Software Project Management

Chapter One
Introduction to Software Project
Management
Sem. I – 2019

Dr. V Sunkari
Center of ITSC-AAiT 1
Failures………
Reasons for Failure……
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Project
Project
Project
Projectisis
AAspecific
specificplan
planof
ofdesign
design
AA planned
plannedundertaking
undertaking
Large
Largeundertaking
undertaking
Generally,
Generally,software
softwareproject
projectisisdefined
definedasas aaunique
uniqueendeavor
endeavorundertaken
undertakenwith
withaapurpose.
purpose.
AAproject
projecthas
hasthe
thefollowing
followingattributes:
attributes:
AAproject
projecthas
hasaaunique
uniquepurpose
purpose
AAproject
projectisistemporary
temporary
AAproject
projectisisdeveloped
developedininincrements
increments
AAproject
projectrequires
requiresresources
resources
AAproject
projectinvolves
involvesuncertainty
uncertainty
In
In addition,
addition, the
the key
key characteristics
characteristics ofof aa project
project are
are non-routine,
non-routine, planned,
planned, several
several
specialisms,
specialisms,several
severalphases,
phases,constrained
constrainedresources,
resources,and
andlarge
largeand
andcomplex.
complex.

4
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Software
Software Project
Project vs.
vs. other
othertypes
types of
of projects
projects
Many
Many ofof the
the techniques
techniques of of general
general project
project management
management are are applicable
applicable toto software
software
project
projectmanagement
management(SPM).(SPM).
Software
Softwareproject
projectmanagement
managementcould couldbe
beperceived
perceivedasasthe
theprocess
processof
ofmaking
making visible
visiblethat
that
which
whichisisinvisible.
invisible.
Invisibility-
Invisibility-Progress
Progressisisnot
notimmediately
immediatelyvisible.
visible.
Complexity-
Complexity- software
software products
products has
has more
more complexity
complexity than
than other
other engineered
engineered
artifacts.
artifacts.
Flexibility-
Flexibility-the
theease
easeofofwhich
whichsoftware
softwarecan
canbe
bechanged.
changed.

Project
Project Constraints
Constraints
AAproject
projecthas
hastriple
tripleconstraints:
constraints:
Scope
Scope––what
whatwork
workwill
willbe bedone?
done?
Time-
Time-how
howlong
longwill
willitittake
taketotocomplete?
complete?
Cost
Cost--how
howmuch
muchwill
willititcost
costtotocomplete?
complete?
Managing
Managingthethetriple
tripleconstraint
constraintinvolves
involvesmaking
makingtrade-offs
trade-offsbetween
betweenthem
them 5
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Project
Project Management
Management
Project
Project management
management isis thethe application
application of
of knowledge,
knowledge, skills,
skills, tools
tools and
and techniques
techniques toto
project
projectactivities
activitiestotomeet
meetrequirements.
requirements.
AAproject
projectmanagement
managementframework
frameworkincludes:
includes:
Stakeholders-
Stakeholders-people
peopleinvolved
involved
Project
Projectmanagement
managementknowledge
knowledgeareas,
areas,
Project
Projectmanagement
managementtoolstoolsand
andtechniques-
techniques-assist
assistinincarrying
carryingout
outthe
thework
work
The
Theknowledge
knowledgearea areahas
has33parts
partswith
with99knowledge
knowledgeareas:
areas:
Core
CoreFunctions
Functions
Scope,
Scope,Time,
Time,Cost
Costand
andQuality
Quality
Supporting
SupportingFunctions
Functions
Human
Humanresource,
resource,communication,
communication,risk riskand
andprocurement
procurementmanagement
management
Integration
IntegrationManagement
Management

6
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Core
Core functions
functions …
…
Scope
ScopeManagement
Managementinvolves
involvesdefining
definingand
andmanaging
managingall allthe
thework
workrequired
requiredtotocomplete
complete
the project successfully
the project successfully
Time
Time Management
Management involves
involves estimating
estimating how
how long
long itit will
will take
take toto complete
complete the
the work,
work,
developing
developing anan acceptable
acceptable project
project schedule,
schedule, and
and estimating
estimating timely
timely completion
completion of of the
the
project
project
Cost
CostManagement
Managementconsists
consistsof
ofestimating
estimatingand
andmanaging
managingthe thebudget
budgetfor forthe
theproject
project
Quality
QualityManagement
Managementensures
ensuresthat
thatthe
theproject
projectwill
willsatisfy
satisfythe thestated
statedneeds
needsfor
forwhich
whichitit
was
wasundertaken
undertaken

