Psychology 4Th Edition Wade Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Psychology 4th Edition Wade Test Bank
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Psychology, Cdn 4e (Wade)
Chapter 7 Learning and Conditioning
Quick Quiz (1)

1) Which of the following is NOT a guideline for behaviour modification?
A) Accentuate the positive.
B) Reinforce small improvements.
C) Use intermittent reinforcement.
D) Set realistic goals.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In most cases of behaviour modification, continuous reinforcement is used in the
early stages of learning, followed by intermittent reinforcement later on.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
2) Albert Bandura is well known for his study of:

A) observational learning.
B) latent learning.
C) conditioned taste aversion.
D) punishment.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Albert Bandura studied observational learning. His best known study was one in
which he showed young children a film of an adult hitting a large toy clown. When allowed to play with
the clown, the children imitated the adult behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) Which of the following is NOT true?

A) Skinner invented an Air-Crib for his daughter.
B) Skinner won the Humanitarian of the Year Award in 1972.
C) Skinner insisted that free will is an illusion.
D) Skinner denied the existence of human consciousness.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Skinner did not deny the existence of human consciousness; he just didn't think it
could be used to explain behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
4) Keller and Marian Breland were unable to teach a pig to drop a "coin" in a box because of:
A) shaping.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) instinctive drift.
D) successive approximations.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Instinctive drift is the tendency for an animal to behave in instinctive ways rather
than in unnatural ways. It is a biological limitation on operant conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
5) Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

A) food
B) money
C) attention
D) gold stars
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A primary reinforcer is one that satisfies a biological need.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
6) What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

A) Nothing. They are two different terms for the same thing.
B) Punishment involves presentation of an aversive consequence, but negative reinforcement
involves removal of a positive consequence.
C) Negative reinforcement is part of operant conditioning, but punishment is used in classical
conditioning.
D) Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour, but punishment weakens it.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Reinforcement, whether it is positive or negative, always strengthens behaviour,
while punishment always is an attempt to eliminate behaviour, whether it is positive or negative.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
2
7) One of the first psychologists to recognize the real-life implications of classical conditioning was
________, who founded North American behaviourism.
A) B. F. Skinner
B) John B. Watson
C) William James
D) Edward Tolman
Answer: B
Explanation: B) John Watson recognized that classical conditioning occurs commonly in the
everyday world. It is a common mechanism for the learning of emotional responses, for example.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
8) When the conditioned response reappears after extinction followed by a rest period, ________ has
occurred.
A) learning
B) extinction
C) spontaneous recovery
D) stimulus generalization
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The conditioned response will often reappear after an extinction session followed
by a rest period. This is called spontaneous recovery.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9) ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned
stimulus.
A) Learning
B) Extinction
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Stimulus generalization
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is the procedure for extinction, that is, the elimination of a conditioned
response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10) In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning in dogs, the food dish was the:
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The food dish was initially a neutral stimulus that triggered salivation after it
had been paired with food. It was, therefore, a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
3
Quick Quiz (2)
1) In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning in dogs, the meat powder was the:
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The meat powder triggered salivation even before learning. It was, therefore, an
unconditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
2) ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with the unconditioned
stimulus.
A) Learning
B) Extinction
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Stimulus generalization
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Learning occurs when a neutral stimulus (which will become the conditioned
stimulus) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) When a dog has been classically conditioned to salivate in response to the sound of middle C on a
piano, and then salivates when someone plays the D by mistake, ________ has occurred.
A) learning
B) extinction
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds not only to the
conditioned stimulus, but also to other similar stimuli.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4) In the "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A) a white rat
B) a loud noise
C) a Santa Claus mask
D) a neutral stimulus
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In the "Little Albert" study, a sudden loud noise was paired with the presentation
of the white rat. The sudden loud noise caused a fear response. It was the unconditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4
5) Which of the following would be most effective in eliminating a phobia in an adult?
A) behaviour modification
B) extinction
C) systematic desensitization
D) punishment
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Systematic desensitization is a procedure similar to counterconditioning that is
used to treat phobias in adults.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
6) Which of the following is a difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A) In classical conditioning the response is reflexive, but in operant conditioning it is more complex.
B) In classical conditioning spontaneous recovery can occur, but in operant conditioning it doesn't.
C) In classical conditioning the consequence of a response is important, but in operant conditioning
it isn't.
D) In classical conditioning both stimulus generalization and discrimination occur, but in operant
conditioning only stimulus discrimination occurs.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Responses in classical conditioning are reflexive behaviours, such as salivation.
In operant conditioning responses are more complex and have an effect on (or operate on) the
environment.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
7) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A) food
B) water
C) sex
D) money
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Secondary reinforcers acquire their reinforcing value through learning.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
8) What procedure would be used to teach pigeons to play Ping-Pong?

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) shaping
D) systematic desensitization
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Shaping is a process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired
behaviour. It is used to teach an organism a response that it would not normally engage in.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
5
9) Edward Tolman demonstrated ________ in his study of rats who initially received no
reinforcement in a maze.
A) shaping
B) latent learning
C) aversive conditioning
D) instinctive drift
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In latent learning there is no obvious reinforcement and the desired behaviour,
running quickly through a maze in this case, is not demonstrated until later.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10) Social-learning theory, developed initially by Dollard and Miller, proposes that most human
learning is a result of:
A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) latent learning.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Social-learning theory proposes that, while humans are subject to the principles
of classical and operant conditioning, most human learning results from observational learning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6
Test Questions
1) Any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs because of experience is called:
A) learning.
B) instinctive drift.
C) free will.
D) determinism.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is the textbook definition of learning.
Type: MC
Section: Chapter 7 Introduction
Skill: Factual
2) Which school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?
A) social-cognitive
B) behaviourism
C) social-learning
D) cognitive
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Behaviourism had a tremendous influence on the study of learning, and on much
of psychology, in the twentieth century.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) According to the behaviourists:

A) the predominant area of research should be free will and the mind.
B) observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.
C) researchers should focus on the interaction between nature and nurture.
D) psychological research needs to emphasize the unconscious underpinnings of behaviour.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Behaviourists felt that for psychology to be an objective science it should study
only observable actions of organisms.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
7
4) A behaviourist would agree that:
A) observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.
B) omitting mental processes from learning is like omitting passion from descriptions of sex.
C) latent learning occurs without any direct reinforcement.
D) operant conditioning uses consequences that the organism thinks are annoying or satisfying.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Behaviourists felt that for psychology to be an objective science it should study
only observable actions of organisms.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
5) Behaviourists focus on a basic kind of learning called:

A) conditioning.
B) absolute threshold.
C) metacognition.
D) instinctive drift.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Behaviourists focus on learning by association, including both classical
conditioning and operant conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
6) Learning refers to:

A) the knowledge learned in the classroom.
B) how behaviour is learned and maintained through observation and imitation.
C) a relatively permanent change in behaviour or behaviour potential due to experience.
D) the study of observable behaviour and the role of environment as a determinant of behaviour.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) A behaviourist is MOST likely to make which of the following statements:

A) "Your behaviour is whatever it is you do."
B) "Your behaviour is whatever it is you feel."
C) "Your behaviour is whatever it is you think."
D) "Your behaviour stems from the will of your mind."
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Behaviourism accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events,
without reference to mental entities.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
8
8) According to behaviourists, conditioning can explain:
A) a relatively small number of human behaviours.
B) the human capacity for free will.
C) how humans learn by the imitation of others.
D) much of human behaviour.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) According to behaviourists, conditioning, which involves associations between
environmental stimuli and responses, can explain much of human behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
9) A social-cognitive learning theorist would be more likely to argue that learning involves:
A) a change in behaviour due to fatigue, injury, or illness, in addition to experience.
B) a change in a person's knowledge, which may, in turn, affect behaviour.
C) the types of associations made in operant, but not classical, conditioning.
D) the connections made between stimuli and responses.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) To social-cognitive learning theorists, learning is not so much a change in
observable behaviour as a change in knowledge that may affect behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10) What does S-R stand for?

