene from both parents.
c) does not have a cystic fibrosis gene
d) has two cystic fibrosis genes
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
APA=1.1; 1.3
TB_08_33_Studying Human Development_Understand_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when ________.
a) a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent
Correct. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes.
b) a child inherits two dominant genes, one from each parent
c) a child inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent
Incorrect. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes.
d) the child doesn’t inherit any genes from one parent
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
APA=1.1

Which of the following is NOT a disease that is caused by recessive genes?
a) PKU
b) Down syndrome
Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21 st pair.
c) Cystic fibrosis
Incorrect. Cystic fibrosis is caused when a child receives two recessive genes from his or her parents.
d) Tay-Sachs disorder
APA=1.1
22

In ________ syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such
as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23 rd pair.
d) Turner’s
% correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .22
APA=1.1

What is the cause of Down syndrome?
a) an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
b) an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23 rd pair.
c) neurotransmitter excesses
d) neurotransmitter deficiencies
% correct 58 a= 58 b= 0 c= 0 d= 26 r = .38
APA=1.1

Steve was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23 rd pair. As result, he has reduced masculine
characteristics, enlarged breasts, and is obese and excessively tall. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Correct. Klinefelter’s syndrome is caused by an extra X chromosome on the 23 rd pair and occurs in males.
d) Turner’s
Incorrect. Turner’s syndrome occurs only in females.
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
% correct 41 a= 9 b= 5 c= 41 d= 45 r = .34
APA=1.1

23
In ________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs only in males.
d) Turner’s
Correct. Turner’s syndrome produces short, infertile females.
APA=1.1

Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23 rd pair. As a result, she is very short, infertile, and
sexually underdeveloped. With which disorder is she likely to be diagnosed?
a) PKU
b) Down
c) Klinefelter’s
Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs only in males.
d) Turner’s
Correct. Turner’s syndrome produces the characteristics described and occurs in females.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, LO=8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the
APA=1.1
Prenatal Development
Fertilization
Learning Objective 8.4 - Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process.
TB_08_40_Prenatal Development_Remember_LO 8.4_APA 1.1

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg,
creating a new cell called a(n) ________.
a) embryo
Incorrect. An embryo is the name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.
b) zygote
Correct. A fertilized egg is called a zygote.
c) genome
d) blastocyst
TOPIC: Prenatal Development
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process., (1)
% correct 86 a= 5 b= 86 c= 0 d= 9 r = .21
APA=1.1

24

Ovum is a term used to describe ________.
a) the female sex cell, or egg
Correct. Ovum is another term for the female sex cell or egg.
b) the male sex cell
Incorrect. Sperm are male sex cells; ovum is the female sex cell.
c) the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization
d) the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process., (1)
APA=1.1

The union of the ovum and sperm is called ________.
a) fertilization
Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite.
b) the fetal period
c) a zygote
Incorrect. The zygote is the result of the union of the ovum and sperm.
d) an embryo
APA=1.1

In the process of fertilization, the ________ and ________ unite, resulting in a single cell.
a) sperm; ovum
Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite.
b) zygote; sperm
Incorrect. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite; the zygote is the result of this union.
c) embryo; zygote
d) ovum; fetus
APA=1.1

Monozygotic twins ________.
a) are genetically identical
Correct. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical.
b) are genetically different
Incorrect. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical; dizygotic twins are genetically different.
c) will be of different sexes
d) are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs

25

APA=1.1
TB_08_45_Prenatal Development_Apply_LO 8.4_APA 1.1

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?
a) monozygotic twins
Correct. Monozygotic twins are identical.
b) fraternal twins
c) dizygotic twins
Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs, which means they are genetically different.
d) wombmates
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process.,
(1)
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 14 d= 5 r = .19
% correct 84 a= 84 b= 11 c= 5 d= 0 r = .29
APA=1.1
TB_08_46_Prenatal Development_Understand_LO 8.4_APA 1.1

Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?
a) The mother’s body releases multiple eggs, two or more of which are fertilized.
Incorrect. Multiple fertilized eggs result in dizygotic twins.
b) The mother’s body releases one egg, conceives, and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle.
c) The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
Correct. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, and then splits completely into two separate zygotes, the result is
monozygotic twins.
d) The mother uses fertility drugs.
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning
process., (2)
APA=1.1

________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by different sperm cells, resulting in two zygotes in the
uterus at the same time.
a) Monozygotic twins
Incorrect. Monozygotic twins develop when an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two
separate zygotes.
b) Fraternal twins
c) Dizygotic twins
Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs by two different sperm.
d) Wombmates
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process., (1)
APA=1.1

26

Fraternal twins are ________ similar genetically than are regular, non-twin siblings.
a) much more
Incorrect. Fraternal twins are genetically no more similar than are any other two siblings, since they develop from
different eggs and different sperm.
b) no more
Correct. Fraternal twins develop from different eggs and different sperm, just like any other set of siblings.
c) slightly more
d) much less
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning
process., (2)
APA=1.1
TB_08_49_Prenatal Development_Apply_LO 8.4_APA 1.1

Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm.
What type of twins are they?
a) monozygotic twins
Incorrect. Monozygotic twins result from one ovum fertilized by one sperm that splits in two.
b) maternal twins
c) dizygotic twins
Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs.
d) wombmates
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, LO=8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process.,
(2)
APA=1.1

The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine is called ________.
a) bioethics
Correct. New advances in biology and medicine raise issues concerning policies and practices.
b) germinal staging
Incorrect. Bioethics deals with new advances in biology and medicine.
c) axiology
d) twenty-first century moral standards
APA=1.1
Three Stages of Development
Learning Objective 8.5 - Describe the three stages of prenatal development.

27
The germinal period ________.

a) occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization
Correct. The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the germinal period.
b) occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
Incorrect. The embryonic period occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
c) occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth
d) occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (2)
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 0 d= 11 r = .26
APA=1.1
TB_08_52_Prenatal Development_Apply_LO 8.5_APA 1.1, 1.3

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical
cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
a) fetal
b) embryonic
Incorrect. During the embryonic period, the organism is called an embryo, not a zygote.
c) placental
d) germinal
Correct. During the germinal period, the organism is called a zygote, and the placenta and umbilical cord begin to
form.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (2)
APA=1.1; 1.3

The placenta is ________.
a) the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment
Incorrect. The placenta is not a tube; the umbilical cord, which connects the developing baby to the placenta, is a
tube.
b) the technical name for the “belly button”
c) a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby
Correct. The placenta is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the
developing baby.
d) the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (1)
% correct 90 a= 8 b= 0 c= 90 d= 2 r = .18
APA=1.1

The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called
the ________.
a) placenta
Correct. The placenta is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the
28
developing baby.
b) uterus
c) umbilical cord
Incorrect. The umbilical cord is a tube that connects the developing baby to the placenta.
d) embryo
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 19 d= 0 r = .29
APA=1.1

Which kind of cells that form during the germinal period are being examined by researchers for their use for
growing new organs and tissue for transplant or to repair neurological damage?
a) amacrine cells
Incorrect. Amacrine cells are found in the retina of your eyes.
b) bipolar cells
c) oligodendrocytes
d) stem cells
Correct. Stem cells stay in an immature state until they are needed to produce other types of cells.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (3)
APA=1.1