Supporting
Supporting functions
functions …
…
Human
Human resource
resource management
management isis concerned
concerned with
with making
making effective
effective use
use ofof the
the people
people
involved
involvedwith
withthe
theproject
project
Communication
Communication Management
Management involves
involves generating,
generating, collecting
collecting disseminating,
disseminating, and and
storing
storinginformation
information
Risk
RiskManagement
Managementincludes
includesidentifying,
identifying,analyzing,
analyzing,and
andresponding
respondingtotorisks.
risks.
Procurement
ProcurementManagement
Managementinvolves
involvesacquiring
acquiringor
orprocuring
procuringgoods
goodsandand
services
servicesfor
foraaproject
project 7
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Integration
Integration management
management
Project
Project Integration
Integration Management
Management involvesinvolves coordinating
coordinating all all of
of the
the other
other project
project
management
managementknowledge
knowledgeareas areasthrough
throughout outaaproject’s
project’slife
lifecycle.
cycle.
Integration
Integrationmanagement
managementinvolvesinvolvesseven
sevenprocesses.
processes.
The
The first
first ofof these
these processes
processes isis the
the development
development ofof the the project
project charter.
charter. The The
project
project charter
charter initiates
initiates the
the project.
project. This
This document
document authorizes
authorizes the the project
project toto get
get
underway.
underway. Project
Project charters
charters state
state the
the project
project objectives
objectives andand name
name thethe project
project
manager.
manager.ItItisisusually
usuallyno nomore
morethan
thanone
onepage
pagelong.
long.
The
Thesecond
secondprocess
processisisthe
thedevelopment
developmentof ofthe
thepreliminary
preliminaryscope scopestatement.
statement.
The
Thethird
thirdprocess
processininintegration
integrationmanagement
managementisisthe the development
developmentof ofthe
theproject
project
plan.
plan.The
The project
project plan
plan includes
includes thethe project
project charter,
charter, the
the definition
definition ofof the
the project,
project,
project
projectobjectives,
objectives,the theproject
projectbudget,
budget,thetheproject
projectschedule,
schedule,the theresources
resourcesrequired
required
for
forthe
theproject,
project,thetheapproach,
approach,management
managementplans,plans,and
andthe
theinitial
initialrisk
riskassessment.
assessment.
The
Thenext
nextprocess
processinvolved
involvedisisthe
thedirecting
directingand
andmonitoring
monitoringofofproject
projectexecution.
execution.
Change
ChangeManagement
Management
The
Thecontrol
controlofofintegrated
integratedchange
change
Finally,
Finally,the
theproject
projectmust
mustbe beclosed
closedwhenwhenitithas
hasbeen
beencompleted.
completed.
8
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Project
Project Portfolio
Portfolio
Project
Project portfolio
portfolio involves
involves organizing
organizing and
and managing
managing projects
projects and
and programs
programs as as aa
portfolio
portfolioofofinvestments
investmentsthatthatcontribute
contributetotothe
theentire
entireenterprise’s
enterprise’ssuccess.
success.
AA program
program isis aa group
group ofof related
related projects
projects managed
managed inin aa coordinated
coordinated way
way toto obtain
obtain
benefits
benefitsand
andcontrol
controlnot
notavailable
availablefrom
frommanaging
managingthem themindividually.
individually.
The
Themajor
majordifference
differencebetween
betweenproject
projectmanagement
managementand andportfolio
portfolioare
are
Project
ProjectManagement
Managementanswers
answerstactical
tacticalgoals
goalssuch
suchas:
as:
Are
Arecarrying
carryingout
outproject
projectwell?
well?
Are
Areprojects
projectson
onTime
TimeandandBudget
Budget
Portfolio
PortfolioManagement
Managementanswers
answersstrategic
strategicgoals
goalssuch
suchas:
as:
Are
Areworking
workingon onthe
theright
rightprojects?
projects?
Do
Dowe wehave
havethe
theright
rightresources?
resources?

9
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Software
Software Project
Project Management
Management
SPM
SPMensures
ensuresthe
thedelivery
deliveryofofquality
qualitysystem
systemonontime
timewithin
withinbudget.
budget.
SPM
SPMfundamentals
fundamentalsconsist
consistof:
of:
Determining
Determiningthethesize
sizeofofthe
theproduct
product
Allocating
Allocatingresources
resourcesappropriate
appropriateforforaaproduct
productofofthat
thatsize
size
Creating
Creatingaaplan
planfor
forapplying
applyingthetheresources,
resources,and
and
Monitoring
MonitoringandandDirecting
Directingthetheresources.
resources.

Project
Project Management
Management Processes
Processes
SPM
SPMhas
has55processes/phases:
processes/phases:
Initiating:
Initiating:defining
definingand
andauthorizing
authorizingaaproject
project
Planning:
Planning:devising
devisingworkable
workableplans
planssuch
suchasasSPMP,
SPMP,RMP,
RMP,QAP QAP
Executing:
Executing:coordinating
coordinatingpeople
peopleand
andother
otherresources
resourcestotocarry
carryout
outthe
thevarious
variousplans
plans
Controlling:
Controlling:regularly
regularlymeasuring
measuringandandmonitoring
monitoringprogress
progresstotoensure
ensurethe
theproject
projectisis
on
ontrack.
track.
Closing:
Closing: formalizing
formalizingacceptance
acceptanceofofthe
theproject
projectand
andending
endingitit 10
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Project
Project Management
Management Processes
Processes …
…
The
Theprocesses
processesarearenot
notisolated
isolatedevents
events
The
Thelevel
levelofofactivity
activityand
andlength
lengthofofeach
eachprocess
processvaries
variesfor
forevery
everyproject.
project.
Normally,
Normally,execution
executiontakes
takesmore
moreresources
resourcesand
andtime
timefollowed
followedbybyplanning.
planning.
Controlling
Controllingisisdone
donethroughout
throughoutthetheproject
projectand
andtake
takeless
lessresource
resourceand
andtime.
time.
Initiating
Initiatingand
andclosing
closingtake
takethe
theleast
leastamount
amountofofresources
resourcesandandtime
time