A) salivation-response
B) stimulus-response
C) social responsiveness
D) society-responsibility
Answer: B
Explanation: B) S-R stands for stimulus-response, the object of study by behaviourists.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9
11) Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
A) Pavlov was elated when his student noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
B) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize–winning research on digestion after documenting
conditioning.
C) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dogs' feelings toward the food.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Pavlov was a Russian physiologist; he was studying digestive processes when he
got interested in how salivary responses were conditioned.
Type: MC
Section: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Conceptual
12) Before studying conditioning, Ivan Pavlov studied:

A) canine anatomy.
B) the endocrine system.
C) digestive processes.
D) cardiac physiology.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Pavlov was a Russian physiologist; he was studying digestive processes when he
got interested in how salivary responses were conditioned.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
13) At first, Pavlov treated the dogs' drooling as:

A) a breakthrough in understanding digestion.
B) a sign of illness in his research animals.
C) an important phenomenon in understanding learning.
D) an annoying secretion.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) When Pavlov noticed that the dogs in his studies were beginning to salivate
before they received food, he treated the salivation as an annoying action.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10
14) When Pavlov first noticed that his dogs were salivating to things other than food, he called the
phenomenon a:
A) conditional reflex.
B) conditioned reflex.
D) conditional response.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) As he began to outline the processes involved in the conditioning of salivation,
he referred to the salivation (without food) as a conditional reflex.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
15) Pavlov called the phenomenon that he had stumbled upon a "________," but an error in the
translation of his writings was made.
A) discriminative stimulus
B) primary reinforcer
C) continuous reinforcer
D) conditional reflex
Answer: D
Explanation: D) As he began to outline the processes involved in the conditioning of salivation,
he referred to the salivation (without food) as a conditional reflex.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
16) The basic concept underlying classical conditioning is that:

A) nature provides the US–UR relationship, but the learning produced by conditioning creates the
CS–CR relationship.
B) nature provides the CS–CR relationship, but the learning produced by conditioning creates the
US–UR relationship.
C) the US acquires some of the power to influence behaviour that was originally limited to the CS.
D) the UR acquires some of the power to influence behaviour that was originally limited to the US.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
11
17) In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
A) salivation
B) the sight and smell of food
C) food
D) thoughts of anticipation
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The unconditioned, or unlearned, stimulus was the food, which automatically
caused salivation, an innate reflex.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
18) In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, what was the unconditioned response?
A) thoughts of anticipation
B) food
C) the sight and smell of food
D) salivation
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The unconditioned, or unlearned, response was salivation in reaction to food
placed in the mouth, an innate reflex.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
19) The neutral stimulus becomes a/an ________ in classical conditioning.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
20) When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called a/an:
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Salivation in response to an initially neutral stimulus is a conditioned response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
12
21) When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The
food acted as a/an:
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) successive approximation.
C) extrinsic reinforcer.
D) secondary reinforcer.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The food was an unconditioned stimulus causing salivation.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
22) When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to
salivate. The salivation was a/an:
A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) When salivation occurred in response to food, it was called an unconditioned
response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
23) When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. His
student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times, the dogs would begin to
salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps. The footsteps acted as a/an:
A) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The footsteps were initially neutral, but then began to trigger salivation. They
had become a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
13
24) Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects and they began to salivate. His
student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times, the dogs would begin to
salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a/an:
D) unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The footsteps were initially neutral, but then began to trigger salivation. They
had become a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
25) Harmony notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as Harmony opens a can of cat
food with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A) cat scurrying into the kitchen
B) can of cat food
C) dish that Harmony puts the food in
D) sound of the electric can opener
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The sound of the can opener is initially neutral, but then begins to trigger an
approach response. It has become a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
26) Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as Miranda opens a can of cat food
with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A) cat scurrying into the kitchen
B) cat food
C) dish that Miranda puts the food in
D) sound of the electric can opener
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In this example, cat food is the stimulus that normally triggers approach. It is the
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
14
27) When Alan feeds his fish, he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the
aquarium light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A) presence of Alan near the aquarium
B) fish food
C) fish swimming to the top
D) aquarium light
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In this example, fish food is the stimulus that normally triggers swimming to the
surface. It is the unconditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
28) When Danny feeds his fish, he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the
aquarium light. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A) fish swimming to the top
B) fish food
C) aquarium light
D) presence of Danny near the aquarium
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In this example, the light is an initially neutral stimulus that begins to cause the
fish to swim to the surface. It has become a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
29) According to Pavlov, learning occurs when:

A) something negative is removed after a particular response.
B) a response is followed by reinforcement.
C) reinforcers are given for successive approximations of the desired response.
D) a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A new S–R association occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with
an unconditioned stimulus that already elicits the response of interest.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
15
30) Pavlov said that learning occurs when:
A) animals or humans think that a particular stimulus acts as a signal for a response.
B) animals or humans form an internal representation about a classically-conditioned behaviour.
C) a response is produced reflexively by the presence of an eliciting stimulus.
D) a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A new S–R association occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with
an unconditioned stimulus that already elicits the response of interest.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
31) Which of the following would NOT result in classical conditioning?

A) Food is presented just after a pinprick to the skin.
B) An electric shock is followed by food in less than one second.
C) A triangle drawn on a large card is associated with food.
D) A lever happens to be pressed down and food is delivered.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Classical conditioning occurs only when two stimuli regularly occur together.
Pressing down a lever is an action or response, not a stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
32) The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of
learning is:
B) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a definition of an unconditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
33) The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of
learning is:
A) shaping.
B) unconditioned response.
C) the Garcia effect.
D) successive approximations.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is the definition of an unconditioned response.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
16
34) ________ is the classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a
conditioned response.
A) Unconditioned stimulus
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Unconditioned response
D) Conditioned response
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is the definition of a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
35) The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus is:
A) conditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is the definition of a conditioned response.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
36) Which of the following is NOT one of the names for the procedure by which a neutral stimulus
becomes a conditioned stimulus?
A) respondent conditioning
B) Pavlovian conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) instrumental conditioning
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Pavlovian and respondent conditioning are all different ways of referring to
classical conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
37) In classical conditioning, the US–UR connection is ________ and the CS–CR connection is
________.
A) automatic; instinctual
B) automatic; learned
C) learned; automatic
D) reflexive; automatic
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A US elicits a UR automatically or reflexively. A CS elicits a learned or CR.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
17
38) The process of ________ increases the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made, while
________ decreases or narrows the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made.
A) stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination
B) extinction; spontaneous recovery
C) spontaneous recovery; extinction
D) stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Stimulus generalization occurs when similar stimuli produce a similar reaction,
whereas stimulus discrimination is the mirror image and occurs when similar stimuli fail to evoke a
reaction.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
39) Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is
followed by a tremendous thunderclap. Startled, Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several
times. As the storm moves farther away, Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightening bolt but hears the
thunder after her jump! In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the ________ and the conditioned
stimulus is the ________.
A) jumping; lightning
B) thunder; jumping
C) thunder; lightning
D) lightning; thunder
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The unconditioned stimulus that already causes a fear response is the loud noise
of the thunder. The lightning is an initially neutral stimulus associated with thunder that begins to trigger
a fear response as well. Lightning is a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
40) Every week, Jade spends her allowance on 500 grams of sour lemon gummy candies even though
they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a
little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and
overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:
A) allowance money
B) little white bag
C) puckering and saliva
D) sour lemon gummy candy
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The unconditioned stimulus that already causes salivation is the sour candy. The
white bag is an initially neutral stimulus associated with sour candy that begins to trigger salivation as
well. The white bag is a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
18
41) Every week, Pearl spends her allowance on 500 grams of sour lemon gummy candies even
though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Pearl notices a
girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Pearl notices that her mouth is puckering
and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the:
A) sour lemon gummy candy
B) puckering and saliva
C) allowance money
D) little white bag
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The unconditioned stimulus that already causes salivation is the sour candy. The
white bag is an initially neutral stimulus associated with sour candy that begins to trigger salivation as
well. The white bag is a conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
42) Study of the principles of classical conditioning reveals that:

A) the mere pairing of an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus is enough to produce
learning.
B) classical conditioning occurs in mammals, but not in lower species.
C) classically conditioned responses last for about two years.
D) completely eliminating a conditioned response usually requires more than one session.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Extinction, the process of eliminating a response to some stimulus, takes several
sessions to completely occur.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
43) The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response is called:

A) instinctive drift.
B) discrimination.
C) extinction.
D) counterconditioning.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of extinction, the weakening or elimination of a conditioned
response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
19
44) If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, then
________ will occur.
A) spontaneous recovery
B) acquisition
C) extinction
D) generalization
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a description of the process used to extinguish a response in classical
conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
45) In classical conditioning, when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the
unconditioned stimulus, ________ occurs.
A) extinction
B) discrimination
C) instinctive drift
D) counterconditioning
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is a description of the process used to extinguish a response in classical
conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
46) When Arthur fed his fish, he used to switch on the light just before he gave them their food. He
noticed that they would swim to the top as soon the aquarium light came on. He decided to see what
would happen if he switched on the light but did not feed the fish. For one week he doesn't feed the fish
after turning on the light. Arthur is trying to see if ________ will occur.
A) counterconditioning
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) instinctive drift
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Arthur is trying to extinguish the response of the fish swimming to the surface
when he turns on the light.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
20
47) You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five
minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops
salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What
term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
A) stimulus discrimination
B) spontaneous recovery
C) instinctive drift
D) counterconditioning
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is an example of spontaneous recovery, the reoccurrence of an extinguished
conditioned response after a rest period.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
48) The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called:
A) counterconditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) instinctive drift.
D) stimulus discrimination.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is a definition of spontaneous recovery.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
49) Mary found herself uncontrollably salivating at the sight of the Dairy Queen sign. Her behaviour
is an example of:
A) behaviourism.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) learning.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Classical conditioning explains many automatic involuntary responses, such as
salivation.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
21
50) A girl classically conditions her dog to blink by blowing into her dog's eyes just after saying
"blink!" Unfortunately, her parrot overhears the procedure, and says "blink" all day long when the girl is
out. When she returns, the girl says "blink" to her dog, but he does not blink. It appears as though:
A) the dog's behaviour has generalized.
B) the dog is now under the parrot's control.
C) spontaneous recovery has occurred.
D) extinction has taken place.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Extinction refers to the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned
response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
51) Higher-order conditioning involves using an already established ________ to establish a new
conditioned stimulus.
A) conditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Using a conditioned stimulus as the "unconditioned" stimulus to establish a new
conditioned stimulus is referred to as higher-order conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
52) ________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
A) Stimulus discrimination
B) Spontaneous recovery
C) Higher-order conditioning
D) Intermittent reinforcement
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a definition of higher-order conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
22
53) Higher-order conditioning may contribute to the formation of:
A) social values.
B) prejudice.
C) generalizations.
D) conditioned stimuli.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A real-world example of higher-order conditioning is the formation of prejudice
through an association between a negative word and an ethnic or national label.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
54) When words are paired with objects or other words that already elicit some emotional response,
they may come to elicit that response. This would be an example of:
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) an intrinsic reinforcer.
C) counterconditioning.
D) higher-order conditioning.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is a procedure using higher-order conditioning to establish an emotional
response to a word.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
55) Isabella learns a positive response to the word birthday because of its association with gifts and
attention. This would be an example of:
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) an intrinsic reinforcer.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is a procedure using higher-order conditioning to establish an emotional
response to a word.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
23
56) Iris learns a positive response to the word Thanksgiving because of its association with lots of
good food and visits from favourite relatives. This would be an example of:
A) continuous reinforcement.
B) extinction.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a procedure using higher-order conditioning to establish an emotional
response to a word.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
57) When an organism also responds to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus,
________ is said to have occurred.
A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Often organisms respond not only to the conditioned stimulus, but also to other,
similar stimuli in a process called generalization.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
58) The proverb "He who hath been bitten by a snake fears a rope" illustrates:
A) an intrinsic reinforcer.
C) stimulus generalization.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of generalization. A person afraid of a snake responds to a
rope, similar in appearance to a snake, in the same way he or she responds to the snake.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
24
59) Using Pavlov's procedure for classical conditioning you are able to condition your dog to salivate
to middle C played on the piano. When you play the note above middle C, your pet still salivates, even
though she never received food paired with this note! This phenomenon is known as:
A) spontaneous recovery.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) stimulus generalization.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is an example of generalization, wherein the dog responds not only to the
original conditioned stimulus, but also to other similar stimuli.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
60) You classically condition your dog Milo to salivate when middle C is played on the piano. When
you play D instead of C Milo doesn't receive food and eventually Milo is salivating for C but not for D!
This phenomenon is known as:
A) instinctive drift.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) higher-order conditioning.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Milo has now learned to distinguish the difference between C and D. In other
words, he has learned to discriminate.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
61) For classical conditioning to be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should:
A) follow the unconditioned stimulus.
B) precede the unconditioned stimulus.
C) be of greater intensity than the unconditioned stimulus.
D) occur simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Classical conditioning is most likely to occur quickly and efficiently when the
unconditioned stimulus precedes the conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
25
62) For classical conditioning to be most effective, the neutral stimulus should ________ the
A) occur within 10 seconds before or after
B) occur simultaneously with
C) follow
D) precede
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Classical conditioning is most likely to occur quickly and efficiently when the
unconditioned stimulus precedes the conditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
63) Contemporary psychologists have suggested that what an animal or person actually learns in
classical conditioning is:
A) information conveyed by one stimulus about another.
B) an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
C) a temporal association between one stimulus and another.
D) successive approximations of the desired conditioned response.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Essentially, contemporary psychologists are saying that the conditioned stimulus
serves as a signal or cue to tell us that the unconditioned stimulus is about to occur. Thus one stimulus is
telling us something about another stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
64) What actually is learned in classical conditioning is:

A) an association between a stimulus and a response.
B) an association between two responses.
C) an association between two stimuli.
D) information conveyed by one stimulus about another.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Essentially, contemporary psychologists are saying that the conditioned stimulus
serves as a signal or cue to tell us that the unconditioned stimulus is about to occur. Thus not only is an
association between two stimuli being established, but also one stimulus is telling us something about
another stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
26
65) Robert Rescorla said that a conditioned stimulus must reliably ________ an unconditioned
stimulus.
A) precede
B) cause
C) follow
D) predict
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Rescorla viewed the conditioned stimulus as a predictor of the unconditioned
stimulus.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
66) For classical conditioning to be effective in forming an association, the CS should be presented:
A) a long time before the US.
B) just prior to the US.
C) after the US, but before the UR.
D) at the same time as the US.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
67) The acquisition of a conditioned fear response appears to involve a receptor for the
neurotransmitter:
A) serotonin.
B) glutamate.
C) dopamine.
D) norepinephrine.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
68) In a research study conducted at a college, students looked at slides of either beige pens or blue
pens while either popular or unfamiliar music played in the background. In classical conditioning terms,
the music was a/an:
B) primary reinforcer.
D) secondary reinforcer.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In this example, the music is an unconditioned stimulus.
Type: MC
Section: Classical Conditioning in Real Life
Skill: Conceptual
27
69) Mr. Tenedor works on the assembly line building cars. His mouth begins to water whenever the
noontime bell signals the beginning of lunch. One day the bell goes haywire and rings every 30 minutes
throughout the day. By the end of the day, Mr. Tenedor realizes that he has stopped salivating to the bell,
which means that ________ has occurred.
A) extinction
B) counterconditioning
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Extinction is the elimination of a classically conditioned response.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
70) After a child learns to fear spiders, he also responds with fear to ants and beetles. This is an
example of:
B) stimulus generalization.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The child is responding with fear to things similar to spiders. This is called
stimulus generalization.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
71) According to John B. Watson, the founder of North American behaviourism, you learn to love
another:
A) by pairing stroking and cuddling with the person doing the stroking and cuddling.
B) when you feel close to the other person and needed by him or her.
C) through the instant chemistry and attraction that flows back and forth.
D) by associating the person with concepts of trust, loyalty, and companionship.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In this example, being stroked and cuddled is an unconditioned stimulus causing
a positive response. The person who does the stroking and cuddling is initially neutral, but comes to be
associated with positive feelings as well.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
28
72) John B. Watson believed that classical conditioning could affect:
A) our emotional responses.
B) our environment.
C) only physiological responses, such as salivation.
D) animal, but not human, behaviour.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) John Watson was interested in the way in which emotional responses could be
classically conditioned.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
73) College students looked at slides of either beige pens or blue pens while either appealing or
unappealing music played in the background. Based on this procedure, it is evident that the researchers
are studying:
A) secondary reinforcers.
B) successive approximations.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a classical conditioning study involving the association between two
stimuli.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
74) Researchers asked college students to look at slides of either beige pens or blue pens while either
popular or unfamiliar music played in the background. Later, when allowed to choose a pen:
A) almost all the students chose the colour of pen that was opposite to the colour seen in their slides.
B) almost three-fourths of the students chose the blue pen, assuming that the colour of pen matched
the colour of the ink.
C) about one-quarter of those who heard the unfamiliar music chose a pen that differed in colour
from the one seen in their slides.
D) almost three-fourths of those who heard the popular music chose the colour of pen seen in their
slides.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Associating popular music with pens of a particular colour caused that colour of
pen to be popular as well.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
29
75) A car manufacturer places an ad for its newest model in Playboy magazine, hoping that it will
increase sales. In this case, the car is a/an ________ and the female models throughout the magazine
would presumably serve as ________.
A) unconditioned response; conditioned responses
B) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimuli
C) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus; conditioned responses
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Many advertising techniques are based on the principles of classical
conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
76) According to the textbook:

A) classical conditioning can be demonstrated in laboratory conditions but is rarely demonstrated in
real life.
B) it is easier to condition a fear of flowers in a person than it is to condition a fear of heights.
C) while a person can learn to fear just about anything, it is easier to learn to fear some things than
others.
D) positive emotions are the only emotions that can be classically conditioned.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Some stimuli seem to naturally be more likely to induce fear.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
77) It would be easiest to classically condition Yosef to acquire a fear of:

A) flowers.
B) cars.
C) snakes.
D) butterflies.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) It is normally very easy to condition a person to fear snakes.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
30
78) Which of the following is NOT a situation that can be explained by classical conditioning?
A) development of food preferences
B) development of phobias
C) innate food preferences
D) advertising
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Innate food preferences are, by definition, innate and not learned. In other
words, they are present at birth.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
79) "Little Albert" was a:

A) monkey.
B) white rat.
C) dog.
D) young child.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Little Albert was a young boy who was the subject in a well-known classical
conditioning experiment carried out by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
80) John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner showed Little Albert a live white rat. Albert:
A) liked the rat and seemed delighted.
B) didn't react to the rat, one way or another.
C) tried to crawl away and escape.
D) began to whimper and tremble.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Little Albert initially liked the rat and was interested in it.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
81) Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a
hammer. This noise served as the ________ in their study.
A) counterconditioning stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) discriminative stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The loud noise was an unconditioned stimulus is this experiment.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
31
82) John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then
made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the
________ in their study.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) counterconditioning stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) discriminative stimulus
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The white rat was a conditioned stimulus that came to elicit a fear response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
83) Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a
hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting.
Albert's reaction of fear when he heard the noise served as the ________ in their study.
A) unconditioned response
B) latent response
C) counterconditioned response
D) conditioned response
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Albert's fear of the loud noise was an unconditioned response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
84) John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel
bar with a hammer and then watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he
had been sitting. Then they offered a live white rat and struck the bar. Albert began to whimper, tremble,
and fall over and cry. When the rat was later offered alone, Albert reacted with fear. The fear of the rat
served as the ________ in their study.
A) counterconditioned response
B) unconditioned response
C) latent response
D) conditioned response
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Fear of the rat was the conditioned, or learned, response.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
32
85) After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear to a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he
would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not
________ had occurred.
A) behaviour modification
B) stimulus generalization
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction
Answer: B
Explanation: B) When Albert responded to the white rabbit, cotton wool, and Santa Claus mask
with fear, it was because of generalization.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
86) When a three-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits, his fear was eliminated
through:
A) stimulus generalization.
B) counterconditioning.
D) stimulus discrimination.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In this case, a conditioned response of fear was eliminated by conditioning a new
response that was incompatible with fear. This is called counterconditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
87) Peter was a three-year-old who was deathly afraid of rabbits. In classical conditioning terms,
rabbits had become a/an:
B) negative reinforcer.
D) primary punisher.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Rabbits were a conditioned stimulus to fear.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
33
88) Aiden is afraid of the bath, and so his father puts two inches of water in the tub and gives Aiden
a popsicle to eat while he washes Aiden's back. This is an example of:
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of counterconditioning. Aiden cannot scream while eating a
popsicle.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
89) A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits
has been used to treat adult phobias. This variation is called:
A) systematic desensitization.
B) secondary punishers.
C) latent learning.
D) intermittent reinforcement.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Systematic desensitization is a behavioural technique similar to
counterconditioning that is used in the treatment of phobias.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
90) When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an
unpleasant taste, they found that:
A) slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots, which they normally like, but attempts at higher-order
conditioning failed.
B) after the smell of carrots was paired with the bitter-tasting drug, the slugs began to avoid the
place where the association had been formed and would not eat any food in that context.
C) despite numerous procedures and many attempts, it was not possible to classically condition any
responses in slugs.
D) slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots and then, through higher-order conditioning pairing
carrot smells and potato smells, slugs began to avoid the smell of potatoes.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Slugs could not only be classically conditioned; higher-order conditioning was
also possible.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
34
91) Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu.
Classical conditioning occurred, and ________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.
A) the type of china used by the restaurant
B) the soft light from candles
C) Béarnaise sauce
D) the presence of Martin's wife
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
92) Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu.
Classical conditioning occurred and Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimuli for nausea. The waiter,
however, did not become a conditioned stimulus. According to the Garcia effect:
A) humans are primed to associate sickness with taste more readily than with sights.
B) once Martin observes another diner enjoying Béarnaise sauce then he will enjoy it too.
C) extinction occurs rapidly for food dislikes and soon Martin will enjoy Béarnaise sauce again.
D) the kindness of the waiter was sufficient to override classical conditioning.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) There seems to be an innate tendency for humans and other animals to associate
sickness with the food they have most recently eaten.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
93) The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