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
Incorrect. The zygote begins to implant in the uterine lining during the germinal period.
Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures develop.
functional
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (2)
APA=1.1

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first
developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
a) fetal
Incorrect. The fetal period occurs after the organs have first developed and is the time during which they continue to
develop and become functional.
b) embryonic
Correct. During the embryonic period, major organs and structures first develop.
c) placental
d) germinal

29

ANS: b, Apply What You Know, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (3)
% correct 52 a= 40 b= 52 c= 2 d= 7 r = .52
APA=1.1; 1.3

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily’s uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports
that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby’s fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing
as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of
prenatal development is the ________.
a) embryonic period
Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures first develop.
b) germinal period
c) zygotic period
d) fetal stage
Incorrect. In the fetal stage, fingers, toes, and other major systems and organs would have already developed, and
the baby would be more than an inch long.
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (2)
% correct 62 a= 62 b= 0 c= 10 d= 29 r = .47
APA=1.1; 1.3

Times during which some environmental influences can have a major impact on development are called
________.
a) fetal periods
Incorrect. Critical periods are times when internal and external influences have a major impact on development; the
most critical time is during the embryonic period.
b) critical periods
Correct. Critical periods are times when internal and external influences have a major impact on development.
c) germinal periods
d) latency periods
% correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 0 d= 6 r = .18
% correct 96 a= 3 b= 96 c= 1 d= 0 r = .19
APA=1.1

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring
about a birth defect?
a) teratogen
Correct. Teratogens are substances that can bring about a birth defect.
b) critical period
c) carcinogen

30
Incorrect. A carcinogen may cause birth defects, but the term does not encompass viruses and all of the other things
that can also cause birth defects.
d) biohazard
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .21
APA=1.1

Greta’s child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning
difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,
which was she most likely abusing?
a) nicotine
Incorrect. The effects of nicotine do not include smaller than normal heads, facial deformities, and heart defects.
b) cocaine
c) marijuana
d) alcohol
Correct. Greta’s child is exhibiting symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (3)
% correct 91 a= 4 b= 4 c= 0 d= 91 r = .38
APA=1.1; 1.3

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked cigarettes while pregnant?
a) increased birth weight and lethargy
b) lower birth weight and short stature
Correct. Lower birth weight and short stature are common consequences of smoking during pregnancy.
c) severe hearing loss and heart defects
Incorrect. Hearing loss and heart defects are consequences of rubella.
d) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
APA=1.1

Isabelle’s baby was born blind, deaf, and with heart defects and brain damage. Most likely Isabelle was exposed to
________ during her pregnancy.
a) rubella
Correct. Blindness, deafness, and heart defects are potential consequences of prenatal exposure to rubella.
b) mercury
c) syphilis
Incorrect. Exposure to syphilis does not cause blindness or heart defects.
d) radiation
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (3)

31
APA=1.1; 1.3

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become
functional is called the ________ period.
a) germinal
b) embryonic
Incorrect. The embryonic period is the stage when various organs and structures first begin to form.
c) fetal
Correct. The fetal period is the stage when tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and
become functional.
d) gestational
% correct 56 a= 4 b= 12 c= 56 d= 27 r = .30
APA=1.1

Which of the following describes the fetal period?
Incorrect. The major organs and structures first develop during the embryonic period.
functional
Correct. The fetal period is the stage when tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and
become functional.
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development., (1)
% correct 87 a= 8 b= 2 c= 3 d= 87 r = .23
APA=1.1

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the ________ months.
a) first three
Correct. The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the first three months.
b) last three
Incorrect. The most likely time for miscarriage is during the first three months.
c) middle three
d) last six
APA=1.1

What is another term for a miscarriage?
32
a) Cesarean delivery
b) ectopic pregnancy
Incorrect. This is sometimes called a tubal pregnancy, and is not categorized as a miscarriage.
c) spontaneous abortion
Correct. This is another name for a miscarriage, and it is most likely to happen in the first trimester of a pregnancy
d) stillbirth
APA=1.1

The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is ________.
a) a genetic defect
Correct. A genetic defect is the most likely cause of miscarriage in the first three months of pregnancy.
b) alcohol use
Incorrect. A miscarriage in the first three months of pregnancy is most likely caused by a genetic defect that will not
allow the embryo or fetus to survive.
c) not taking prenatal vitamins
d) lack of exercise
APA=1.1
Infancy and Childhood Development
Physical Development
Learning Objective 8.6 - Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood.
TB_08_69_Infancy and Childhood Development_Remember_LO 8.6_APA 1.1

Infant reflexes are ________.
a) innate involuntary behavior patterns
Correct. Reflexes help infants survive outside of the womb.
b) voluntary behavior patterns
Incorrect. Reflexes are involuntary.
c) learned
d) not used as a means for survival
TOPIC: Infancy and Childhood Development
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (1)
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 4 d= 0 r = .39
APA=1.1

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?
33
a) touch
Incorrect. Touch is the most functional at birth.
b) taste
c) smell
d) vision
Correct. Vision takes about 6 months to fully develop, whereas touch, taste, and smell are all more functional at
birth.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (1)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 1 c= 0 d= 98 r = .05
APA=1.1
TB_08_71_Infancy and Childhood Development_Apply_LO 8.6_APA 1.1, 1.3

Javier was born three days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes that the doctors have been
testing. Which of the following is NOT a reflex exhibited by a healthy newborn?
a) Moro reflex
b) rooting reflex
Incorrect. This is one of the 5 reflexes an infant exhibits when trying to find nourishment when hungry.
c) walking reflex
Correct. This is not one of the 5 mentioned in the book.
d) stepping reflex
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (2)
APA=1.1; 1.3

At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother’s milk scent and another
woman’s milk scent?
a) within a few days after birth
Correct. The sense of smell is highly developed at birth, enabling babies to tell the difference between their own
mother’s milk scent and another woman’s milk scent.
b) within a few weeks after birth
Incorrect. The sense of smell is highly developed at birth, enabling babies to tell the difference between their own
mother’s milk scent and another woman’s milk scent.
c) within a few months after birth
d) within a year after birth
and childhood., (2)
APA=1.1

By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?
a) within a few days after birth
34
b) by four months
Correct. A preference for salty tastes occurs by four months and may come from exposure to the salty taste of their
mother’s skin.
c) at birth
Incorrect. At birth, infants show a preference for sweets; preference for salty tastes develops at about four months.
d) within a year after birth
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (2)
APA=1.1

At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.
a) high pitches and low pitches
Correct. Newborns seem most responsive to high-pitched (female) voices and low-pitched (male) voices.
b) hip hop music
c) moderate voice pitches
Incorrect. Newborns seem most responsive to high-pitched (female) voices and low-pitched (male) voices.
d) rock and roll music
and childhood., (2)
APA=1.1

Vision is not very well developed at birth. As a result, which statement is NOT true about vision at birth?
a) Color and vision acuity takes approximately 6 months to develop more clearly from birth.
b) Newborns have a clear vision field of 12–14 inches at birth.
Correct. Newborns have a clear field from 7–10 inches.
c) Newborns prefer to look at 3-dimensional objects versus 2-dimensional.
d) Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns and also the human face than other stimuli.
Incorrect. This is correct according to the research. Newborns prefer to look at human faces and complex stimuli.
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (3)
APA=1.1

Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the nursery
with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?
a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.
Correct. Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns.
b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.
Incorrect. Newborns prefer complex patterns, particularly those that are three-dimensional.