Focuses
Focuses of
of Software
Software Project
Project Management
Management
SPM’s
SPM’sbasic
basicfocuses
focuses––44Ps Ps
1.
1.People:
People:ItItisisnot
notonly
onlycritically
criticallyimportant
importanttotoselect
selectgood
goodteam
teammembers,
members,but butalso
also
manage
managethe
theteam
teameffectively.
effectively.
2.
2. Product:
Product: Software
Software product
product isis defined
defined and
and described
described inin terms
terms ofof context,
context,
objective,
objective, functions
functions andand performance.
performance. The The product
product requirements
requirements mustmust bebe
communicated
communicatedfrom fromcustomer
customerto todeveloper,
developer,partitioned
partitioned(decomposed)
(decomposed)into intotheir
their
constituent
constituentparts,
parts,and
andpositioned
positionedforforwork
workbybythe
thesoftware
softwareteam.
team.
11
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of Software
Software Project
Project Management
Management …
…
3.
3.Process
Process
Software
Software process
process isis aa framework
framework for for the
the tasks
tasks that
that are
are required
required toto build
build high-
high-
quality
qualitysoftware.
software.
The
Theframework
frameworkincludes:
includes:
Framework
Frameworkactivities
activitieswith
with
Task
Task sets
sets which
which inin turn
turn includes
includes Tasks,
Tasks, Milestones,
Milestones, and and Work
Work
products.
products.
Umbrella
Umbrellaactivities
activitiesinclude:
include:
SCM,
SCM,RM, RM,SQA SQA
The
The umbrella
umbrella activities
activities are
are independent
independent ofof thethe framework
framework activities
activities
and
andoccur
occurthroughout
throughoutthe theprocess.
process.
The
Thesoftware
softwareprocess
processisisapplicable
applicabletotoallallsoftware
softwareprojects
projectsregardless
regardlessofof
size
sizeand
andcomplexity.
complexity.

12
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Maturity
Maturity
InInrecent
recentyears,
years,there
therehas
hasbeen
beenaasignificant
significantemphasis
emphasison on“process
“processmaturity.”
maturity.”
To
To determine
determine an an organization’s
organization’s current
current state
state of of process
process maturity,
maturity, thethe Software
Software
Engineering
EngineeringInstitute
Institute(SEI)
(SEI)uses
usesananassessment
assessmentthat thatresults
resultsin inaafive
fivepoint
pointgrading
grading
scheme.
scheme.
The
Thegrading
gradingscheme
schemedetermines
determinescompliance
compliancewith withaacapability
capabilitymaturity
maturitymodel
model(CMM)
(CMM)
that
thatdefines
defineskey
keyactivities
activitiesrequired
requiredatatdifferent
differentlevels
levelsofofprocess
processmaturity.
maturity.
The
Theprocess
processmaturity
maturitylevels
levelsare
aredefined
definedininthe
thefollowing
followingmanner:
manner:
Level
Level1:1:Initial
Initial
The
The software
software process
process isis characterized
characterized asas ad ad hochoc and
and occasionally
occasionally even
even
chaotic.
chaotic.
Few
Fewprocesses
processesarearedefined,
defined,andandsuccess
successdepends
dependson onindividual
individualeffort.
effort.
Level
Level2:2:Repeatable
Repeatable
The
The necessary
necessary process
process discipline
discipline isis inin place
place toto repeat
repeat earlier
earlier successes
successes on
on
projects
projectswith
withsimilar
similarapplications.
applications.
Basic
Basicproject
projectmanagement
managementprocesses
processesare areestablished
establishedtototrack
trackcost,
cost,schedule,
schedule,
and
andfunctionality.
functionality.
13
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Maturity
Maturity …
…
Level
Level3:3:Defined
Defined
The
The software
software process
process forfor both
both management
management and and engineering
engineering activities
activities isis
documented,
documented, standardized,
standardized, and and integrated
integrated into
into an
an organization
organization wide
wide software
software
process.
process.
All
Allprojects
projectsuse
useaadocumented
documentedand andapproved
approvedversion
versionof ofthetheorganization's
organization'sprocess
process
for
fordeveloping
developingand
andsupporting
supportingsoftware.
software.
This
Thislevel
levelincludes
includesall
allcharacteristics
characteristicsdefined
definedfor
forlevel
level2.2.
Level
Level4:4:Managed
Managed
Detailed
Detailedmeasures
measuresofofthe
thesoftware
softwareprocess
processand
andproduct
productquality
qualityare
arecollected.
collected.
Both
Both the
the software
software process
process andand products
products are
are quantitatively
quantitatively understood
understood and
and
controlled
controlledusing
usingdetailed
detailedmeasures.
measures.
This
Thislevel
levelincludes
includesall
allcharacteristics
characteristicsdefined
definedfor
forlevel
level3.3.
Level
Level5:5:Optimizing.
Optimizing.
Continuous
Continuousprocess
processimprovement
improvementisisenabled
enabledbybyquantitative
quantitativefeedback
feedbackfrom
fromthe
the
process
processand
andfrom
fromtesting
testinginnovative
innovativeideas
ideasand
andtechnologies.
technologies.
This
Thislevel
levelincludes
includesall
allcharacteristics
characteristicsdefined
definedfor
forlevel
level4.4.
14
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
The
Thegeneric
genericphases
phasesarearecommon
commontotoall allproducts.
products.The
Theissue
issueisishow
howthese
thesephases
phaseswill
willbe
be
executed. The execution is through a process. Thus, it is appropriate to
executed. The execution is through a process. Thus, it is appropriate to choose the choose the
process
processthat
thatfits
fitsyour
yourproject.
project.The
Theprocess
processmodels
modelsinclude:
include:
Linear
Linear
Phases:
Phases: aa number
number ofof dependent
dependent phases
phases executed
executed sequentially
sequentially with
with no
no feedback
feedback
loops.
loops.
Example:
Example:Standard
StandardWaterfall
WaterfallModel
Model
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
Requirements
Requirementsare areclear
clearand
andstable
stable
Goal
Goalandandsolution
solutionareareclear
clear
Complete
Completesolution
solutionisisnot
notreleased
releaseduntil
untilthe
thefinal
finalphase.
phase.

