Physics 111: Mechanics

Lecture 6

Dale Gary
NJIT Physics Department
 Energy
 Energy and Mechanical Energy
 Work
 Kinetic Energy
 Work and Kinetic Energy
 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

May 12, 2021

 Why Energy?
 Why do we need a concept of energy?
 The energy approach to describing motion is
particularly useful when Newton’s Laws are
difficult or impossible to use
 Energy is a scalar quantity. It does not have a
direction associated with it

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 What is Energy?
 Energy is a property of the state of a system, not
a property of individual objects: we have to
broaden our view.
 Some forms of energy:
 Mechanical:
 Kinetic energy (associated with motion, within system)
 Potential energy (associated with position, within system)
 Chemical
 Electromagnetic
 Nuclear
 Energy is conserved. It can be transferred from
one object to another or change in form, but
cannot be created or destroyed
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 Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic Energy is energy associated with the
state of motion of an object
 For an object moving with a speed of v

1 2
KE  mv
2
 SI unit: joule (J)
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

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 1 2
Why KE  mv ?
2

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 Work W
1 2 1 2
 Start with mv  mv0  Fx x Work “W”
2 2

 Work provides a link between force and energy

 Work done on an object is transferred to/from it
 If W > 0, energy added: “transferred to the
object”
 If W < 0, energy taken away: “transferred from
the object”

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 Definition of Work W
 The work, W, done by a constant force on an
object is defined as the product of the component
of the force along the direction of displacement
and the magnitude of the displacement

W  ( F cos  )x
 F is the magnitude of the force
 Δ x is the magnitude of the
object’s displacement
 
  is the angle between F and x
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 Work Unit
 This gives no information about
 the time it took for the displacement to occur
 the velocity or acceleration of the object
 Work is a scalar quantity
 SI Unit 1 2 1
mv  mv0  ( F cos  )x
2

2 2
 Newton • meter = Joule
 N•m=J
 J = kg • m2 / s2 = ( kg • m / s2 ) • m

W  ( F cos  ) x
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 Work: + or -?
 Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The
sign of the work depends on the direction of
the force relative to the displacement

W  ( F cos  )x
 Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> > 0°
 Work negative: W < 0 if 180°> > 90°
 Work zero: W = 0 if = 90°
 Work maximum if = 0°
 Work minimum if = 180°
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 Example: When Work is Zero
 A man carries a bucket of water
horizontally at constant velocity.
 The force does no work on the
bucket
 Displacement is horizontal
 Force is vertical
 cos 90° = 0

W  ( F cos  ) x
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 Example: Work Can Be
Positive or Negative
 Work is positive when lifting
the box
 Work would be negative if
lowering the box
 The force would still be upward,
but the displacement would be
downward

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Work Done by a Constant Force
 The work W done on a system by 
an agent exerting a constant force F
 
on the system is the product of F r
the magnitude F of the force, the 
magnitude Δr of the displacement r
of the point of application of the I II
force, and cosθ, where θ is the
angle between the force and WI  0 WII   Fr
displacement vectors:

   F
W  F  r  Fr cos  F
 
r r
III IV
WIII  Fr WIV  Fr cos 

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 Work and Force
 An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown. The total mass
of the sled is 50.0 kg, and he exerts a force of
1.20 × 102 N on the sled by pulling on the rope.
How much work does he do on the sled if θ =
30°and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?

W  ( F cos  )x
 (1.20  10 2 N )(cos 30 )(5.0m)
 5.2  10 2 J

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 Work Done by Multiple Forces
 If more than one force acts on an object, then
the total work is equal to the algebraic sum of
the work done by the individual forces

Wnet   Wby individual forces

 Remember work is a scalar, so
this is the algebraic sum

Wnet  Wg  WN  WF  ( F cos  )r

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 Work and Multiple Forces
 Suppose µk = 0.200, How much work done on
the sled by friction, and the net work if θ = 30°
and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
Fnet , y  N  mg  F sin   0
N  mg  F sin 

W fric  ( f k cos180 )x   f k x

   k Nx    k (mg  F sin  )x
 (0.200)(50.0kg  9.8m / s 2
 1.2 10 2 N sin 30 )(5.0m)
 4.3  10 2 J
Wnet  WF  W fric  WN  Wg
 5.2  10 2 J  4.3  10 2 J  0  0
 90.0 J
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 Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic energy associated with the motion of
an object 1 2
KE  mv
2
 Scalar quantity with the same unit as work
 Work is related to kinetic energy