35

ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (2)
APA=1.1; 1.3

Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?
a) rolling over
b) standing alone
Incorrect. Standing alone develops before walking.
c) walking
Correct. Walking develops after sucking, rolling over, and standing alone.
d) sucking
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (1)
APA=1.1

Which is the correct order of development of the Six Motor Milestones according to research?
a) sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over
b) crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support
Incorrect. Answer (c) is the correct order per the book.
c) raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking
Correct. This is the correct order shown in Figure 8.5.
d) rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy
and childhood., (2)
% correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 95 d= 1 r = .24
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 8.7 - Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum
disorder.

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ________.
a) cognitive development
Correct. Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development.
b) perceptual development
c) language development
Incorrect. Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development.
d) motor development
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
define autism spectrum disorder., (1)
36
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 4 d= 10 r = .33
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 0 d= 5 r = .25
APA=1.2
TB_08_80_Infancy and Childhood Development_Understand_LO 8.7_APA 1.1

Assimilation is to accommodation as ________.
a) necessary is to optional
Incorrect. Piaget did not consider either of these two processes to be optional.
b) help is to hinder
c) hinder is to help
d) use is to change
Correct. In Piaget’s theory, assimilation allows the use of existing schemas to interpret new information, while
accommodation results in the adjusting or changing of existing schemas in the face of new information.
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
a) preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations
b) sensorimotor; concrete operations; preoperational; formal operations
c) sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations
Correct. The order in which Piaget’s stages occur is sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal
operations.
d) preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations
Incorrect. Sensorimotor is the stage prior to the preoperational stage.
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
% correct 79 a= 0 b= 2 c= 79 d= 19 r = .44
% correct 77 a= 0 b= 0 c= 77 d= 23 r = .45
APA=1.1

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses
and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ________ stage.
a) concrete operations
b) sensorimotor
Correct. The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2.
c) preoperational
Incorrect. The preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7.
d) formal operations
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
37
% correct 76 a= 0 b= 76 c= 24 d= 0 r = .61
APA=1.1

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean
Piaget’s model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?
b) sensorimotor
Correct. During this stage, infants interact deliberately with objects by chewing, grasping, and tasting them.
c) preoperational
Incorrect. During the preoperational stage, children no longer have to rely only on senses and motor skills. It is
during the sensorimotor stage when they chew, grasp, and taste objects.
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1; 1.3

Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ________.
a) conservation
Incorrect. Conservation is the ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its
nature or quantity.
b) object permanence
Correct. Understanding object permanence means understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight.
c) centration
d) egocentrism
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 2 d= 2 r = .46
APA=1.1

Ashani is 18 months old. When her mom leaves her at the babysitter’s house, Ashani cries initially. After a few
moments, she stops crying because her mom is “out of sight and out of mind.” According to Piaget, which period of
cognitive development would Ashani be in?
a) sensorimotor
Correct. Ashani seems to suffer from a lack of object permanence, which is noted during the sensorimotor stage of
Piaget’s theory.
b) preoperational
Incorrect. Piaget speculated that by the time children reach the preoperational stage of development, they will have
overcome the lack of object permanence that seems to be troublesome for Ashani.
c) concrete operations

38

ANS: a, Apply What You Know, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1; 1.3

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because
they have not yet developed a sense of ________.
a) conservation
Incorrect. Conservation is a term used to describe understanding that changing the appearance of an object does
not change its nature or quantity.
Correct. Object permanence is a term used to describe understanding that an object exists even when it is out of
sight.
c) centration
d) egocentrism
% correct 98 a= 2 b= 98 c= 0 d= 0 r = .18
APA=1.1; 1.3

According to Piaget, ________ represents the beginning of the child’s language development and symbolic
thought.
a) egocentric thinking
Incorrect. Egocentrism is the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes; it is not related to language.
b) accommodation
c) object permanence
Correct. To understand object permanence, a child has knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
and that one object can stand in for another. Words are symbols that stand in for things that may not be present.
d) assimilation
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
% correct 24 a= 38 b= 4 c= 24 d= 28 r = .33
APA=1.1

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to
use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ________ stage.
b) sensorimotor
Incorrect. The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2.
c) preoperational
Correct. Preoperational is the name Piaget gave to the stage children are in from 2 to 7 years of age.
39
% correct 73 a= 15 b= 12 c= 73 d= 0 r = .49
% correct 79 a= 5 b= 16 c= 79 d= 0 r = .31
APA=1.1

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
a) abstract concepts
c) hypothetical thinking
Incorrect. Hypothetical thinking is a capability of people in the formal operations stage.
d) centration
Correct. Centration, or focusing on only one feature of something rather than taking all of its features into
consideration, is a limitation of the preoperational child.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1

Elijah is a 3-year-old boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he
asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive
development is Elijah in?
a) egocentrism
Incorrect. Egocentrism is not one of the periods of cognitive development, but rather is a limitation of the early
cognitive stages.
b) sensorimotor
c) preoperational
Correct. Elijah’s lack of demonstration that he has mastered the concept of conservation suggests that he is in the
preoperational stage of Piaget’s theory
d) accommodation
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1; 1.3

Ron, a toddler, is holding a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to “show” it to his grandmother.
This example illustrates ________.
a) disoriented attachment
b) conservation
c) object permanence

40
Incorrect. In Piaget’s theory, object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they
cannot be immediately perceived.
d) egocentrism
Correct. In Piaget’s theory, egocentrism is the inability to take another person’s point of view.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1; 1.3

What term is used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes except his or her own?
a) disparity
b) narcissism
Incorrect. Narcissism is a term used to describe a type of adult personality characterized by excessive self-
admiration and centeredness.
c) egocentrism
Correct. Egocentrism is the term used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
except his or her own.
d) autonomy
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 4 c= 88 d= 8 r = .26
APA=1.1

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the
object’s nature is known as ________.
a) object permanence
b) conservation
Correct. Conservation is the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change
the object’s nature.
c) centration
Incorrect. Centration is the tendency to focus on one feature while ignoring others.
d) reversibility
APA=1.1

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He
begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget’s stages is your brother likely to be in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational

41
Correct. Your little brother shows lack of conservation, or the ability to understand that altering the appearance of
something does not change its quantity; this lack of understanding is characteristic of preoperational children.
c) formal operations
d) concrete operations
Incorrect. By the time children are in the concrete operations stage, they have developed conservation.
% correct 84 a= 14 b= 84 c= 2 d= 0 r = .41
% correct 64 a= 23 b= 64 c= 0 d= 14 r = .38
APA=1.1; 1.3

