RADIATION

The Heat energy transfer from one body to

another without any transmitting medium is know as
radiation.(by electromagnetic wave)

Thermal energy emitted by matter as a result of

vibrational and rotational movements of molecules,
atoms and electrons. The energy is transported by
electromagnetic waves.
All the electromagnetic waves are classified in
terms of wavelength and are propagated at the velocity
of light.(3 x 108m/s)
 Emission Properties
The emission rate of the body is depends upon
the following factors.
The wave length
The temperature of the surface
The nature of the surface
 Electromagnetic
Radiation spectrum
 Emissive Power (Eb)
The emissive power is defined as the total
amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit
area and unit time
It is expressed in w/m2 according to stefan-
Bolltzman is given 5.67x10-8 w/m2K4
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a
body to radiate heat.
ε = 1  block body , ε = 0 white body
ε = 0-1  grey body
 Monochromatic Emissive
Power(Ebλ)

The energy emitted by the surface at a unit

wave length per unit time , unit area in all
direction is know as monochromatic emissive
power
 Radiation properties of a
Real surface
Absorption
Reflection
Transmission
Incident radiation is also called as
irradiation. It is defined as the total incident
radiation falling on a surface from all
direction per unit time per unit area of the
surface
If the Q if falling on a body as shown the
figure
Qa  Absorbed
Qr  Reflected
Qt  Transmitted
Then Q = Qa + Qr + Qt dividing by Q
1 = (Q a / Q) + (Q r / Q) + (Qt / Q)

α ρ τ
 Concept of Block Body
Body which absorbs all incident radiation
from all direction at all wavelengths
without reflecting and transmitting it is
called a block body.
Block body is used to compare the
emission and radiation characteristic of
real bodies
 Opaque Body
If all the incident radiation falling on the
body are absorbed and reflected and no
incident is transmitted through the body,
the such bodies are called opaque bodies
 White Body
Ifall the incident radiation falling on the body
are reflected, then it is called as white body
Types of reflection
◦ Regular / specula reflection
 The angle between the reflected beam and normal to the
surface and incident radiation are equal – it is occurs
highly polished surface and smooth surface
◦ Diffuse reflection
 The incident beam is reflected in all direction – it is occurs
rough surfaces.
 Gray Body
If a body absorbs a definite
percentage of incident radiation falling
on it irrespective of their wave length
is know as gray body
The emissive power of the gray body
is always less then black body
 Laws of Block Body
Radiation
The radiation energy is based on the
following laws
Stefan – Boltzman Law
Kirchoff’s Law
Planck’s Law
Wien’s displament law
Lambert’s Cosine Law / Lambert’s law
of diffuse radiation
 Stefan – Boltzman Law
Itstates that the emissive power of a
block body is directly proportional to the
fourth power of its absolute temperature

E b =σT4
σ = stefan – boltzman constant = 5.6x10-8 w/m2K4
Kirchoff’s Law
 Planck’s Law
It states that the total monochromatic
emissive power is defined as the energy
emitted by the black surface is all
direction per unit area and per unit
wavelength interval around λ
Wien’s Displacement Law
The law states that the product
of λ max and temperature are
constant

λ T = constant
max
C = 2.9 x 10 -3 μmk
 Lambert’s cosine Law
This law states that the emissive
power from the radiating plane
surface in any direction is
directly proportional to the
cosine of the angle of emission
 ( applicable of diffuse radiation only)
Eθ = Eb cos θ