Topic 5 Carbon Compunds

5.1 Introduction to carbon compounds

5.2 Hydrocarbons
5.3 Alcohol
5.4 Fats
5.5 Palm oil

ITeach – Science Form 5

 5.1 Introduction to carbon compounds

ITeach – Science Form 5

5.1 Carbon compounds
- Compound which contain carbon, C elements

living things Origin non-living things

more carbon atoms number of carbon less carbon atoms

atom in a molecule
flammable non-flammable
Flammability (burn in air produce carbon)
(burn in air produce carbon)
soluble in organic solvent soluble in inorganic solvent
Solubility
(petrol) (water)

- minerals on Earth
wood, fats, urea, protein, - gas as in atmosphere
Example
natural rubber. (Calcium carbonate,
Carbon dioxide)
 Carbon cycle

Carbon dioxide
in the air

Photosynthesis
Combustion
Respiration
& Transpiration Respiration

Plants

Intake Petrol

Animal
Dead
Dead Fossil
fuel
Decomposition by
bacteria

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 5.2 Hydrocarbons

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 5.2 Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon = Compound consists of carbon and hydrogen only

Examples of hydrocarbon = petroleum , natural gas

- Contain single bond between - Contain double bond between

carbon atoms carbon atoms

alkene
alkane
- Cn H2n+2 - Cn H2n
Fractional distillation of petroleum
 5.3 Alcohol

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 5.3 Alcohol
Alcohol = organic compound which consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
[CnH2n+1OH, n = 1, 2, 3…]

Production of Alcohol

Ethanol is produced through fermentation where sugar/starch are converted

to ethanol by yeast

yeast
Glucose (enzyme zymase)
Ethanol + carbon dioxide

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 The Production Of Ethanol – Fermentation Process

The Process Of Fermentation

Observation: The lime water turns chalky showed that carbon dioxide is
produced during fermertation

Discussion: Sugar Yeast Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

(zymase)
Conclusion: Ethanol can be produced through fermentation of sugar by yeast

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 The Production Of Ethanol – Distillation Process

The process of distillation

Observation : A colourless distillate with a sharp strong smell is collected

through distillation.
Discussion: Ethanol is separated from ethanol solution by distillation
because the boiling point of ethanol is 78oC and different
from water 100oC.
Conclusion: The ethanol solution can be purified by process of
distillation.

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 Characteristics of Alcohols

• Colourless liquid with a strong smell

• Highly volatile

• Can be mixed with water

• Burn easily : Alcohol + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water

Alcohol + organic acid Concentrated Sulphuric acid Ester + water Esterification

(as catalyst) process

Esterification process

ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question

 Uses of alcohol

• Resins Organic • Antiseptic to kill germ

• Varnish Medicine
Solvent • Cough mixtures
• Paint

Cosmetics
Uses of Alcohol
Fuel

• Perfume
Combustion of • Moisturiser
alcohol produces Drink and Food Chemicals
energy

• Alcoholic drinks • Chloroform

• food flavouring • formalin

ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question

 Effects Of Excessive Alcohol
Consumption
Effect Of Alcohol On Health

Organs Damages caused by excessive consumption of alcohol

Eyes • Blurred vision

• Slow down brain function.
Brain • Unconscious.
• Damage brain cells causing brain size to shrink.
• Hardening of liver or Cirrhosis.
Liver
• Inflammation of the liver.

• Heart muscles may deteriorate.

Heart
• Causes high blood pressure.

Stomach • Causes gastric and ulcers.

• Kidney tend to reabsorbs less water.

Kidney
• Cause dehydration.

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 5.4 Fats

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 5.4 Fats
- organic carbon compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
- Important class of food that provides energy and warmth

origin animals plants Saturated fats are

linked to raise
Examples cholesterol levels.
meat, cheese, butter corn oil, olive oil
Number of bonds
Between carbon single bond Double / triple bonds Too much
atoms cholesterol will
Hydrogen to cause fatty
higher lower deposits to build-
Carbon ratio
up in the inner walls
At room solid form liquid form of arteries, leading
temperature to high blood
Melting point higher lower pressure, heart
attack, stroke.
Cholesterol
content higher lower
ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question
Excessive cholesterol in the blood can affect human health:
i) Gallstones and jaundice
- Excessive cholesterol in the blood can form gallstones which
block the bile duct which can cause jaundice.
ii) Cholesterol deposited in the inner wall of arteries and
atherosclerosis
- Cholesterol that accumulates and deposits on the inner
artery walls causes the artery lumen to become narrow, can
disrupt or block flow of blood in a condition known as
atherosclerosis
Steps to avoid health problems caused by excessive cholesterol in blood
include:
• reducing the intake of saturated fats in nutrition
• consuming unsaturated fats which can lower the cholesterol level in blood
 5.5 Palm Oil