Ethan, a three-year old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into twelve rather than eight pieces because he is “really
hungry.” On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan ________.
a) understands object permanence
b) does not understand object permanence
c) understands conservation
Incorrect. In this example, Ethan does not understand the concept of conservation because he thinks that 12 slices of
pizza is more food than eight slices of the same pizza.
d) does not understand conservation
Correct. Conservation is the Piagetian principle that certain properties remain the same even when the appearance
of an object changes.
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1; 1.3

Larry, a ten-year old, first sees two identical glasses with water at the same level; then, the water from one of the
short, wide glasses is poured into a taller, thinner glass. Larry will likely conclude that ________.
a) there is more water in the taller, thinner glass
Incorrect. If Larry were younger, and in the preoperational period, this would be an accurate answer.
b) there is more water in the shorter, wider glass
c) there are equal amounts of water in the shorter, wider and taller, thinner glasses
Correct. Because Larry is in the concrete operations stage of Piaget’s theory, he has mastered the concepts of
conservation and reversibility.
d) there are equal amounts of water in the two identical glasses only
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1; 1.3

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, in which an individual
becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ________ stage.
42
Correct. The concrete operations stage occurs between ages 7 and 12.
b) sensorimotor
c) preoperational
Incorrect. The preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7.
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 5 c= 0 d= 5 r = .48
APA=1.1

In which of Piaget’s stages does the child develop conservation?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
Incorrect. During the preoperational stage, children lack conservation.
Correct. The child develops conservation during the concrete operations stage.
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1

Which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of
hypotheticals?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
Correct. The stage of formal operations is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of hypotheticals.
Incorrect. Children at the concrete operations stage are unable to deal effectively with abstract concepts.
% correct 77 a= 4 b= 0 c= 77 d= 19 r = .26
APA=1.1

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operations stage is ________.
a) irreversibility
b) egocentrism
c) abstract thinking
Correct. Abstract thinking develops during the formal operations stage.

43
d) logical thinking
Incorrect. Logical thinking first reveals itself in the concrete operations stage.
% correct 38 a= 0 b= 24 c= 38 d= 38 r = .33
APA=1.1

Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operations thought?
a) thinking about what is possible
Correct. Thinking about what is possible is an aspect of hypothetical thinking, which occurs in the formal
operations stage.
b) thinking about what is logical
Incorrect. Logical thought occurs in the concrete operations stage.
c) thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight
d) thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
% correct 59 a= 59 b=23 c= 9 d= 9 r = .51
APA=1.1

According to the most recent evidence, what can be said of Piaget’s findings?
a) The capacities of infants usually are not as high as claimed by Piaget.
b) Object permanence has been shown as early as 1 month of age, thus refuting Piaget’s claim that it is not
established until toddlerhood.
Incorrect. Recent research has suggested that object permanence may exist as early as two or three months of age,
but not as early as one month of age.
c) Piaget’s theory seems to underestimate the age by which a child masters object permanence, indicating
they are not as egocentric as Piaget believed.
Correct. This is an accurate criticism as laid out by your authors.
d) Piaget’s concept that the qualitative changes in cognitive processing are more important than the
quantitative changes has been effectively refuted.
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.1

In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of ________ during development.
a) learned responses
Incorrect. This would be the theory of the behaviorist, and this is not the type of psychologist that Vygotsky was.
b) social and cultural interactions

44
Correct. Vygotsky believed that social and cultural interactions were essential for the development of cognitive
skills.
c) individual differences
d) the child’s representations of the world
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
APA=1.2

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child’s interaction with objects,
Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to ________.
a) biological changes in the brain
b) unconscious factors
c) completing activities in isolation
Incorrect. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of social interactions between a child
and skilled people.
d) interaction between a child and more highly skilled people
Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interaction between a child and skilled people.
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, LO=8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and
% correct 29 a= 57 b= 4 c= 10 d= 29 r = .33
APA=1.2

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child’s cognitive development?
a) balanced diet
b) social interactions
Correct. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of social interactions.
c) genetic endowment
d) successful resolution of psychosocial crises
Incorrect. Psychosocial crises refer to the theories of psychosocial development, not to Vygotsky’s theories.
% correct 84 a= 0 b= 84 c= 0 d= 16 r = .21
APA=1.2
TB_08_106_Infancy and Childhood Development_Apply_LO 8.7_APA 1.2

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding?
a) Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer individually.
Incorrect. Scaffolding emphasizes one-on-one learning.
b) A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more
skilled.
Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interactions between a child and skilled people.