Disadvantages of Linear Model Advantage of Linear Model

Change intolerant Complete scheduling is possible

Requires detailed plan Resource requirements are known
15
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Incremental
Incremental
AAnumber
number of
of dependent
dependent phases
phases that
that are
are repeated
repeated sequentially
sequentially withwith no
no feedback
feedback
loops.
loops.
Example:
Example: Staged
Staged Delivery
Delivery Waterfall
Waterfall Model;
Model; Feature-Driven
Feature-Driven Development
Development
model
model(FDD)
(FDD)
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
Clear
Cleargoal,
goal,and
andSolution
Solution
Requirement
Requirementsplits
splitsfor
fordevelopment
developmentpurposes
purposesandanddelivered
deliveredininincrements.
increments.
Complete
Complete product
productevolves
evolvesoverovertime;
time;each
eachincrement
incrementreleases
releasesaapartial
partialof
of
known
known solution
solution soso that
that the
the customer
customer cancan begin
begin toto realize
realize business
business value
value
without
withouthaving
havingtotowait
waitfor
forthe
thecomplete
completesolution.
solution.The
Thefirst
firstincrement
incrementisisoften
often
aa core
core product.
product. That
That is,
is, basic
basic requirements
requirements areare addressed,
addressed, but but many
many
supplementary
supplementary features
features (some(some known,
known, others
others unknown)
unknown) remainremain
undelivered.
undelivered.

16
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Incremental
Incremental……
Advantages
Advantages
Accommodates
Accommodatessome somechanges
changesunlike
unlikelinear
linear
The
The core
core product
product isis used
used byby the
the customer
customer (or (or undergoes
undergoes detailed
detailed
review).
review).
As
As aa result
result ofof use
use and/or
and/or evaluation,
evaluation, aa plan
plan isis developed
developed for
for the
the next
next
increment.
increment.
The
Theplan
planaddresses
addressesthe themodification
modificationofofthe
thecore
coreproduct
producttotobetter
bettermeet
meet
the
the needs
needs ofof the
the customer
customer and
and the
the delivery
delivery ofof additional
additional features
features and
and
functionality.
functionality.
This
Thisprocess
processisisrepeated
repeatedfollowing
followingthe
thedelivery
deliveryofofeach
eachincrement,
increment,until
until
the
thecomplete
completeproduct
productisisproduced.
produced.
Better
Better use
use scarce
scarce resource
resource –– scarce
scarce resource
resource can
can be be scheduled
scheduled toto from
from
increment to increment
increment to increment
Allows
Allowsinvolvement
involvementofofclientsclients

17
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Incremental
Incremental… …
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Requires
Requiresdetailed
detailedplan
plan
Defining
Defining each
each increment
increment might
might bebe problematic:
problematic: Each
Each increment
increment must
must be
be
sound
soundfrom
fromaatechnical
technicalasaswell
wellasasaabusiness
businessperspective.
perspective.
Application:
Application:
Any
Anyconcern
concernthat
thatrequirements
requirementsmaymaynot
notbe
beclear
clearand andcomplete
complete
Analysis
AnalysisDesign
Design Code
CodeTest
Test Delivery
Deliveryofof11stincrement
st
increment
…
… …… …… … … ……
Analysis
AnalysisDesign
Design Code
CodeTest
Test Delivery
Deliveryofofnnththincrement
increment

18
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Iterative
Iterative
Phase:
Phase: aa number
number ofof phases
phases that
that are
are repeated
repeated in in groups
groups with
with aa feedback
feedback loops
loops
after
after each
each group
group isis completed.
completed. Iteration
Iteration can
can bebe on
on requirements,
requirements, design,
design,
implementation,
implementation,and andothers.
others.
Example:
Example:
Evolutionary
EvolutionaryDevelopment
DevelopmentWaterfall
WaterfallModel
Model
SCRUM
SCRUM
Rational
RationalUnified
UnifiedProcess
Process(RUP)
(RUP)
Dynamic
DynamicSystems
SystemsDevelopment
DevelopmentMethod Method(DSDM)
(DSDM)
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
Clear
Cleargoal;
goal;not
notall
allofofthe
thesolution
solutionisisclearly
clearlydefined
defined
Learn
Learnbybydoing
doingororlearn
learnandanddiscover.
discover.
Known
Knownsolution
solutionisisreleased
releasedinineach
eachiteration.
iteration.
With
Witheach
eachiteration
iterationmoremoreandandmore
moreof ofthe
thedepth
depthof
ofthe
thesolution
solutionisis revealed.
revealed.
That
Thatfollows
followsfrom
fromthethecustomer
customerhaving
havingan anopportunity
opportunitytotoplay
playwith
withthe
thethen
then
solution.
solution.
19
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Iterative
Iterative……
Advantage
Advantage
Customer
Customercan canreview
reviewintermediate
intermediateprototype.
prototype.
Accommodates
Accommodateschangeschangesbetween
betweeniterations.
iterations.
Adapts
Adaptstotochanging
changingbusiness
businessconditions.
conditions.
Due
Due toto business
business conditions,
conditions, what
what the
the customer
customer needs
needs inin the
the solution
solution might
might
change
change andand these
these changes
changes cancan be
be built
built into
into the
the solution
solution atat succeeding
succeeding
iterations.
iterations.
Disadvantage
Disadvantage
Requires
Requiresmore moreactive
activecustomer
customerinvolvement
involvementwhich
whichisisnot
noteasily
easilyobtained
obtained
Complete
Complete solution
solution cannot
cannot bebe specified
specified from
from the
the outset
outset which
which might
might be
be
difficult
difficulttotoconvince
convincethethecustomer
customer

