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 CHAPTER 4
REPRODUCTION
AND
GROWTH
The necessity for organisms
to reproduce
Organisms can not live forever. They will
eventually die. Therefore need to produce
new individual to replace those that die.

Reproduction is
necessity to ensure:

The The passing down of

continuation of an individual’s genes
the species to future generation
 GAMETE FORMATION

Types of reproduction
a) Sexual b) Asexual
reproduction reproduction
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. involving sex cells

or gamete

2. Gamete are formed 3. Involve two

by meiotic division parents

4. New individuals inherit genes

from both parents through the
fusion of egg and sperm.

6. Ensure the survival of 5. Produce offspring that

the species if the are genetically different
environment condition
undergo changes from their parents
constantly
 1. The production 2. The process
of new individuals relies entirely on
without involving mitotic division
sex cells.

7. Is an advantage 3. Involves only one

if the environment individual (single
is stable. parent)
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
6. Ensure that the 4. New individual
adaptation of the parent for get their genes from
survival are passed down one parent without
unchanged to the offspring. the fusion of an egg
and sperm

5. Produces
offspring that are
genetically identical
to the parent
GAMETE FORMATION
-gamete formation occurs in the
reproduction organs(gonads)
- ovaries, testes
-gametes are haploid in number
-after fertilisation of gametes the
embryo become diploid in
number.
 GAMETE FORMATION
Necessity for the formation of gametes:
- can produce varities in
offspring for a better
chance of survival.
- can maintain the diploid
number in an organism
• Sexual reproduction involves the
following processes:
• Meiotic divisions of the germ cells
produce haploid gametes (one set
of chromosomes) usually ova and
sperm.
• The ova and sperm fuse to form a
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
zygote (single cell).
 Page Title
• Note 1
• Note 2
• Note 3
 What
Is
Gametogenesis
?
 Gametogenesis is:
• the process of gametes
formation
–(Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis)
• It occurs in the gonads
–(ovary or testis)
SPERMATOGENESIS
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

(spermatogenesis)

The formation of Each testis made

male gamete or up of many small
sperm takes place seminiferous
in the testes tubule.

Two types of cells, the

germinal epithelial cells
and sertoli cells, line the
seminiferous tubules
Germinal epithelial cells of a seminiferous
tubule divide by mitosis to produce diploid
spermatogonia

The spermatogonia grow to become

primary spermatocytes which are large
diploid sells.

Each primary spermatocytes undergoes

meiosis I to form two haploid secondary
spermatocytes

Each secondary spermatocytes divides

again during meiosis II to produce
spermatids. This means a total of four
spermatids are formed for every primary
spermatocytes

The spermatids obtain nourishment from

nearby nutritive cells (sertoli cells), develop
tails and mature into sperms
(spermatozoa) through cell differentiation
 Sperm Production
Epididymis Testis
germ cell
(diploid)
Coiled
seminiferous
tubules

primary
spermatocyte
(diploid) MEIOSIS
I
secondary
spermatocytes
(haploid)
MEIOSIS
Vas deferens spermatids II
(haploid)

spermatozoa

Cross-section of
seminiferous tubule
 Spermatogenesis
is the process of formation of the
male germ cells(sperm formation).  
It occurs in the seminiferous
tubules of the testis. 
It is thread-like in shape. 
Testes
Formation of Sperm
Spermatogonia 
primary spermatocyte 
Secondary spermatocyte 
spermatid  sperm
Spermatogenic

Sertoli Cell
 Spermatocytogenesis

primary

secondary Meiosis
spermatids

Spermiogenesis

spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis occurs from
puberty to old age, producing large
numbers of spermatozoa at an
average rate of 1.5 million
spermatozoa per minute.
The sperm will mature in the
epidiymis, nourished by sertoli cells
for up to 10 weeks.
Humans aged 13-90 can make
1 billion sperm a day.
Spermatogenesis is the process
by which male primary sperm
cells undergo meiosis,
and produce a number of cells
termed spermatogonia, from which
the primary spermatocytes are
derived.
Each primary spermatocyte
divides into two secondary
spermatocytes, and each
secondary spermatocyte into
two spermatids or
young spermatozoa.
These develop into mature
spermatozoa, also known
as sperm cells.
The primary spermatocyte gives
rise to two cells, the secondary
spermatocytes, and the two
secondary spermatocytes by their
subdivision produce four
spermatozoa.
 Spermatogonium
It is an intermediary male
gametogonium 
(a kind of germ cell).
Diploid in number:
44 autosomes and 2 sex cells
It is very small and under the
process of development.
Undergoing G1-S.
Primary Spermatocytes
diploid in number:
44 autosomes and 2 sex cells
Increases in size

Undergoing G2.
 Secondary Spermatocytes

Haploid in number:
22 autosomes and 1 sex cell
each.
Can see the cleavage furrow
Undergoing Meiosis I
Chromosomes are reduced into
half number.
 Spermatid
Haploid in number:
22 (single stranded) autosomes
and 1 sex cell.