45
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That was all, no signature, nothing but the message and the threat.
Carmel bit her lip.
“Tubal,” she called.
“Yes, Lady.”
“Who has been in the office—inside the railing?”
“Hain’t been a soul in this mornin’,” he said—“not that I seen.”
Carmel crumpled the paper and threw it in the waste basket. Then
she picked up her pen and began to write—the story of the
disappearance of Sheriff Churchill. Without doubt she broke the
newspaper rule that editorial matter should not be contained in a
news story, but her anger and determination are offered as some
excuse for this. She ended the story with a paragraph which said:
“The editor has been warned that she will be sent to join Sheriff
Churchill if she meddles with his disappearance. The Free Press
desires to give notice now that it will meddle until the whole truth is
discovered and the criminals brought to justice. If murder has been
done, the murderers must be punished.”
CHAPTER IV
WHEN Carmel entered the office next morning she found Prof. Evan
Bartholomew Pell occupying her chair. On his face was an
expression of displeasure. He forgot to arise as she stepped through
the gate, but he did point a lead pencil at her accusingly.
“You have made me appear ridiculous,” he said, and compressed his
lips with pedagogical severity. “In my letter, which you published in
this paper, you misspelled the words ‘nefarious’ and ‘nepotist.’ What
excuse have you to offer?”
Carmel stared at the young man, nonplused for an instant, and then
a wave of pity spread over her. It was pity for a man who would not
admit the existence of a forest because he was able to see only the
individual trees. She wondered what life offered to Evan Pell; what
rewards it held out to him; what promises it made. He was vain, that
was clear; he was not so much selfish as egotistical, and that must
have been very painful. He was, she fancied, the sort of man to
whom correct spelling was of greater importance than correct
principle—not because of any tendency toward lack of principle, but
because pedantry formed a shell about him, inside which he lived
the life of a turtle. She smiled as she pictured him as a spectacled
turtle of the snapping variety, and it was a long time before that
mental caricature was erased from her mind. Of one thing she was
certain; it would not do to coddle him. Therefore she replied, coolly:
“Perhaps, if you would use ordinary words which ordinary people can
understand, you would run less risk of misspelling—and people
would know what you are trying to talk about.”
“I used the words which exactly expressed my meaning.”
“You are sitting in my chair,” said Carmel.
Evan Bartholomew flushed and bit his lips. “I—my mind was
occupied——” he said.
“With yourself,” said Carmel. “Have you come to work?”
“That was my intention.”
“Very well. Please clear off that table and find a chair.... You may
smoke!”
“I do not use tobacco.”
She shrugged her shoulders, and again he flushed as if he had been
detected in something mildly shameful. “I am wondering,” she said,
“how you can be of use.”
“I can at least see to it that simple words are correctly spelled in this
paper,” he said.
“So can Tubal, given time and a dictionary.... What have you done all
your life? What experience have you had?”
He cleared his throat. “I entered the university at the age of sixteen,”
he said, “by special dispensation.”
“An infant prodigy,” she interrupted. “I’ve often read about these boys
who enter college when they should be playing marbles, and I’ve
always wondered what became of them.”
“I have always been informed,” he said, severely, “that I was an
exceptionally brilliant child.... Since I entered college and until I came
here a year ago I have been endeavoring to educate myself
adequately. Before I was twenty I received both LL.B. and A.B.
Subsequently I took my master’s degree. I have also worked for my
D.C.L., my Ph.D....”
She interrupted again. “With what end in view?” she asked.
“End?...” He frowned at her through his spectacles. “You mean what
was my purpose?”
“Yes. Were you fitting yourself for any particular work?”
“No.”
“Merely piling up knowledge for the sake of piling up knowledge.”
“You speak,” he said, “as if you were reprehensible.”
She made no direct reply, but asked his age.
“Twenty-six,” he said.
“Nine years of which you have spent in doing nothing but study;
cramming yourself with learning.... What in the world were you going
to do with all of it?”
“That,” he said, “is a matter I have had little time to consider.”
“Did you make any friends in college?”
“I had no time——”
“Of course not. Sanscrit is more important than friends. I understand.
A friend might have dropped in of an evening and interrupted your
studies.”
“Exactly,” he said.
“Of course you did not go in for athletics.”
“Exercise,” he said, “scientifically taken, is essential to a clear mind. I
exercise regularly morning and evening. If you are asking whether I
allowed myself to be pummeled and trampled into the mud at
football, or if I played any other futile game, I did not.”
“So you know almost everything there is to be known about books,
but nothing about human beings.”
“I fancy I know a great deal about human beings.”
“Mr. Pell,” she said, becoming more determined to crush in the walls
of his ego, “I’ve a mind to tell you exactly what I think of you.”
For an instant his eyes twinkled; Carmel was almost sure of the
twinkle and it quite nonplused her. But Evan’s expression remained
grave, aloof, a trifle patronizing. “I understood I was coming here to
—work.”
“You are.”
“Then,” said he, “suppose we give over this discussion of myself and
commence working.”
How Carmel might have responded to this impact must remain a
matter for debate, because she had not quite rallied to the attack
when the arrival of a third person made continuance impossible.
There are people who just come; others who arrive. The first class
make no event of it whatever; there is a moment when they are not
present and an adjoining moment when they are—and that is all
there is to it. The newcomer was an arrival. His manner was that of
an arrival and resembled somewhat the docking of an ocean liner.
Carmel could imagine little tugs snorting and coughing and churning
about him as he warped into position before the railing. It seemed
neither right nor possible that he achieved the maneuver under his
own power alone. His face, as Carmel mentally decapitated him, and
scrutinized that portion of his anatomy separately from the whole,
gave no impression of any sort of power whatever. It was a huge
putty-mask of placid vanity. There was a great deal of head, bald and
brightly glistening; there was an enormous expanse of face in which
the eyes and nose seemed to have been crowded in upon
themselves by aggressive flesh; there were chins, which seemed not
so much physical part of the face as some strange festoons hung
under the chin proper as barbaric adornments. On the whole, Carmel
thought, it was the most face she had ever seen on one human
being.
She replaced his head and considered him as a whole. It is difficult
to conceive of the word dapper as applying to a mastodon, but here
it applied perfectly. His body began at his ears, the neck having long
since retired from view in discouragement. He ended in tiny feet
dressed in patent-leather ties. Between ears and toes was merely
expanse, immensity, a bubble of human flesh. One thought of a pan
of bread dough which had been the recipient of too much yeast....
The only dimension in which he was lacking was height, which was
just, for even prodigal nature cannot bestow everything.
He peered at Carmel, then at Evan Bartholomew Pell, with an
unwinking baby stare, and then spoke suddenly, yet carefully, as if
he were afraid his voice might somehow start an avalanche of his
flesh.
“I am Abner Fownes,” he said in a soft, effeminate voice.
“I am Carmel Lee,” she answered.
“Yes.... Yes.... I took that for granted—for granted. I have come to
see you—here I am. Mountain come to Mohammed—eh?...” He
paused to chuckle. “Very uppity young woman. Wouldn’t come when
I sent for you—so had to come to you. What’s he doing here?” he
asked, pointing a sudden, pudgy finger at Evan Pell.
“Mr. Pell is working for the paper.”
“Writing more letters?” He did not pause for an answer. “Mistake,
grave mistake—printing letters like that. Quiet, friendly town—
Gibeon. Everybody friends here.... Stir up trouble. It hurt me.”
Carmel saw no reason to reply.
“Came to advise you. Friendly advice.... I’m interested in this paper
—er—from the viewpoint of a citizen and—er—financially. Start right,
Miss Lee. Start right. Catch more flies with honey than with
vinegar.... You commenced with vinegar. Nobody likes it. Can’t make
a living with vinegar. To run a paper in Gibeon you must be
diplomatic—diplomatic. Can’t expect me to support financially a
paper which isn’t diplomatic, can you? Now can you?”
“What do you mean by being diplomatic?”
“Why—er taking advice—yes, taking advice.”
“From whom?”
His little eyes opened round as if in great astonishment.
“From me,” he said. “People in Gibeon—er—repose great
confidence in my judgment. Great confidence.”
“What sort of advice?”
“All sorts,” he said, “but principally about what you print about
different things.... Now, I should have advised you against printing
this young man’s letter.”
“Would you have advised me against printing anything about the
threatening note I found on my desk?”
“Ah—sense of humor, miss. Boyish prank.... Jokers in Gibeon.
Town’s full of ’em.... Best-natured folks in the world, but they love to
joke and to talk. Love to talk better than to joke. Um!... Mountains out
of molehills—that’s Gibeon’s specialty. Mean no harm, Lord love you,
not a particle—but they’ll tell you anything. Not lying—exactly. Just
talk.”
“Is Sheriff Churchill’s disappearance just talk?”
“Um!... Sheriff Churchill—to be sure. Disappeared. Um!... Gabble,
gabble, gabble.”
“Talk of murder is not gabble,” said Carmel.
“Ugly word.... Shouldn’t use it. Makes me shiver.” He shivered like a
gelatin dessert. “Forget such talk. My advice—straight from the
heart.... Stirs things up—things best forgot. Best let rest for the sake
of wife and children.... Paper can’t live here without my support.
Can’t be done. Can’t conscientiously support a paper that stirs up
things.”
“Is that a threat, Mr. Fownes.”
“Goodness, no! Gracious, no! Just want to help.... Kind heart, Miss
Lee. Always think of me as a kind heart. Love to do things for folks....
Love to do things for you.”
“Thank you, Mr. Fownes. You hold a chattel mortgage on this plant.”
“Don’t think of it. Not a breath of worry—cancel it if you say so—
cancel it this minute.”
“In consideration of what?”
“Why—you put it so sharplike, so direct. I wasn’t thinking of
consideration. Just being friendly and helpful.... Public-spirited gift to
Gibeon. Newspaper a wonderful benefit to a town—the right kind of