1 2 1 2
mv  mv0  Fnet x
2 2

Wnet  KEf  KEi  KE

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May 12, 2021
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
 When work is done by a net force on an object
and the only change in the object is its speed,
the work done is equal to the change in the
object’s kinetic energy
 Speed will increase if work is positive
 Speed will decrease if work is negative

Wnet  KEf  KEi  KE

1 2 1 2
Wnet  mv  mv0
2 2
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 Work and Kinetic Energy
 The driver of a 1.00103 kg car traveling on the interstate at
35.0 m/s slam on his brakes to avoid hitting a second
vehicle in front of him, which had come to rest because of
congestion ahead. After the breaks are applied, a constant
friction force of 8.00103 N acts on the car. Ignore air
resistance. (a) At what minimum distance should the brakes
be applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle? (b) If
the distance between the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at
what speed would the collisions occur?

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 Work and Kinetic Energy
 (a) We know v0  35.0m / s, v  0, m  1.00 103 kg , f k  8.00 103 N
 Find the minimum necessary stopping distance
1 2 1 2
Wnet  W fric  Wg  WN  W fric  mv f  mvi
2 2
1 2
 f k x  0  mv0
2
1
 (8.00 10 N )x   (1.00 103 kg )(35.0m / s ) 2
3

2
x  76.6m

May 12, 2021

 Work and Kinetic Energy
 (b) We know x  30.0m, v0  35.0m / s, m  1.00 103 kg , f k  8.00 103 N
 Find the speed at impact.
 Write down the work-energy theorem:
1 1
Wnet  W fric   f k x  mv 2f  mvi2
2 2
2
v 2f  v02  f k x
m
2
v 2f  (35m / s ) 2  ( )(8.00  103
N )(30m )  745m 2
/ s 2

1.00 103 kg

v f  27.3m / s

v0  35.0m / s, v  0, m  1.00 103 kg , f k  8.00  103 N

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 Work Done By a Spring
 Spring force
Fx   kx

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 Spring at Equilibrium
F =0

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Spring Compressed

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 xf

lim  Fx x   Fx dx
xf

x  0 xi
xi

xf xf
W   Fx dx   kx dx
xi xi
0
 kx dx  12 kx 2
 xmax

xf
W   kx dx  12 kxi2  12 kx 2f
xi

Work done by
spring on block

Fig. 7.9, p. 173

 Measuring Spring Constant
 Start with spring at its
natural equilibrium length.
 Hang a mass on spring and
let it hang to distance d
(stationary)
 From Fx  kx  mg  0
mg
k
d
so can get spring constant.
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Scalar (Dot) Product of 2 Vectors
 The scalar product of
two vectors
 is written
as A  B
 It is also called the dot
product
 
 A  B  A B cos 
 is the angle
between A and B
 Applied to work, this  
means W  F r cos   F   r
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 Dot Product
 The dot product says
something about how parallel
two vectors are.
 The dot product (scalar
product) of two vectors can be
thought of as the projection of
one onto the direction of the 
other. B
 
A  B  AB cos 
 ( A cos  ) B
A  iˆ  A cos   Ax 

A
 Components A( B cos  )
 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz

May 12, 2021

Projection of a Vector: Dot Product
 The dot product says
something about how parallel iˆ  ˆj  0; iˆ  kˆ  0; ˆj  kˆ  0
two vectors are.
 The dot product (scalar
iˆ  iˆ  1; ˆj  ˆj  1; kˆ  kˆ  1
product) of two vectors can be
thought of as the projection of
one onto the direction of the 
other. B Projection is zero
 
A  B  AB cos 

A  iˆ  A cos   Ax
 Components 
  
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz A

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 Derivation
 
 How do we show that  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz ?
A

 Start with A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ

B  Bxiˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ
 
 Then A  B  ( Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)

 Axiˆ  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)  Ay ˆj  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)  Az kˆ  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)

 But iˆ  ˆj  0; iˆ  kˆ  0; ˆj  kˆ  0
iˆ  iˆ  1; ˆj  ˆj  1; kˆ  kˆ  1
 
 So A  B  Ax iˆ  Bx iˆ  Ay ˆj  B y ˆj  Az kˆ  Bz kˆ
 Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz

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 Scalar Product
 
 The vectors A  2iˆ  3 ˆj and B  iˆ  2 ˆj
 
 Determine the scalar product A  B  ?
 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  2  (-1)  3  2  -2  6  4
 Find the angle θ between these two vectors

A  Ax2  Ay2  2 2  32  13 B  Bx2  B y2  (1) 2  2 2  5

 
A B 4 4
cos   
AB 13 5 65
4
  cos 1  60.3
65
May 12, 2021