A) a type of food can become a conditioned stimulus for nausea but only when sickness immediately
follows the consumption of the food.
B) getting sick after eating a particular food can produce a conditioned response not only to the food
but also to the people you're with at the time as well.
C) animals are biologically primed to associate sickness more readily with sights and sounds than
with tastes.
D) conditioned taste aversions can occur after only one pairing of a particular food with illness.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The "Garcia effect" refers to the biological tendency to associate sickness with
taste more readily than with sights or sounds.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
35
94) Patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes
place. When this occurs, the unconditioned stimulus is:
A) the place where therapy takes place.
B) the sound of the nurse's voice.
C) chemotherapy.
D) nausea.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The unconditioned stimulus is the stimulus that originally triggers nausea, the
chemotherapy.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
95) When undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer, patients may generalize the nausea caused by
chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the unconditioned response
is:
A) the sound of a nurse's voice.
B) nausea.
C) the place where therapy takes place.
D) chemotherapy.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The unconditioned response is the response to the unconditioned stimulus, the
nausea.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
96) Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the
place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned stimulus is:
B) nausea.
C) avoidance by cancelling the appointment.
D) chemotherapy.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The conditioned stimulus is the initially neutral stimulus, the location of the
chemotherapy.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
36
97) When their cancer is treated through chemotherapy, individuals may generalize the nausea
caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned
response is:
B) chemotherapy.
C) nausea.
D) the sound of a nurse's voice.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The conditioned response is the response that comes to be triggered by the
conditioned stimulus, the nausea in response to the therapy location.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
98) Which of the following would NOT be a conditioned stimulus that would reduce a cancer
patient's pain through the placebo effect?
A) the bottle containing the pills
B) the active ingredients in the pills
C) the sight and feel of the injections
D) the white coat of the doctor
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The active ingredients in the pills are the unconditioned stimulus that already
causes pain relief.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
99) The "dessert tray" phenomenon" refers to:

A) feelings of satiation upon presentation of the dessert cart.
B) the oversizing of restaurant portions.
C) feelings of hunger upon presentation of the dessert cart.
D) classical conditioning of unpleasant food groups.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Feeling full is not an all-or-none phenomenon. We can have our fill of one food
but be tempted by a second food because the stimuli associated with the second food group continue to
fire up our motivational brain centres.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
37
100) In the late 1800s, G. Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger. One case involved a three-year-old
girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum. Evidently, the child:
A) had been reinforced for having tantrums in the past.
B) had been classically conditioned to associate crying with anger.
C) experienced higher-order conditioning of her anger responses.
D) had been punished for having tantrums in the past.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In the past, her tantrums had been reinforced; she had gotten what she wanted.
Type: MC
Section: Operant Conditioning
Skill: Conceptual
101) All of the following statements about classical and operant conditioning are true EXCEPT:
A) in classical conditioning an animal learns to control events in the environment.
B) in classical conditioning it does not matter whether an animal's behaviour has consequences.
C) responses in operant conditioning are complex and produce effects on the environment.
D) responses in classical conditioning are reflexive, automatic reactions.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In classical conditioning, an animal is responding to stimuli in the environment,
not controlling environmental events.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
102) A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

A) behaviours are controlled by their consequences.
B) for operant conditioning to occur, a conditioned stimulus must precede an unconditioned
stimulus.
C) behaviour must have an effect on the environment to be learned.
D) behaviours are controlled by internal causes.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Operant conditioning is based on the fact that behaviours are controlled by their
consequences. That is, if something we do results in positive consequences, we are more likely to do it
again.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
38
103) In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be ________, but in operant conditioning
they are ________.
A) reflexive; complex and not reflexive
B) complex and not reflexive; reflexive
C) secondary reinforcers; primary reinforcers
D) emitted; automatic
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In classical conditioning, the responses are likely to be reflexive, but in operant
conditioning the responses are more complex and have an effect on the environment.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
104) Gerry wants to train his new puppy not to chew on the furniture. He will be most successful in
reducing the puppy's chewing behaviour if he uses:
A) operant conditioning.
B) behaviourism.
C) second-order conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Operant conditioning refers to the process by which a response becomes more
likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
105) In operant conditioning, the word "operant" denotes the idea that behaviour:
A) is reflexive or respondent.
B) is a function of a learned association between two events.
C) is elicited by an environmental stimulus.
D) produces effects on the environment, resulting in consequences.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) An organism's response "operates," or produces effects, on the environment.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
39
106) Which of the following statements would be rejected by a strict behaviourist?
A) Primary reinforcers and punishers can be very powerful, but they also have drawbacks.
B) The sooner a reinforcer follows a response, the greater its effect on the response.
C) In studying the consequences of behaviour, the words reinforcer and reward are synonyms.
D) No matter how pleasurable a stimulus is, unless it increases responses, it is not a reinforcer.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) While the terms reinforcer and reward may seem to be synonymous to students,
a strict behaviourist would not use the term reward because it implies a mental state.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
107) Operant conditioning is most closely associated with:

A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) John Watson.
D) John Garcia.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) B. F. Skinner spent his entire career elucidating the principles of operant
conditioning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
108) The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it
follows is called:
A) reinforcement.
B) latent learning.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is a definition of reinforcement.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
40
109) The process by which a stimulus weakens the probability of the response that it follows is called:
A) higher-order conditioning.
B) determinism.
C) punishment.
D) reinforcement.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a definition of punishment.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
110) The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that:

A) reinforcers are primary and punishers are secondary.
B) reinforcers are positive and punishers are negative.
C) reinforcers strengthen behaviour and punishers weaken behaviour.
D) punishers are primary and reinforcers are secondary.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behaviour will reoccur, while
punishment decreases it.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
111) For Skinner, reinforcers are defined:

A) in terms of their actual effects on changing the probability of a response.
B) differently, depending on the definition given the individual researcher.
C) on the basis of physiological changes within the organism.
D) on the basis of whether the experimenter thinks they will have an effect on changing response
probability.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
112) Kelsey's dad uses a primary reinforcer to strengthen the response she just made. The reinforcing
stimulus would be:
A) playing a game of Candy Land with her.
B) applauding her appropriate behaviour.
C) offering praise for a job well done.
D) lightly stroking the hair on the top of her head.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Lightly stroking her hair is a primary, or unlearned, reinforcement.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
41
113) Research on reinforcers shows that:
A) money is a powerful primary reinforcer.
B) secondary reinforcers are less effective than primary reinforcers in controlling behaviour.
C) a primary reinforcer may be ineffective if the person is not in a deprived state.
D) a comfortable air temperature would be an example of a secondary reinforcer.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Primary reinforcement is something that satisfies an innate need. If the person is
not in a deprived state, that object may not be reinforcing. For example, if a person is not thirsty, water
will probably not be reinforcing.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual

A) money
B) praise
C) food
D) gold stars
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Food satisfies an innate need and is therefore a primary reinforcer.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual

A) a comfortable air temperature
B) applause
C) money
D) praise
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A comfortable air temperature satisfies an innate need and is therefore a primary
reinforcer.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
116) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A) light stroking of the hair
B) a comfortable air temperature
C) food
D) applause
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Applause does not satisfy an innate need. It is a secondary, not primary,
reinforcer.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
42
117) You clean your room so your mother will stop nagging you. Your mother used ________ to get
you to clean your room.
A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
D) primary reinforcement
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of negative reinforcement. The desired behaviour, cleaning
your room, resulted in the termination of an aversive event, nagging.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
118) A drawback in using primary punishers and primary reinforcers in research would be that:
A) the experimenter must first make sure that the stimulus has acquired reinforcing properties.
B) using primary punishers or taking away a primary reinforcer would not be ethical.
C) they are more likely than other punishers and reinforcers to lead to superstitious behaviours.
D) they are not as effective as secondary reinforcers in conditioning procedures.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In experiments with humans, it may not be ethical to take away a primary
reinforcer, for example, to deprive a person of food.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
119) Food and water would be examples of:

A) secondary reinforcers.
B) latent reinforcers.
C) higher-order reinforcers.
D) primary reinforcers.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) These are primary reinforcers because they satisfy innate needs.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
43
120) Brett's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room is
clean. His mom is using ________ to strengthen the response.
A) secondary reinforcers
B) an unconditioned stimulus
C) latent learning
D) classical conditioning
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A star is a secondary, or learned, reinforcer.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
121) Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time that
Axel begs, Kyla says "No" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using:
A) positive reinforcement.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) a secondary punisher.
D) negative reinforcement.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Kyla is using a secondary, or learned, punisher to train Axel.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
122) You take an Aspirin and your headache goes away. This makes it more likely that you will take
an aspirin next time you have a headache. This is an example of:
A) negative punishment.
B) positive punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) positive reinforcement.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of negative reinforcement, where an aversive event, the
headache, is removed by the desired behaviour, taking Aspirin.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
44
123) Professor Inglot gives a student a D on a term paper that was completely inadequate. The D
grade is an example of:
A) intrinsic reinforcement.
B) a secondary punisher.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) a primary punisher.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is an example of a learned, or secondary, punisher, a low grade, being used
to eliminate an undesired behaviour, turning in inadequate work.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
124) Elton's mother has been nagging and nagging that he should stop fooling around with his guitar
and start studying. Finally, in order to stop her nagging, Elton complies and hits the books. This example
illustrates”
A) negative punishment.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative reinforcement.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is an example of negative reinforcement, where a desired response,
studying, results in termination of an aversive event, nagging.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
125) Noam's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room
is clean. His mom is using ________ to strengthen the response.
A) secondary reinforcers
B) systematic desensitization
C) higher-order conditioning
D) primary reinforcers
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Secondary reinforcers are stimuli that have acquired reinforcing properties
through association with other reinforcers.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
45
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por baxo estas matas
pues no se dacata,
e pues que te quexas
que assina te trata
aburrele un tiro con
este mi dardo.
T. No plega a dios,
amigo Guillardo,
que yo merezca tocar
su çapata.
G. Do yo al diablo
pastor tan sandio
que d'una zagala tan
fuerte sa ahunca.
T. Calla, carillo, que
nunca tú nunca
has visto otro mal
ygual con el mio.
G. Dalo al demoño
qu'es un desuario
que s'anda tras
bobos e los modorrece.
T. No digas esso, que
aquesta merece
tener sobre el mundo
mayor señorio.
(Acercandose Benita habla

Quiral.)
Q. ¿Qué estays
hablando con tanto zumbido?
cata qu'está cerca
Benita y escucha.
T. Escucha, Quiral, mi
pena qu'es mucha,
y no puedo della
cobrir el gemido.
Q. A buenafe pues
quiça que os ha oydo
qu'entranbas a dos
estan razonando.
T. Y yo entre vosotros
plañiendo y quexando
el mal que a su causa
me tiene perdido.
(Llegada Benita con su