a newspaper.”
“That’s it, of course. The right kind of a newspaper.
“Naturally you wouldn’t make so munificent a gift to the wrong kind of
newspaper. Is this the right kind?”
“It always has been,” said Mr. Fownes.
“What made it the right kind?”
“Your uncle—the former proprietor—relied on my advice. Consulted
with me daily.... During many years his paper made few mistakes.”
“So, if I consult with you—daily—and act upon your advice, I’m sure
to have the right kind of a paper, too?... And in that case you would
cancel the chattel mortgage?”
“To be sure—exactly.”
“But if, on the contrary, I should decide to run this paper myself, as I
see fit, without taking advice from anybody, and printing what I think
should be printed?”
Mr. Fownes pondered this briefly. “Then,” he said, “I should have to
wait—and determine how sound your judgment is.... I fear your
sympathies—natural sympathies for a young woman—sway you....
Er ... as in the instance of this young man. His letter was not kindly,
not considerate. It hurt people’s feelings. Then, it appears, you have
hired him.... I hope that step may be reconsidered.... Gibeon—found
this young man unsatisfactory.”
“Would that have anything to do with—the chattel mortgage?”
“It might—it might.”
“My uncle always followed your advice?”
“Ah ... implicitly.”
“He did not grow rich,” said Carmel.
“He lived,” said Mr. Fownes, and blinked his little eyes as he turned
his placid gaze full upon her.
“I think you have made yourself clear, Mr. Fownes. I shall think over
what you have said—and you will know my decision.”
“Consider well—er—from all angles.... Mountain came to
Mohammed....”
He commenced to warp himself away from the railing, and slowly,
ponderously, testing the security of each foot before he trusted his
weight to it, he moved toward the door. There he paused, turned his
bulk, the whole of him, for it was quite impossible for him to turn his
head without his shoulders going along with it, and smiled the most
placid smile Carmel ever saw. “Er—I am a widower,” he said....
Carmel remained standing, her eyes following him as he turned up
the street. “What’s underneath it all?” she said, aloud. “What’s it all
about?”
Evan Pell turned in his chair and said, sharply, “Textbooks have this
merit at least—they can instruct in the simplest rules of logic.”
“The fatuous idiot,” said Carmel.
“It must be a great satisfaction,” said Evan, dryly, “to understand
human beings so thoroughly.”
“What do you mean?”
“I was admiring,” said Evan, “the unerring certainty with which you
arrived at Mr. Fownes’s true character.”
She peered at him, searching for a trace of irony, but his face was
innocent, bland.
“Why does a wealthy man like Mr. Fownes—a powerful man—give a
thought to so insignificant a thing as this paper?”
“An interesting speculation—provided your premises are true.”
“What premises?”
“Your major premise, so to speak—wealth.”
“Why, is he not rich?”
“All the indications bear you out.”
“He owns mills, and miles of timberland.”
“Um!... Am I to remain in your employ—or shall you accept the—
advice—of Mr. Fownes?”
“This is my paper. So long as it is mine I’m going to try to run it. And
if that man thinks he can threaten me with his old chattel mortgage,
he’s going to wake up one bright morning to find his mistake. Maybe
he can take this paper away from me, but until he does it’s mine....
You are working for me, Mr. Pell.”
“Very gratifying.... In which case, if you mean what you say, and if I,
with so many years wasted upon books, as you say, may offer a
word of advice, this would be it: Find out who owns the Lakeside
Hotel.”
“What do you mean?”
He shrugged his shoulders. “Protracted study of the various sciences
may be folly, but it does train the mind to correct observation and in
the ability to arrange and classify the data observed. It teaches how
to move from cause to effect. It teaches that things which equal the
same thing are equal to each other.”
“What is the Lakeside Hotel?”
“A resort of sordid reputation some three miles from town.”
“And who owns it?”
“Jonathan Bangs, colloquially known as Peewee, is the reputed
owner.”
“And what has that to do with Abner Fownes?”
“That,” he said, “is a matter which has aroused my curiosity for some
time.”
CHAPTER V
CARMEL was not long in discovering Gibeon’s attitude toward
advertising. The local merchants regarded it much as they did taxes,
the dull season, so called (for in Gibeon’s business world there were
only two seasons, the dull and the busy) and inventory sales. All
were inevitable, in the course of nature, and things which always had
and always would happen. One advertised, not with enthusiasm and
in expectancy of results, but because men in business did advertise.
Smith Brothers’ grocery bore reluctantly the expense of a four-inch
double-column display which was as unchanging as the laws of the
Medes and Persians. It stated, year in and year out, that Smith
Brothers were the headquarters for staple and fancy groceries. The
advertisement was as much a part of their business as the counter.
The Busy Big Store was more energetic; its copy was changed every
year on the 1st of January. Seven years before, Miss Gammidge let
it be known through the columns of the Free Press that she was
willing to sell to the public millinery and fancy goods, and that
statement appeared every week thereafter without change of
punctuation mark. The idea that one attracted business by means of
advertising was one which had not penetrated Gibeon, advertising
was a business rite, just as singing the Doxology was an
indispensable item in the service of the local Presbyterian church. It
was done, as cheaply and inconspicuously as possible, and there
was an end of it.
As for subscribers, they were hereditary. Just as red hair ran in
certain families, subscribing to the paper ran in others. It is doubtful if
anybody took in the paper because he wanted it; but it was tradition
for some to have the Free Press, and therefore they subscribed. It
was useful for shelf covering. Red hair is the exception rather than
the rule; so were subscribing families.
Carmel pondered deeply over these facts. If, she said to herself, all
the merchants advertised as they should advertise, and if all the
inhabitants who should subscribe did subscribe, then the Free Press
could be made a satisfactorily profitable enterprise. How might these
desirable results be obtained? She was certain subscribers might be
gotten by making the paper so interesting that nobody could endure
to wait and borrow his neighbor’s copy; but how to induce merchants
to advertise she had not the remotest idea.
There was the bazaar, for instance, which did not advertise at all; the
bank did not advertise; the two photographers did not advertise; the
bakery did not advertise. She discussed the matter with Tubal and
Simmy, who were not of the least assistance, though very eager.
She did not discuss it with Prof. Evan Bartholomew Pell because that
member of the staff was engaged in writing a snappy, heart-gripping
article on the subject of “Myths and Fables Common to Peoples of
Aryan Derivation.” It was his idea of up-to-date journalism, and
because Carmel could think of nothing else to set him to work at, she
permitted him to continue.
“Advertising pays,” she said to Tubal. “How can I prove it to these
people?”
“Gawd knows, Lady. Jest go tell ’em. Mebby they’ll believe you.”
“They won’t b’lieve nothin’ that costs,” said Simmy, with finality.
“I’m going out to solicit advertising,” she said, “and I’m not coming
back until I get something.”
“Um!... G’-by, Lady. Hope we see you ag’in.”
In front of the office Carmel hesitated, then turned to the left. The
first place of business in that direction was identified by a small
black-and-gold sign protruding over the sidewalk, making it known
that here one might obtain the handiwork of Lancelot Bangs,
Photographer. In glass cases about the doors were numerous
specimens of Lancelot’s art, mostly of cabinet size, mounted on gilt-
edged cards. Mr. Bangs, it would appear, had few ideas as to the
posturing of his patrons. Gentlemen, photographed alone, were
invariably seated in a huge chair, the left hand gripping the arm,
inexorably, the right elbow leaning upon the other arm, and the head
turned slightly to one side as if the sitter were thinking deep thoughts
of a solemn nature. Ladies stood, one foot advanced, hands clasped
upon the stomach in order that the wedding ring might show plainly;
with chins dipped a trifle downward and eyes lifted coyly, which, in
dowagers of sixty, with embonpoints and steel-rimmed spectacles,
gave a highly desirable effect.
Carmel studied these works of art briefly and then climbed the
uncarpeted stairs. Each step bore upon its tread a printed cardboard
sign informative of some business or profession carried on in the
rooms above, such as Jenkins & Hopper, Fire Insurance; Warren P.
Bauer, D.D.S., and the like. The first door at the top, curtained within,
was labeled Photographic Studio, and this Carmel entered with
some trepidation, for it was her first business call. As the door swung
inward a bell sounded in the distance. Carmel stood waiting.
Almost instantly a youngish man appeared from behind a screen
depicting a grayish-blue forest practically lost to view in a dense fog.
At sight of Carmel he halted abruptly and altered his bearing and
expression to one of elegant hospitality. He settled his vest
cautiously, and passed his hand over his sleek hair daintily to
reassure himself of its perfect sleekness. Then he bowed.
“A-aa-ah.... Good morning!” he said, tentatively.
“Mr. Bangs?”
“The same.”
“I am Miss Lee, proprietor of the Free Press.”
“Pleased to make your acquaintance, Miss Lee, though, of course, I
knew who you were right off. I guess everybody in town does,” he
added. “We don’t have many move here that would photograph as
well as you would—bust or full length.... What kin I do for you?”
“I came to talk to you about advertising in the Free Press.”
“Advertising!” Manifestly he was taken aback. “Why, I haven’t ever
advertised. Haven’t anythin’ to advertise. I just take pictures.”
“Couldn’t you advertise that?”
“Why—everybody knows I take pictures. Be kind of funny to tell folks
what everybody knows.” He laughed at the humor of it in a very
genteel way.
“You would like to take more pictures than you do, wouldn’t you? To
attract more business.”
“Can’t be done.”
“Why?”
“Wa-al, folks don’t get their pictures taken like they buy flour. Uh-
uh!... They got to have a reason to have ’em taken—like a weddin’,
or an engagement, or gettin’ to be sixty year old, or suthin’ sim’lar.
No. Folks in Gibeon don’t just go off and get photographed on the
spur of the moment, like you might say. They hain’t got any reason
to.”
“There are lots of people here who have never been photographed,
aren’t there?”
“Snags of ’em.”
“Then why not induce them to do it at once?”
“Can’t be done, no more’n you can induce a man to have a weddin’
