• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

English In Focus

Session 4
 TIPS & STRATEGIES
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Listening Skill 3 &
– Second level
• Reading:
• Third level
• Vocabulary
– Fourth
&level
Reference words
» Fifth level
 Listening Skill 3: Function
To• Click
Request?
to edit Master textTo Change a Topic?
styles
– Second level
To Clarify? To Explain?
• Third level
– Fourth level

WHY? » Fifth level

To Suggest?
To Apologize?
 Context Cues
Series e.g. the diaries of the early farmers told of hardships,
• calamities, and adversities that made their lives miserable:
Click lack
to ofedit
waterMaster text
for daily use, styles
sudden epidemics that wiped out
whole families, and severe blizzards that kept people house-
– Second level
bound for weeks
• Third level
WH e.g.
– the cold-cellar
Fourth level was where the farmers stored their fruits
marker and vegetables for winter
» Fifth level
Reason e.g. the settlers never gave up. They struggled through the
logically early years, dealt with their difficulties, and in the end,
overcame their adversities.
Knowled e.g. pioneer women met adversity head on; they used paper
ge of the for windows, carried water for miles for the weekly washing,
world and made do with corn meal rather than flour for the daily
baking ( concept of difficulty/hardship)
 Reference Words
Subject Object Possessi Demonstrative Indefinite Specified
Pronou Pronou ve Pronoun Pronoun Item
n n Pronoun
• Click to edit Master text styles
it it its this one this idea
they– Second
them level
theirs that some that problem
he him his these another these
she • her
Third level
hers those several reports
– Fourth level those
» Fifth level concepts

In determining the referent (the word or phrase that reference words

refer to), use both the structure and the meaning of the sentence
1. Read carefully to find the word or words that match the reference
words and
2. Be sure that the referent chosen is logically correct for the meaning
of the passage when substituted for the reference words
e.g. The man paid the bill when the man received the man’s check.
e.g. The man paid the bill when he received his check.