compañera habla.)
B. ¿Qu'estays
hablando a solas, pastores,
c'así embeuecidos
estays razonando?
T. Mis males, señora,
estamos contando
que vos los hazeis
ser los mayores.
B. Torino, Torino, tú
no te enamores
en parte do nunca se
sientan tus males,
que busques y siruas
tus pares yguales
y alli verás tarde
alcançarse fauores.
T. Mis ojos c'an sido
la puerta y escala
por do hermosura
hirio con sus tiros,
estos m'an hecho,
señora, seruiros;
lo que no merezco mi
pena lo yguala,
si causa no tengo
razon no me vala,
pues que yo no
quiero que mi mal mereça,
si no que querays
que yo lo padeça,
que tal intencion por
cierto no es mala.
E pues que virtud
en todo os es guia
valer, merecer y
mucha nobleça,
no useys comigo de
tanta crueza
porque es imposible
mudar mi porfia;
consejo no quiero,
remedio querria
de vos mi señora de
quien yo lo espero,
en veros doler de
verme que muero
y es vuestra la culpa,
la pena es la mia.
B. A mi no me plaze
tu mal por mi vida
assi como dizes
segun se t'antoja,
tu pena y seruicio en
todo me enoja,
pues dexate dello y
tener m'as seruida:
a esto que digo razon
me combida
a mi honestidad que
da inconuenientes,
que nunca yo mire el
mal que tú sientes
porque aun que más
sea mi estado lo olvida.
Pues dexa, Torino,
esta querella,
seré yo contenta,
serás tú sin quexas,
hazer me has enojo
si esto no dexas,
daras a tu vida
ocasion de perdella.
T. Cuando la pena en
el alma se sella
siendo causada con
mucha razon,
despues
d'empremida en el corazon,
es imposible que
salga sin ella.
¿Pues cómo podré
mudar mi cuydado?
quel dia que vi tu
gran hermosura
quedó en mis
entrañas, tu gesto y figura
assi como es perfecto
estampado,
y quantas saetas
despues m'as tirado
de oro que hieren mi
corazon,
el fuego las hunde de
tanta pasion
y está en cada una tu
propio treslado.
Assi que yo muero
en mi sepultura,
de aqui a mill años
que vengan a ver
de tus efigias se
podran coger
tantas sin cuento que
no haurá mesura,
y en todos mis
huessos aurá una escritura
que ya dend'agora la
tengo yo escrita
e dizen las letras:
esta es Benita
la que desde
entonces su nombre nos
dura.
Assi que si quieres,
Benita, que olvide
tu nombre e
qu'aparte de mí tu querer,
saca mis huessos y
hazte raer
e de mis entrañas
d'allí te despide,
si a mí por ventura
alguno me pide
por no conocerme mi
nombre quál es,
dire que Benito so en
el enues,
c'asina me llaman
despues que te vide.
Si tal fantasia me
juzgan ser loca
más loco seria quien
tal me juzgasse,
que si con mis ojos te
viesse e mirasse
veria qu'es justo mi
vida ser poca,
que no puede menos,
señora, mi boca
hazer que no diga del
mal la ocasion
y aunq'ella quissiese
trocar la razon
el fuego de dentro la
causa prouoca.
Mas miras si
puedes quitar esta salma
que tanto m'agraua
con pena tan graue,
pues que de mi vida
tú tienes la llaue
podras de Vitoria
ganar una palma,
e aun dudo con esto
que pongas en calma
mis ondas crecidas
de tanta passion;
por que te quites de
mi corazon
pintada te quedas en
medio del alma.
La qual yo mirando
es fuerça que viua
porqu'es inmortal
estando tú en ella
y agora comigo mi
misma querella
la mata e la hiere e la
tiene captiua.
Mi mucho tormento la
gloria le priua
lo que siendo libre de
mi no podra
mas en tu presencia
contino estara
dandote quexas de
mi muerte esquiua.
Assi que pues ella
agora te adora
con mucha razon por
ver tu excelencia,
entonces contino
estara en tu presencia
muy más contenta
que no haze agora,
y pues que te enojas
de serme señora
siendo contento yo
serte captiuo,
despues de ser
muerto que no sere viuo
haurás mas pasar de
ser matadora.
Y solo esta gloria
me basta que baste
hazerme contento
perdiendo la vida
pues yo sere muerto
y tú arrepentida
de ver que sin culpa,
assi me mataste;
negarte has a ti que
no lo causaste,
que yo lo busqué e
mi mal consenti,
entonces mi alma
dirá: no es assi,
que tuyo es el cargo
pues mal le trataste.
Esto me haze
quedar satisffecho
hazerte contenta
despues ver dolerte,
¿y quien no será
quien quiera la muerte
si della se espera
tamaño provecho?
¡O quan contento mi
cuerpo dessecho
en la sepultura estara
sin abrigo
con ver esta gloria mi
alma contigo
haziendote mientes
del mal que m'as hecho!
B. Oyes, Torino,
¿quiés que te diga?
ten una cosa por muy
verdadera,
que en esto me
enojas en tanta manera
qu'e miedo que dello
mas mal no te siga,
pues tu vanidad
m'aprieta e obliga
a tenerte omizillo y
estar enojada
por ver tu porfia tan
importunada
que no puedo menos
de serte enemiga.
Pues creeme,
pastor, e haz lo que digo
e quedate a dios con
tu compañia.
T. Miafe, Benita,
imposible seria,
que aunque me
dexas allá voy contigo,
e tú aunque te vas
aqui estás comigo,
que siempre en mis
ojos tu figura está,
Benita está aqui,
Torino está allá,
si esto no crees la
obra es testigo.
G. Escucha, Quiral,
que yo nunca tal vi,
Benita s'es yda, Illana
tras ella,
el se está aquí, diz
que va con ella,
la otra está allí y diz
que esta aqui,
Dios me defienda e
me libre de ti,
¿no eres, Torino?
¿Aqui t'an dexado?
T. Mi cuerpo dexo, mi
alma he llevado
q'estando con ella no
parte de mi.
G. Entiendes, Quiral,
qué algarauia
que diz que sin alma
puede estar viuo,
estase consigo, diz
que esta captiuo,
a pocas de noche
dirá qu'es de dia,
yo creo que sabe
nigromancia
o es quelque hechizo
qu'está enhechizado.
Q. Calla, modorro,
que no es son penado
de aquello que agora
Benita dezia.
Y eres un bouo tú
que no sientes
estotro perdido que
s'anda sin tiento,
¿no sabes que dize:
do está el pensamiento
allá está el que
piensa do tiene las mientes?
G. Y essa y essotro
quiça son parientes
c'asina se andan
juntos los dos,
si esto no es,
prometote á Dios,
c'asina como él te
burlas o mientes.
Q. O dot'a mal año a
ti e a tu hablar,
vete al demoño tú e
tus consejas,
¿piensas qu'es esto
andar tras ouejas?
pues tú no lo'ntiendes
dexalo estar;
tambien tú, Torino, te
quieres matar
con este qu'es bouo
e con tu querella,
habla comigo pues yo
ya sé della,
que ambos podremos
mejor razonar.
T. ¿Qué quiés que te
diga, Quiral compañero?
pues pierdo la vida
de huzia y de veras.
Q. Miafe, Torino, que
penes y mueras.
T. ¿Cómo y no vees
en mi que ya muero?
Q. Morirte a la fe,
morirte de vero,
que más es que vida
la muerte qu'es tal.
T. ¡Plugiesse a Dios
hauria fin el mal
pues muero viuiendo
e remedio no espero!
Q. ¿Qué no moriras?
¿qu'estás diziendo?
c'amor aunque mate
no acaua la vida,
que aunque su pena
no tiene medida
aquel que más mata
le dexa viuiendo.
T. Yo esso que dizes
claro lo entiendo,
porque essa razon es
muy verdadera,
más es que morir
contino que muera
penando en la vida,
mill muertes sufriendo.
Q. Calla, Torino, sufre
contento
que a fe qu'es tu
pena y gloria bendita,
busca zagala ygual
de Benita
c'asina te haga ufano
el tormento.
T. Yo bien suffriria,
carillo, contento
conque le plugiesse
dexarme sofrillo.
Q. Ojo al demoño
deuria de dezillo,
porque te fuesses
burlandote al biento.
Es essa, pastor,
muy necia querella
e más necio tu e más
atreuido
osar publicar de
qu'estás herido,
poniendo tus quexas
en presencia della,
no es nada tu pena
que más fue sabella
e pues que lo sabe
contentate dello,
que harto es tu bien
Benita sabello
y grande tu gloria sin
tú merecella.
E pues has tenido
tal atreuimiento
de osarte vencer de
quien te venciste
e dezirselo a ella a
más te atreviste,
no hay más que
pedir, vine contento,
mas pues c'as subido
tu pensamiento
en parte tan alta y tan
alto lugar
no lo consientas
jamas abaxar,
son tenlo allá' riva
con esse tormento.
C'ansi hago yo la
pena e dolor
que passo e padezco
por causa de Illana,
la llaga es muy
grande mas es tan ufana
que quanto mas peno
mi gloria es mayor,
el mal que me crece
faltarme favor,
pues nadie lo alcança
por ser ella tal
tan grande es el bien
quan grande es el mal,
porque esta es la ley
perfecta de amor.
T. Bien sé que en
servir a quien más merece
perdiendo la vida la
gloria se gana,
lo uno te hiere, lo otro
te sana,
mas dame razon de
quien te aborrece,
penar ni servir no lo
agradece
ni verte ni oyrte
jamas no le plaze.
Q. ¿Y a mí su plazer
qué fruto me haze
si huelgo yo en vella
pues bien me parece?
Mandame Illana
pues qu'es tan hermosa
que nunca la vea ni
nunca la haya,
si quiere matarme la
vida no es suya
e si ella la mata será
venturosa,
¿pues no te parece
que es poderosa
Benita que puede
mandarte que mueras?
pues sirve, Torino,
que nunca devieras
en toda tu vida hazer
otra cosa.
T. Al fin tu consejo
havre de seguir
pues pena me sobra
y en ella razon,
que poco es mi daño
segun la ocassion,
pues quiero penando
muriendo vivir,
quiero cantar, llorar e
reyr,
quiero plañir, baylar e
quexar,
quiero suffrir, gritar e
callar,
quiero por fuerça de
grado servir.
G. Verás qué cantica
hará tan donosa
que quando en el frio,
que quando en el fuego,
ya está de veras, ya
está de juego
él se lo dize y él se lo
glosa;
agora rebulle, agora
rebosa,
agora se alaba, agora
se quexa,
agora comiença,
agora se dexa,
a pocas dirá qué
qu'és cosa y cosa.
San Blas me
bendiga y señor Santanton
con este perdido e
con su cachondez,
lo que agora dize no
dize otra vez
ni mas de una buelta
os dirá una razon,
dot'a mal fuego a ti, a
tu question,
ven acá, Quiral, tañe
y bailemos.
Q. Mejor es,
Guillardo, que todos cantemos,
si quiere Torino,
alguna cancion.
Torino, cantemos,
dexa el pensío,
date descanso en
algun gasajado.
T. ¿Qué quieres que
cante el más desdichado
pastor que s'es visto
de mal como el mio?
G. O do al diablo tan
gran modorrio
como el de vosotros
para ser zagales;
cantemos si quiera e
cantá vuestros males.
T. Si esso cantamos
yo no do desuio.
(Villancico, que cantan los tres