anniversary when he hain’t got one.”
“I believe it could. I think we could put the idea into their heads and
then offer them inducements to do it right off.”
He shook his head stubbornly and glanced down at the crease in his
trousers. Carmel’s eyes twinkled as she regarded him, for he was
quite the dressiest person she had seen in Gibeon. He was
painstakingly dressed, laboriously dressed. He was so much
dressed that you became aware of his clothes before you became
aware of him.
“Mr. Bangs,” she said, “you look to me like a man who is up to the
minute—like a man who would never let a chance slip past him.”
“Folks do give me credit for keepin’ my eyes open.”
“Then I believe I can make you a proposition you can’t refuse. I just
want to prove to you what advertising can do for your business. Now,
if you will let me write an ad for you, and print it, I can show you, and
I know it. How much are your best cabinet photographs?”
“Twelve dollars a dozen.”
“Would there be a profit at ten dollars?”
“Some—some.”
“Then let me advertise that for a week you will sell your twelve-dollar
pictures for ten. The advertisement will cost five dollars. If my
advertisement brings you enough business so your profit will be
double that amount, you are to pay for the ad. If it is less, you
needn’t pay.... But if it does bring in so many customers, you must
agree to run your ad every week for three months.... Now, I—I dare
you to take a chance.”
Now there was one thing upon which Lancelot Bangs prided himself,
and that was his willingness to take a chance. He had been known to
play cards for money, and the horse races of the vicinity might
always count upon him as a patron. Beside that, he had a natural
wish to impress favorably this very pretty girl whose manner and
clothes and bearing coincided with his ideal of a “lady.”
“I’ll jest go you once,” he said.
“Thank you,” she said, and was turning toward the door when
Lancelot arrested her.
“Er—I wonder if I could get your opinion?” he said. “You come from
where folks know what’s what.... This suit, now.” He turned
completely around so she might view it from all sides. “How does it
stand up alongside the best dressers where you come from?”
“It—it is very impressive, Mr. Bangs.”
“Kind of figgered it would be. Had it made to order. Got a reputation
to keep up, even though there’s them that tries to undermine it. Folks
calls me the best-dressed man in Gibeon, and I feel it’s my duty to
live up to it.... Well, I ain’t vain. Jest kind of public duty. Now George,
he’s set out to be the best-dressed man, and so’s Luke. That’s why I
got this suit and this shirt and tie. I aim to show ’em.”
“I should say you were doing it,” said Carmel. “And who are Luke
and George?”
“George Bogardus is the undertaker, and Luke Smiley clerks in the
bank.”
“I haven’t seen them,” said Carmel, “but I’m certain you haven’t the
least cause for worry.”
“Would you call this suit genteel?”
“That’s the word. It is exactly the word. It—it’s the most genteel suit I
ever saw.”
She was about to leave when a rapping on the back door of the
studio attracted Mr. Bangs’s attention, and attracted it so peculiarly
that Carmel could not but remark it with something more than
curiosity. If one can have suspicion of an individual one does not
know, with whose life and its ramifications she is utterly unaware,
Carmel was suspicious of Mr. Bangs. It was not an active suspicion
—it was a vague suspicion. It resembled those vague odors which
sometimes are abroad in the air, odors too faint to be identified, so
adumbrant one cannot be sure there is an odor at all.... Mr. Bangs,
who had been the picture of self-satisfaction, became furtive. For the
first time one ceased to be aware of his clothes and focused upon
his eyes....
“Er—pardon me a moment,” he said, in a changed voice, and made
overrapid progress to answer the knock. It was inevitable that
Carmel’s ears should become alert.
She heard a door opened and the entrance of a man who spoke in
an attempted whisper, but not a successful whisper. It was as if a
Holstein bull had essayed to whisper.
“Sh-sssh!” warned Mr. Bangs.
“It’s here,” said the whisper. “Back your jitney into the first tote road
this side of the hotel, and then mosey off and take a nap.
Everything’ll be fixed when you git back.”
“Sh-sssh!” Mr. Bangs warned a second time.
Carmel heard the door open and close again, and Mr. Bangs
returned.
“Express Parcel,” he said, with that guilty air which always
accompanies the unskillful lie.
The zest for selling advertising space had left Carmel; she wanted to
think, to be alone and to consider various matters. She felt a vague
apprehension, not as to herself, but of something malign, molelike,
stealthy, which dwelt in the atmosphere surrounding Gibeon.
Perfunctorily she took her leave, and, instead of pursuing her quest,
returned to her desk and sat there staring at the picture above her
head.
Gibeon! She was thinking about Gibeon. The town had ceased to be
a more or less thriving rural community, peopled by simple souls who
went about their simple, humdrum round of life pleasantly, if stodgily.
Rather the town and its people became a protective covering, a sort
of camouflage to conceal the real thing which enacted itself invisibly.
She wondered if Gibeon itself realized. It seemed not to. It laughed
and worked and went to church and quarreled about line fences and
dogs and gossiped about its neighbors as any other town did....
Perhaps, unaccustomed to the life, excited by new environment, she
had given too great freedom to her imagination.... She did not
believe so. No. Something was going on; some powerful evil
influence was at work, ruthless, malevolent. Its face was hidden and
it left no footprints. It was capable of murder!... What was this thing?
What was its purpose? What activity could include the doing away
with a sheriff and the services of a rural fop like Lancelot Bangs?...
Carmel was young. She was dainty, lovely. Always she had been
shielded and protected and petted—which, fortunately, had not
impaired the fiber of her character.... Now, for the first time, she
found herself staring into the white, night eyes of one of life’s grim
realities; knew herself to be touched by it—and the knowledge
frightened her....
Evan Bartholomew Pell stayed her unpleasant thoughts, and she
was grateful to him.
“Miss Lee—I have—ah—been engaged upon a computation of some
interest—academically. It is, of course, based upon an arbitrary
hypothesis—nevertheless it is instructive.”
“Yes,” said Carmel, wearily.
“We take for our hypothesis,” said Evan, “the existence of a number
of men willing to evade or break the law for profit. Having assumed
the existence of such an association, we arrive upon more certain
ground.... Our known facts are these. Intoxicating liquor is prohibited
in the United States. Second, intoxicants may be bought freely over
the Canadian line. Third, the national boundary is some twenty miles
distant. Fourth, whisky, gin, et cetera, command exceedingly high
prices in the United States. I am informed liquor of excellent quality
commands as much as a hundred dollars per dozen bottles, and less
desirable stock up to fifty and seventy-five dollars. Fifth, these same
liquors may be bought for a fraction of that cost across the line. Now,
we arrive at one of our conclusions. The hypothetical association of
lawless men, provided they could smuggle liquor into this country,
would realize a remarkable percentage of profit. Deducting various
costs, I estimate the average profit per dozen bottles would
approximate thirty-five dollars. I fancy this is low rather than
excessive. One thousand cases would fetch a profit of thirty-five
thousand dollars.... Let us suppose an efficient company engaged in
the traffic. They would smuggle into the country a thousand cases a
month.... In that case their earnings would total three hundred and
fifty thousand dollars.... Ahem!... Interesting, is it not?”
“Yes,” said Carmel, “but what set you thinking about it?”
Evan peered at her gravely through his spectacles, as he might peer
at some minute zoological specimen through a microscope, and was
long in replying.
“I—er—was merely wondering,” he said, “if a life of lawlessness
could not offer greater rewards than—ah—respectable journalism.”
“Are you proposing that I become a—rum runner?”
“Not exactly,” said Evan Bartholomew, “not precisely. I was, so to
speak, offering you an opportunity to exercise your reason.... If
exercise is salubrious for the body, why not for the mind?” He
cleared his throat and turned his back upon her abruptly.
“The various sciences you have studied,” she said, sharply, “did not
include good manners.”
“As I understand it,” said Evan, “our relations are not social, but
purely of a business nature. If I am in error, I beg you to correct me.”
Carmel smiled. What a strange, self-centered, egotistical little
creature he was! So this was what became of infant prodigies....
They dried up into dusty intellect, lived for intellect alone; became a
species of hermit living in social poverty in the cave of their own
skulls!
“I cannot,” she said, “fancy you in any relation which remotely
approximated social.”
“H’m!” said Professor Pell.
CHAPTER VI
IT was on the morning following the issuance of the second
publication of the Free Press under Carmel’s editorship that she
became uneasily aware of a marked scrutiny of herself by Evan
Bartholomew Pell. There was nothing covert about his study of her; it
was open and patent and unabashed. He stared at her. He watched
her every movement, and his puckered eyes, wearing their most
studious expression, followed her every movement. It was the first
sign of direct interest he had manifested in her as a human being—
as distinct from an employer—and she wondered at it even while it
discomfited her. Even a young woman confident in no mean
possession of comeliness may be discomfited by a persistent stare.
It was not an admiring stare; rather it was a researchful stare, a sort
of anatomical stare. Being a direct young person, Carmel was about
to ask him what he meant by it, when he spared her the trouble.
“Er—as I was approaching the office this morning,” he said, in an
especially dry and scholarly voice, “I chanced to overhear a young
man make the following remark, namely: ‘Mary Jenkins is a pretty
girl.’... Now it is possible I have encountered that expression on
numerous occasions, but this is the first time I have become
conscious of it, and curious concerning it.”
“Curious?”
“Precisely.... As to its significance and—er—its causes. I have been
giving consideration to it. It is not without interest.”
“Pretty girls,” said Carmel, somewhat flippantly, “are always
supposed to be of interest to men.”
“Um!... I have not found them so. That is not the point. What arrested
my thought was this: What constitutes prettiness? Why is one girl
pretty and another not pretty? You follow me?”
“I think so.”