ITeach – Science Form 5

 Structure of an oil palm fruit

Kernel – produces palm

kernel oil Pulp (mesocarp) –
produces palm oil (has
higher content of oil)

Shell (endocarp)

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 Palm oil extraction process (Pulp)

Sterilization Kills microorganism and soften the fruits.

Threshing / Separate oil palm fruits from bunches.

separation

Crushed, digested oil palm fruits at high temperatures

Digestion to loose the mesocarp from the seed.

Mesocarp is pressed hydraulically where oil is

Extraction extracted under high pressure.

Filtration Impurities are filtered and removed.

To purity palm oil

- phosphoric acid to remove stain
Purification -Vacuum process to bleach colour
-Steam to eliminate acid which cause oil become sour.

ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question

 Palm oil extraction process (Kernel)

Sterilization Kills microorganism and soften the fruits.

Threshing / Separate oil palm fruits from bunches.

separation

Crushed, digested oil palm fruits at high temperatures

Digestion to loose the mesocarp from the seed.

Extraction - Shell and kernels are dried n passed into

nutcracker, then separated
- Kernel are dried and kernel oil is extracted

ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question

 Components of Palm Oil

- Palm oil consits of mixtured saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and
stearic acid), and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid)
 The Chemical Properties of Palm Oil

(a) Oxidation
-occurs when its oil molecules combine with oxygen in the air
or from other reactants
-oxidation of palm oil produces free radicals and compounds
which are harmful to human health.

(b) Hydrolysis
-occurs in palm oil when palm oil molecules react with water.
-the reaction between palm oil and water produces glycerol
and fatty acids.

(c) Esterification
- occurs when its fatty acid molecules react with alcohol to
produce ester (methyl ester), that is palm oil biodiesel.
 Emulsification Process of Palm Oil

- emulsification of palm oil is a process where palm oil is

broken into smaller droplets.
- Can be produce by shaking palm oil and water in container.
- When mixture shaken quickly, droplet oil will break into
smaller droplet and it will dispersed in whole water
 Nutritional Content and Uses of Palm Oil

Lubricants Cooking oil and margarine

Chocolate Uses of palm oil Soap and bath cream

and ice cream

Candles
Paint and ink

Nutritional values of palm oil

unsaturated fats increases ‘good’ cholesterol and
decrease ‘bad’ cholesterol

vitamin A (beta – carotene) good for vision and

lungs

vitamin E (tocopherols) an antioxidant for healthy

skin and prevention of cancers
 Process of Making Soap - Saponification

oil
(Fatty acid)
+ alkali
(concentrated sodium or

boiling
 soap
(sodium or
+ Glycerol

potassium hydroxide) potassium salt)

2 stages in soap-making process

a) Glycerol – fatty acid + water hydrolysis glycerol + fatty acid

alkali
Fat
b) Fatty acid + sodium hydroxide sodium fatty acids + water + glycerol
(soap)

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 Molecular Components of Soap and Cleansing Action of Soap

• when soap dissolves in water, the surface

tension of the water is reduced.
• Therefore, the surface of cloth becomes
completely wet with soap water.
 Cleansing Action Of Soap Molecules

Ionic head dissolves in water

Hydrocarbon repelled by water

molecules

Hydrocarbon chains dissolve

in oil and grease.

Cloth
Washing and scrubbing
actions break up grease from
the cloth into small droplets.

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Sustainable Management and its Importance in the Palm Oil Industry

(a) Land use

- Replanting is carried out to optimise land use.
(b) Wastewater
-Palm oil mill effluent (POME) produced from sterilisation processes are
made into organic fertilisers and biogas energy substances.
(c) Air quality
- The quality of air improves when carbon dioxide is absorbed and
oxygen is released by oil palm trees during photosynthesis.
(d) Oil palm waste
- practises zero waste concept by converting oil palm waste into various
types of useful products

POME