pastores.)
Nunca yo pense que amor
con sus amores
d'amor matasse pastores.
Tras galanes palaciegos
yo pense que siempre andaua
e no pense que mataua
los pastores ni matiegos,
mas do van tras sus borregos
veo que con su dolor
les da dolores
con que los mata de amores.
Con su nombre falso
engaña
que parece que no es nada
e de majada en majada
e de cabaña en cabaña
va con su engañosa maña
prometiendo su fauor,
e sus fauores
matan despues los pastores.
(Otro villancico de Quiral y

Torino.)
G. Zagal, mal te va en
amores,
ya lo sé.
T. Guillardo, mal a la fe.
G. Mal te deue d'ir, zagal,
segun veo en ti señales.
T. Tanto mal me va de males
que no hay remedio en mis
males.
G. Luego en ver que
estauas tal
me lo pense.
T. Mucho mal me va a la fe.
LO QUE PASSÓ ACABADA LA

EGLOGA
La egloga acabada, Flamiano se
tornó á su posada; e tornaron á la
fiesta vestidos de máscara él y el
cardenal de Brujas, con aljubas e
capas de paño negro frisado
enrrejadas encima de fresos de
oro angostos puestos sobre
pestañas blancas; en medio de
los quadros hauia sobre el paño
vnas mariposas de plata con las
alas abiertas bolando, con vna
letra que Flamiano sacó que
dezia:
May reposa
la vida qu'está dudosa.
Assi estuuieron tanto que la fiesta

del dançar duró que fue la mayor
parte de la noche. Despues de
tornados a sus posadas,
hauiendo reposado dos dias
Flamiano apartó á Felisel e
mandole que tornase a ver a
Vasquiran con vna carta suya, e
que le lleuase vna mula quel
señor cardenal de Felernisa le
hauia dado con dos muy buenos
lebreles que le hauia dado el
señor cardenal de Brujas e
despues de hauerle despachado,
le mandó que de parte suya
afincadamente le rogasse e
importunasse que se uiniesse a
ver e descansar con él algun
tiempo. Despachado Felisel se
partio, e llegado á Felernisa halló
á Vasquiran que se era leuantado
pocos dias hauia de vnas
calenturas que hauia tenido.
Hauiendole dado su letra e las
cosas que le lleuaua le preguntó
la causa de su enfermedad.
Vasquiran le dixo: Felisel,
verdaderamente yo pense que me
hallaras alegre con el mal de la
muerte, e hallasme triste con la
desesperación de la vida. Yo he
estado doliente de vnas
calenturas que he tenido á las
quales quando venirlas vi,
creyendo que serian más como
desseaua, del gozo que con ellas
houe hize esta cancion.
CANCION
Pues que remediays mis
males
bien seays venido, mal,
pero haueys de ser mortal,
que los mios son mortales.
Si vos guareceys mi pena
y passiones con matarme,
pues que venis á sanarme
vos vengays en ora buena,
mas mira bien que son tales
y la causa dellos tal
que si vos no soys mortal
nunca sanareys mis males.
Assi estuue, Felisel, con esta

cancion e con mi enfermedad
algun dia reposado esperando
con ella dar fin á mis
enfermedades, e no quiso mi
desuentura que houiessen fin
hasta que yo en ellas fenezca,
sino que la salud del cuerpo me
tornó por lleuarme la del desseo,
y assi con tal desesperacion yo
torné á hazer este villancico.
Pues que ya tornays, salud,

a matarme con la vida
vos seays la mal venida.
Yo pensaua ya gozar
de mí riendome sin vos
e que os ybades con Dios
por dexarme reposar,
mas pues que quereys tornar
donde os tienen aborrida
vos seays la mal venida.
Pues assi estuuieron todos aquel

dia en diuersas cosas hablando,
assi de lo que en el juego de
cañas hauia pasado como de las
damas y señoras que en
Virgiliano hauian estado aquellos
dias y de los caualleros
assimesmo y de muchas cosas
que hauian passado. En especial
le recitó la egloga que Flamiano
habia representado, de que
Vasquiran holgó en mucha
manera. E assi a la noche
hauiendo cenado, Felisel lo dió la
carta que le traya, porque hasta

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Quick Quiz (1)

2) Albert Bandura is well known for his study of:

3) Which of the following is NOT true?

5) Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

6) What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

4) In the "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

6) Which of the following is a difference between classical and operant conditioning?

7) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

8) What procedure would be used to teach pigeons to play Ping-Pong?

3) According to the behaviourists:

5) Behaviourists focus on a basic kind of learning called:

6) Learning refers to:

7) A behaviourist is MOST likely to make which of the following statements:

10) What does S-R stand for?

12) Before studying conditioning, Ivan Pavlov studied:

13) At first, Pavlov treated the dogs' drooling as:

16) The basic concept underlying classical conditioning is that:

19) The neutral stimulus becomes a/an ________ in classical conditioning.

29) According to Pavlov, learning occurs when:

31) Which of the following would NOT result in classical conditioning?

42) Study of the principles of classical conditioning reveals that:

43) The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response is called:

64) What actually is learned in classical conditioning is:

76) According to the textbook:

77) It would be easiest to classically condition Yosef to acquire a fear of:

79) "Little Albert" was a:

93) The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

99) The "dessert tray" phenomenon" refers to:

102) A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

107) Operant conditioning is most closely associated with:

110) The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that:

111) For Skinner, reinforcers are defined:

114) Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

115) Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

116) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

119) Food and water would be examples of:

(Acercandose Benita habla

(Llegada Benita con su

(Villancico, que cantan los tres

(Otro villancico de Quiral y

LO QUE PASSÓ ACABADA LA

Assi estuuieron tanto que la fiesta

Assi estuue, Felisel, con esta

Pues que ya tornays, salud,

Pues assi estuuieron todos aquel

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