20
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Evolutionary
EvolutionaryDevelopment
DevelopmentWaterfall
WaterfallModel
Model(EDWM)
(EDWM)
EDWM
EDWM handles
handles those
those cases
cases where
where thethe solution
solution isis known
known toto aa certain
certain level
level ofof
detail.
detail.
The
Thefinal
finalfeatures
featuresthat
thatcompletely
completelydefines
definesthethesolution
solutionare arewhat
whatare
aremissing.
missing.
Through
Throughaasequence
sequenceof ofpartial
partialsolutions
solutionsthe
thecomplete
completesolution
solutionisisdiscovered.
discovered.
The
Theprocess
processinvolves
involvesaameaningful
meaningfulinvolvement
involvementof ofthe
thecustomer.
customer.
SCRUM
SCRUM
AA SCRUM
SCRUM involves
involves thethe team
team asas aa unit
unit moving
moving the the ball
ball down
down field
field inin what
what
would
wouldappear
appeartotobe
beananadadhoc
hocmanner.
manner.
Focus
Focuson ondelivering
deliveringfully-
fully-tested,
tested,independent,
independent,valuable,
valuable,small
smallfeatures.
features.
The
The SCRUM
SCRUM team team -- isis self-directed,
self-directed, operates
operates inin successive
successive one-month
one-month
iterations,
iterations, holds
holds team
team meetings,
meetings, continuously
continuously demos
demos the the client,
client, and
and adapts
adapts its
its
development
developmentplanplanatatthe
theend
endof ofeach
eachiteration.
iteration.
SCRUM
SCRUMisischaracterized
characterizedas aschaotic
chaoticand
andwithout
withoutproject
projectmanager.
manager.

21
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Iterative
Iterative……
Rational
RationalUnified
UnifiedProcess
Process(RUP)
(RUP)
RUP
RUPadapts
adaptsquite
quitewell
welltotoaaprocess
processapproach
approachthat
thatisisdocumentation-heavy
documentation-heavyor or
documentation-light.
documentation-light.No NoSingle
Singleprocess
processisissuitable
suitablefor
forall
allSoftware
SoftwareDev.Dev.
The
Thefoundation
foundationof ofRUP
RUPliesliesininthe
thelibrary
libraryofofreusable
reusablecode,
code,requirements,
requirements,
designs,
designs,andandso
soon.
on.
The
Theessential
essentialphases
phasesof ofRUP
RUPare: are:
Inception
Inception -- Scope
Scope thethe system
system adequately,
adequately, validate
validate initial
initial costing
costing and
and
budgets
budgetsandandinitial
initialrisk
riskanalysis.
analysis.
Elaboration
Elaboration––mitigate
mitigatethe thekey
keyrisk
riskitems
itemsidentified
identifiedby bythe
theanalysis
analysisupup
totothe
theend
endofofthe
thephase.
phase.
Construction-
Construction-build buildthethesoftware
softwaresystem.
system.
Transition
Transition––Transit
Transitthethesystem
systemfrom
fromdevelopment
developmenttotoproduction.
production.
Each
Eachiteration
iterationofofRUP
RUPincludes
includesthe theentire
entirelife
lifecycle.
cycle.
Dynamic
DynamicSystems
SystemsDevelopment
DevelopmentModel Model
DSDM
DSDMisisseparated
separatedfrom
fromthe thestandard
standardwaterfall
waterfallmodel
modelby byits
itsfeedback
feedbackloops.
loops.
22
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
The
TheSpiral
SpiralModel
Model(More (Moreon onRisk
RiskAnalysis)
Analysis)
IsIs evolutionary
evolutionary that that couples
couples thethe iterative
iterative nature
nature ofof prototyping
prototyping withwith the
the
controlled
controlledand andsystematic
systematicaspects
aspectsofofthe
thelinear
linearsequential
sequentialmodel.
model.
ItIt provides
provides thethe potential
potential for
for rapid
rapid development
development of of incremental
incremental versions
versions of
of the
the
software.
software.
Using
Using the the spiral
spiral model,
model, software
software isis developed
developed inin aa series
series ofof incremental
incremental
releases.
releases.
During
During early
early iterations,
iterations, the
the incremental
incremental release
release might
might bebe aa paper
paper model
model or or
prototype.
prototype.
During
During later
later iterations,
iterations, increasingly
increasingly more
more complete
complete versions
versions of
of the
the engineered
engineered
system
systemare areproduced.
produced.
The
Themodel
modelhas hassixsixtask
tasksets
sets
Customer
Customer Communication
Communication -- tasks tasks required
required toto establish
establish effective
effective
communication
communicationbetween betweendeveloper
developerand
andcustomer.
customer.
Planning
Planning -- tasks
tasks required
required toto define
define resources,
resources, timelines,
timelines, and
and other
other project
project
related
relatedinformation.
information.
Risk
Risk Analysis
Analysis -- tasks
tasks required
required toto assess
assess both
both technical
technical and
and management
management 23
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
The
TheSpiral
SpiralModel
Model....Task
Tasksets
sets… …
Engineering
Engineering -- taskstasks required
required toto build
build one
one oror more
more representations
representations of of the
the
application.
application.
Construction
Constructionand andRelease
Release--taskstasksrequired
requiredtotoconstruct,
construct,test,
test,install,
install,and
andprovide
provide
user
usersupport
support(e.g.,
(e.g.,documentation
documentationand andtraining).
training).
Customer
Customer evaluation
evaluation -- tasks
tasks required
required toto obtain
obtain customer
customer feedback
feedback based
based onon
evaluation
evaluation ofof the
the software
software representations
representations created
created during
during the
the engineering
engineering stage
stage
and implemented during the installation
and implemented during the installation stage. stage.
The
Thespiral
spiralmodel
modelhashasthe
thefollowing
followingproblems
problems
ItItmay
maybebedifficult
difficulttotoconvince
convincecustomers
customers(particularly
(particularlyinincontract
contractsituations)
situations)that
that
the evolutionary approach is controllable.
the evolutionary approach is controllable.
ItItdemands
demandsconsiderable
considerablerisk riskassessment
assessmentexpertise
expertiseandandrelies
reliesononthis
thisexpertise
expertisefor
for
success.
success. IfIf aa major
major riskrisk isis not
not uncovered
uncovered and and managed,
managed, problems
problems will
will
undoubtedly
undoubtedlyoccur.
occur.