Undergoing Meiosis II
(Equational Division)
 Spermatozoa
It is a moving form of the haploid
cell that is the male gamete.

It fuses an ovum to form a zygote.

Matured Sperm Cell are ready to

fertilized the egg.
Oogenesis
 FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 Begins in the
developing ovaries of a
female fetus before
is s birth.
e
g en Germinal epithelial cells near
the surface of an ovary
o o multiply by mitosis to form
oogonia
The diploid primary oocyte
complete meiosis Ito form Oogonia grow to
haploid cells which are not form primary
equal in size oocytes and
surrounded by a
layer of follicle cells
All primary oocytes
and secrete sex
undergo meiosis but
hormones to make up
stop at prophase I
primary follicle.
of meiosis I
 Egg production
• Oogenesis
– eggs in ovaries halted
before Anaphase 1
– Meiosis 1 completed during
maturation
– Meiosis 2 completed after
fertilization unequal
– 1 egg + 2 polar bodies divisions

Meiosis 1 completed
during egg maturation ovulation
What is the advantage of
this development system?
Meiosis 2 completed
triggered by fertilization
 Oogenesis
primary follicles
germinal cell
(diploid) fallopian tube

fertilization

primary developing
oocyte follicle
(diploid)
MEIOSIS mature follicle with
I secondary secondary oocyte
first polar body oocyte
(haploid) ruptured follicle
(ovulation)
MEIOSIS II
after fertilization
ovum
(haploid)
second corpus luteum
polar body
Oogenesis is the
process
of formation of the female
germ cells
(primordial germcell)ovum.  

It happens in the Ovary.

It is Spherical in shape.

 Oogenesis

 Begins in early foetal life.

All oocytes formed in
females are produced
during foetal life.
 Oogenesis
Many of them degenerate
with time and at birth the
ovaries contain about 2 million
oocytes.   
All the oocytes go into
meiotic arrest when they reach
the first meiotic division during
foetal life.
• The primary oocytes remain
in the prophase I of meiotic
division until the time of
puberty, when they are
gradually released to
complete meiosis at regular
intervals known as the
ovarian cycle.
•On the average only one
oocyte matures during each
cycle, so that the total amount
of oocytes to be ovulated is
about 500 oocytes in a
lifetime.
 Oogonium/Oogonia
Diploid in number:
44 autosomes and 2 sex cells

It is very small and under the

process of development.

Undergoing G1-S.
 Primary Oocytes
It is a cell whose primary function is to
divide by the process of meiosis.
It is also diploid in number:
44 autosomes and 2 sex cells
Increases in size
Undergoing G2.
 Secondary Oocytes
Undergoing Meiosis I
(Reduction Division). 
Chromosomes are reduced into
its half number.
Begins during embryonic
development, of prophase I
until puberty.
 Secondary Oocytes
Undergoing Meiosis I
(Reduction Division). 
Chromosomes are reduced into its
half number.
Begins during embryonic
development, but temporary stop at
prophase I until puberty.
 Secondary Oocytes
Primary oocytes that continue to
develop in each menstrual cycle,
however, synapsis occurs
and tetrads form, enabling chromosomal
crossover to occur.
Result of meiosis I, the primary oocyte
has now developed into the secondary
oocyte and the first polar body.
 Secondary Oocytes
Undergoing Meiosis I (Reduction
Division). 
Chromosomes are reduced into its
half number.
Begins during embryonic
development, but stops in the prophase
I until puberty.
 Ootid/Ovum
• Immediately after meiosis I,
the haploid secondary oocyte
initiates meiosis II (Equational Division).
• This process is also stops at the metaphase
II stage until fertilization, if such should
ever occur.
• When meiosis II has completed, an ootid
and another polar body have now been
created.
 Polar Bodies
• Both polar bodies disintegrate at the end of
Meiosis II, leaving only the ootid, which
then eventually undergoes maturation into
a mature ovum.
• The function of forming polar bodies is to
discard the extra haploid sets of
chromosomes that have resulted as a
consequence of meiosis.
DEVELOPMENT OF OVUM AFTER FERTILISATION
THE END