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Chapter 8 - Quick Quiz 1

2. A(n) ________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

4. Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

5. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.

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Chapter 8 - Quick Quiz 1

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Chapter 8 - Quick Quiz 2

1. ________ refers to heredity and ________ refers to environmental influences.

3. Infant reflexes are ________

7. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age ________.

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Chapter 8 - Quick Quiz 2

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8 Development Across the Life Span

Studying Human Development

TB_08_01_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA 1.1

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00

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TB_08_03_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA 2.4

TB_08_04_Studying Human Development_Analyze_LO 8.1_APA 2.4

TB_08_05_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.1_APA 1.3, 2.4

TB_08_06_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.1_APA 1.3, 2.4

TB_08_07_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA 2.4

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TOPIC: Studying Human Development

TB_08_08_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.1_APA 1.3, 2.4

TB_08_09_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA 2.4

TB_08_10_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.1_APA 1.3, 2.4

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TOPIC: Studying Human Development

TB_08_11_Studying Human Development_Analyze_LO 8.1_APA 2.4

TB_08_12_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.1_APA2.4

Nature and Nurture

TB_08_13_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.2_APA 1.1

TB_08_14_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.2_APA 1.1, 1.3

TB_08_15_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.2_APA 1.1, 1.3

TB_08_16_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.2_APA 1.1, 1.3

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TB_08_17_Studying Human Development_Analyze_LO 8.2_APA 1.2

TB_08_18_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.2_APA 1.1

The Basic Building Blocks of Development

TB_08_19_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

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TB_08_27_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

TB_08_28_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

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TB_08_29_Studying Human Development_Understand_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

TB_08_30_Studying Human Development_Remember_LO 8.3_APA 1.1

TB_08_31_Studying Human Development_Apply_LO 8.3_APA 1.1, 1.3

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TOPIC: Studying Human Development

1. refers to heredity and refers to environmental influences.