24
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Prototyping
Prototyping
Phases:
Phases:Gather Reqts
GatherReqts build
 build  test
test

Requirement
Requirementisisunclear
uncleartotoallall
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:
The
The customer
customer seessees what
what appears
appears toto be be aa working
working version
version ofof the
the software,
software,
unaware
unaware that
that inin the
the rush
rush toto get
get itit working
working no no one
one has
has considered
considered overall
overall
software
software quality
quality or or long-term
long-term maintainability.
maintainability. When When informed
informed thatthat the
the
product
productmust
mustbe berebuilt
rebuiltsosothat
thathigh
highlevels
levelsofofquality
qualitycancanbe
bemaintained,
maintained,the the
customer
customer demands
demands that that "a
"a few
few fixes"
fixes" bebe applied
applied toto make
make the
the prototype
prototype aa
working
workingproduct.
product.
The
Thedeveloper
developeroftenoftenmakes
makesimplementation
implementationcompromises
compromisesininorder ordertotoget
getaa
prototype
prototype working
working quickly.
quickly. An An inappropriate
inappropriate operating
operating system
system or or
programming
programming language
language may may be be usedused simply
simply because
because itit isis available
available and
and
known;
known;ananinefficient
inefficientalgorithm
algorithmmay maybe beimplemented
implementedsimplysimplytoto demonstrate
demonstrate
capability.
capability.
25
 Software Project Management Fundamentals
Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
RAD(Rapid
RAD(RapidApplication
ApplicationDevelopment)
Development)
Incremental
Incrementalsoftware
softwaredevelopment
developmentprocess
processmodel
modelthatthatemphasizes
emphasizesan anextremely
extremely
short
shortdevelopment
developmentcycle. cycle.
AA “high-speed”
“high-speed” adaptation
adaptation of of the
the linear
linear sequential
sequential model
model inin which
which rapid
rapid
development
developmentisisachieved
achievedby byusing
usingcomponent-based
component-basedconstruction.
construction.
Requirement
Requirement isis clearclear and
and stable
stable ++ Each
Each major
major function
function cancan be
be addressed
addressed byby aa
separate
separateRAD RADteam team
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:
For
For large
large and
and also
also scalable
scalable projects,
projects, RADRAD requires
requires sufficient
sufficient number
number of of
teams.
teams.
RAD
RAD requires
requires committed
committed developers
developers and and customers
customers toto getget aa system
system
complete
complete in a much abbreviated time frame. If commitment is lackingfrom
in a much abbreviated time frame. If commitment is lacking from
either
eitherconstituency,
constituency,RADRADprojects
projectswill
willfail.
fail.
IfIf aa system
system cannot
cannot bebe properly
properly modularized,
modularized, the the RAD
RAD approach
approach may
may not
not
work.
work.
RAD
RADisisnot notappropriate
appropriatewhenwhentechnical
technicalrisks
risksarearehigh.
high.This
Thisoccurs
occurswhen
whenaa
new
new application
application makes
makes heavy
heavy useuse ofof new
new technology
technology or or when
when the
the new
new
software
software requires
requires aa high
high degree
degree ofof interoperability
interoperability with with existing
existing computer
computer
programs.
programs. 26
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Component
ComponentBased Based
Emphasizes
Emphasizes the the design
design and
and construction
construction ofof computer
computer based
based systems
systems using
using
reusable
reusable component.
component. Requirement
Requirement can can be be split
split mapped
mapped to to existing
existing
components.
components.
Concurrent
ConcurrentModelModel
The
Theconcurrent
concurrentprocess
processmodel
modelisisoften
oftenused
usedas asthe
theparadigm
paradigmforforthe
thedevelopment
development
ofof Client/server
Client/serverapplications.
applications.
AAclient/server
client/serversystem
systemisiscomposed
composedof ofaaset
setofoffunctional
functionalcomponents.
components.
When
Whenapplied
appliedtotoclient/server,
client/server,the
theconcurrent
concurrentprocess
processmodel
modeldefines
defines activities
activitiesinin
two
twodimensions:
dimensions:aasystem
systemdimension
dimensionand andaacomponent
componentdimension.
dimension.
System
Systemlevel
levelissues
issuesare
areaddressed
addressedusing
usingthree
threeactivities:
activities:Design,
Design,Assembly,
Assembly,and and
Use.
Use.
The
Thecomponent
componentdimension
dimensionisisaddressed
addressedwith
withtwo
twoactivities:
activities:Design
Designand
andRealization.
Realization.

27
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Model
Model
Concurrent
ConcurrentModel
Model
Concurrency
Concurrencyisisachieved
achievedinintwo
twoways:
ways:
1.
1.System
System andand component
component activities
activities occur
occur simultaneously
simultaneously and and cancan be
be modeled
modeled
using
usingthe
thestate-oriented
state-orientedapproach.
approach.
2.
2. AAtypical
typicalclient/server
client/serverapplication
applicationisisimplemented
implementedwithwithmany
manycomponents,
components,each each
ofofwhich
whichcan canbebedesigned
designedand
andrealized
realizedconcurrently.
concurrently.
InIn reality,
reality, the
the concurrent
concurrent process
process model
model isis applicable
applicable toto all
all types
types ofof software
software
development
developmentand andprovides
providesananaccurate
accuratepicture
pictureof
ofthe
thecurrent
currentstate
stateofofaaproject.
project.

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-Process-
SPM-Process- Process
Process Technology
Technology
The
Theprocess
processmodels
modelsdiscussed
discussedmust
mustbe beadapted
adaptedfor
foruse
useby
byaasoftware
softwareproject
projectteam.
team.
To
To accomplish
accomplish this,
this, process
process technology
technology tools
tools have
have been
been developed
developed toto help
help software
software
organizations
organizationsanalyze
analyzetheir
their current
current process,
process, organize
organize work
worktasks,
tasks, control
control and
andmonitor
monitor
progress,
progress,and
andmanage
managetechnical
technicalquality.
quality.
28
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focuses of
of SPM-
SPM- Project
Project
4.4.Project
Project… …
InInorder
ordertotomanage
manageaasuccessful
successfulsoftware
softwareproject,
project,we
wemust
mustunderstand
understand what
whatcan
can
gogowrong
wrong(so (sothat
thatproblems
problemscan canbe
beavoided)
avoided)andandhow
howtotodo
doititright.
right.
Ten
Tensigns
signsthat
thatindicate
indicatethat
thataaproject
projectisisin
injeopardy:
jeopardy:
1.1.Software
Softwarepeople
peopledon’t
don’tunderstand
understandtheir
theircustomer’s
customer’sneeds.
needs.
2.2.The
Theproduct
productscope
scopeisispoorly
poorlydefined.
defined.
3.3.Changes
Changesare aremanaged
managedpoorly.
poorly.
4.4.The
Thechosen
chosentechnology
technologychanges.
changes.
5.5.Business
Businessneeds
needschange
change[or
[orare
areill-defined].
ill-defined].
6.6.Deadlines
Deadlinesare areunrealistic.
unrealistic.
7.7.Users
Usersare
areresistant.
resistant.
8.8.Sponsorship
Sponsorshipisislostlost[or
[orwas
wasnever
neverproperly
properlyobtained].
obtained].
9.9.The
Theproject
projectteam
teamlacks
lackspeople
peoplewith
withappropriate
appropriateskills.
skills.
10.
10.Managers
Managers[and [andpractitioners]
practitioners]avoid
avoidbest
bestpractices
practicesand
andlessons
lessonslearned.
learned.

29
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focusesof
ofSPM-
SPM-Project
Project--Software
SoftwareProject
ProjectTeam
TeamOrganization
Organization
Responsibilities:
Responsibilities:Customer
Customer
Giving
Givingrequirements
requirementsand and
requirement
requirementclarifications.
clarifications.
Providing
Providingtest
testdata,
data,
acceptance
acceptancecriteria,
criteria,etc.
etc.
Accepting
Acceptingdeliverables
deliverables
Responsibilities-PM
Responsibilities-PM
The
ThePMPMplans
plansandandguides
guidesthethe
project
projectby:
by:
Initiating
Initiatingthetheproject
project
Understanding
Understandingthe the
project
projectrequirement
requirement
Planning,
Planning,estimation
estimation
and
andscheduling
schedulingof of
project.
project.

30
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focusesof
ofSPM-
SPM-Project
Project--Software
SoftwareProject
ProjectTeam
TeamOrganization
Organization
Responsibilities-PM
Responsibilities-PM… …
Identifying
Identifyingthe
thetraining
trainingneeds,
needs,planning
planningand
andexecuting
executingthem
them
Moderating
Moderatingwork
workproducts
products
Reporting,
Reporting,monitoring,
monitoring,and andreviewing
reviewingstatus
status
Resolving
Resolvingissues
issues
Maintaining
Maintainingaction
actionlog
log
Releasing
Releasingdeliverables
deliverables
Closing
Closingthe
theproject
project
Responsibilities-Dev’pt
Responsibilities-Dev’ptTeam Team
Understanding
Understandingsystem
systemrequirements
requirements
Defining
Definingrequirements
requirements
Performing
Performingdesign
designand
andimplementation
implementation
Delivering
Deliveringwork
workproducts
products
Reporting
Reportingstatus
statusand
andresolving
resolvingissues
issues
31
 Software Project Management Fundamentals

Focuses
Focusesof
ofSPM-
SPM-Project
Project--Software
SoftwareProject
ProjectTeam
TeamOrganization
Organization
Responsibilities-
Responsibilities-Config.
Config.MgtMgtTeam
Team
Controlling
Controllingconfiguration
configurationlibrary
library
Enforcing
Enforcingchange
changecontrol
control
Holding
Holdingcustody
custodyof ofchange
changerequests
requests
Making
Makingcustomer
customerrelease
release
Responsibilities-Risk
Responsibilities-RiskMgt MgtTeam
Team
Identifying
Identifyingpotential
potentialrisks
risks
Estimating
Estimatingthe
theprobability
probabilityandandimpact
impactofofeach
eachrisk
risk
Constructing
Constructingaarisk
riskplan
plan
Responsibilities-SQA
Responsibilities-SQATeam Team
Upholding
Upholdingorganizational
organizationalpolicies
policies
Adhering
Adheringtotoproject
projectmethodologies
methodologies
Performing
Performingreview
reviewandandtest
test

32
 Software project management tasks

Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks
Project
ProjectInitiation
Initiation
Project
ProjectPlanning
Planning
Project
ProjectEstimation
Estimation
Risk
RiskManagement
Management
Configuration
ConfigurationManagement
Management
Project
ProjectMonitoring
Monitoringand
andControl
Control

Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks-Initiation
-Initiation
Purpose
Purposeofofproject
projectinitiation
initiation
To
Toformally
formallyauthorize
authorizeaanew
newproject
projectororallow
allowcontinuation
continuationofofan
anexisting
existingone
one
To
Toconfirm
confirmthat
thatthe
theassigned
assignedproject
projectisisachievable
achievablewith
withthe
thespecified
specifiedframework
framework
Project
ProjectInitiation-
Initiation-Activities
Activities
Study
Studycustomer’s
customer’srequest
requestwith
withcare
care
Investigate
Investigateneeds/business
needs/businessobjectives
objectives
33
 Software project management tasks
Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks-Initiation
-Initiation
Activities
Activities……
Find
Findout
outconstraints
constraintsandandopportunities
opportunities
Choose
Choosedev’pt
dev’ptstrategy
strategybybyconsidering
consideringalternatives
alternatives
Develop
Developthe theinitial
initialproject
projectplan
plan
Build
Buildthe
theteam
team
Organize
Organizethe theproject
projectkick-off
kick-off
Project
ProjectInitiation-
Initiation-Kick-off
Kick-off
Purpose
Purposeofofproject
projectkick-off:
kick-off:
To
Tocreate
createaateam
teamspirit
spiritright
rightup
upfront.
front.
To
To create
create an
an open
open environment
environment where
where aa fair
fair exchange
exchange ofof technical
technical issue
issue isis
encountered.
encountered.
To
Toachieve
achieveaacommon
commonunderstanding
understandingofofproject
projectrequirements
requirements
To
Toget
getcommitment
commitmentofofthe theteam
teammembers
memberstowards
towardsthe theproject
projectobjectives
objectives
Kick-off
Kick-offagenda
agenda
Customer
Customer Commitments,
Commitments, Project
Project plan
plan and
and Milestones,
Milestones, Risks,
Risks, Performance
Performance
measures,
measures,andandBaselines
Baselines 34
 Software project management tasks

Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks-Initiation
-Initiation
Project
ProjectInitiation-
Initiation-Kick-off
Kick-off
Who
Whoshould
shouldattend
attendkick-off:
kick-off:
Project
Projectmanager
manager
Team
Teammembers
members
Senior
Seniormanagement
management
Customers
Customers
Suppliers
Suppliers
Any
Anyother
otherstakeholders
stakeholders

Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks-Planning
-Planning
Purpose
Purposeofofproject
projectplanning:
planning:
To
To build
build appropriate
appropriate software
software by
by making
making everyone
everyone inin the
the project
project toto understand
understand
and
and agree on both why and how that software will be built before the workbegins.
agree on both why and how that software will be built before the work begins.
Planning
Planningstarts
startsduring
duringproject
projectinitiation
initiationstage
stage

35
 Software project management tasks
Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks-Planning
-Planning
Planning
Planningspecifies:
specifies:
What
Whatwork
workwill willbebedone?
done?
How
Howwill
willititbe
bedone?
done?
How
Howmuch
muchwill willititcost?
cost?
When
Whenwill
willititbebeaccomplished?
accomplished?
What
Whatisisthe
theresource
resourcetotodo dothe
thework?
work?
What
Whatare
arethe
themechanisms
mechanismsof ofmonitoring
monitoringandandcontrolling?
controlling?
How
Howwill
willthe
thechanges
changesand andrisks
risksbe
behandled?
handled?
Primary
PrimaryPlanning
Planningstepsstepsinclude:
include:
Identifying
Identifyingproject
projectscope
scopeand
andobjectives
objectives
Identifying
Identifyingproject
projectorganizational
organizationalenvironment
environment
Analyzing
Analyzingproject
projectcharacteristics
characteristics
Identifying
Identifyingproject
projectproducts
productsand
andactivities
activities
Estimating
Estimatingeffort
effortforforeach
eachactivity
activity
Identifying
Identifyingrisks
risks
Allocating
Allocatingresources
resources 36
 Software project management tasks

Project
ProjectManagement
ManagementTasks
Tasks-Planning
-Planning
Planning
Planningdocuments:
documents:
Software
SoftwareProject
ProjectManagement
ManagementPlan
Plan(SPMP)
(SPMP)
Risk
RiskManagement
ManagementPlan
Plan(RMP)
(RMP)
Software
SoftwareConfiguration
ConfigurationMgt
MgtPlan
Plan(SCMP)
(SCMP)
Software
SoftwareQuality
QualityAssurance
AssurancePlan
Plan(SQAP)
(SQAP)

37