MAGNETIC PARTICLE

TESTING.

PRESENTATION
KRISHNAMOORTHI. V
 PRINCIPLE

 BY MAGNETISING THE MATERIAL WE

CAN DETECT THE SURFACE & SUB-
SURFACE DISCONTINUTIES.

 UP TO 6 MM DEFTH CAN BE
DETECTED.
 PROPERTIES OF LINES OF
FORCE.
 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE.
 NEVER INTERSECT OR CROSS EACH
OTHER.
 ALWAYS TRAVELS IN A LOW RESISTANCE
PATH.
 LEAVES FROM NORTH POLE & ENTERS
THROUGH SOUTH POLE
 ALWAYS FORMS A CLOSE LOOP.
 ADVANTAGES.

 SIMPLE PROCESS.
 SPOT RESULT.
 BOTH SURFACE & SUB SURFACE CAN
BE INSPECTED.
 LESS COST.
 NO HAZARDS.
 DISADVANTAGES

 ONLY FERROUS MATERIAL DEFECTS

CAN BE DETECT.
 POWER SUPPLY IS NEEDED.
 SUBSURFACE MORE THAN 6 MM
CANNOT BE DETECTED.
 NO PERMANAT RECORD.
 TYPES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIAL

1.DIA MAGNETIC MATERIALS.

 The material does not magnetize at any

stage.

 Ex. Gold, Silver, mercury, etc.

PARA MAGNETIC MATERIALS

 The material which get either magnetized

or not
 Due to alloy content present in it.

 Example : Copper sulfate, cobalt etc.

 FERRO MAGNETIC
MATERIALS.

 The material which get easily magnetized

at any stage.

 Example : cast iron, wrought iron etc.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.
 1. PERMEABILITY.

 Ability of the material to allow the flow of

flux or free flow of flux.
 2. RELUCTANCE.

 The opposite force offered by the material

instead of getting easily magnetized.
 3. RESIDUAL MAGNETISM.

 The amount of force present inside the

material after the removal of magnetic
source.
 4.RETENTIVITY.

 To retain the residual magnetism.

 5. CO-ERRESIVE FORCE.

 The opposite force required for the

removal of residual magnetism from the
material.
 METHODS OF
MAGNETISATION.

 CONTINUOS METHOD

 RESIDUAL MAGNETISM.
TYPES OF MAGNETISATION.

 1. Longitudinal magnetization.

 2. Circular magnetization.
 1. LONGITUDINAL
MAGNETIZATION.
1. COIL METHOD :

 A solenoid coil is wounded around a circular

component.
 Contact is made at the coil and magnetic force.
 Created at the inner part of the circular component.
 Any irregular job can be inspected by this
equipments.
 The magnetic force exist on either side 9”(inch)
 If job length is more than 18” it should be inspected
by using “second shot method”
 2. YOKE.
1. Permanent yoke :

 It has two adjustable & tapered legs.

 By adjusting this any irregular components
can be inspected.
 It is mostly used for inspecting over head
position.
 2. Electro magnetic yoke.
 Number of thin magnetic iron sheets are
wounded with the copper coil.
 If contact is applied at coil magnetization
will be created in iron sheets.
 Effective length of magnetic field created
is 2” to 8” (inch.)
 2. CIRCULAR
MAGNETIZATION.
 1. HEAD SHOT :

 Inside the head shot there is a number of inbuilt coils.

 Copper pad is placed at both head stock & tail stock
face, to avoid the flow of heat inside the material & to
make a proper contact between them.
 When Current flow pass inside the material
magnetization created in circular form.
 2. PRODS.
 Inside there is a transformer the output is taken
through cable and electrodes.
 Electrodes are firmly impressed over the
material surface to make a proper contact.
 Prods are restricted for inspecting machined
surface job due to arcing effect.
 Clean prod tips effective magnetic field created
3” – 6”.
 3. CENTRAL CONDUCTOR.
 Central conductor is a copper rod only.
 It is used for inspecting hollow
components.
 The magnetic field exist on either side 9”.
 If a component OD is above 18” it should
be inspected by using “offset method”.
CURRENT SELECTION
TYPES OF CURRENT.
 1. ALTERNATING CURRENT.
(AC)

 It is used for inspecting surface

discontinuities.
 2.DIRECT CURRENT.(DC)

 It is used for inspecting subsurface

discontinuities.
 3.HALF WAVE AC & HALF
WAVE DC.

 It is used for inspecting both surface and

sub-surface discontinuities.
CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION.
1. HEAD SHOT :

 The current give to the material is based

on outer dia.
 If OD is 1” ( inch) current given is 300 to
800 amps.
 PRODS.
 Current given is based on prods leg
distance and material thickness.

LEG DISTANCE. MATERIAL THICKNESS.

Below 19 mm. Above 19 mm.

1 inch 90 to 110 amps. 100 to 125 amps.

2 inch 180 to 220 amps

200 to 250 amps.
 CENTRAL CONDUCTOR.
* Current given is based on conductor thickness
and material thickness.

Conductor Material Current given.

thickness. thickness.
(1/2)” 0.250mm 500 amps.

1” 0.250 mm 750 amps.

 LONGITUDINAL
MAGNETIZATION.
1. COIL METHOD :

 Current given is based on L/D ratio.

 If LD ratio is less than 4” (inch) but not less than 2” (the magnetizing current shall be
within +/- 10% or the ampere-turns value determined as below.
Ampere-turns = 45000/(L/D)

 If LD ratio is equal or greater than 4”.

the magnetizing current shall be within +/- 10% of the ampere turns value.
Ampere-turns = 35000/((L/D)+2)

 For example : a part with 10” long, 2” diameter has an L/D ratio of 5, and then the
required ampere-turns shall be :
Ampere-turns = 35000/(5+2) = 5000 AT.
 YOKE. (calibration)
 For checking the magnetic flux.

 AC. 10 pounds. 4.5 kg.

 DC. 40 pounds. 18.1 kg.
 Half AC 40 pounds. 18.1 kg.
Or
DC.
 MEDIUMS.

 As the flux leakage cannot be seen

mediums are used to convert the invisible
leakage into visible.
 TYPES OF MEDIUMS.
1. DRY MEDIUM :

 Powder + Air.
 Sensitivity is less than wet medium
 Particle size is 0.003”.
 Mostly used for inspecting high
temperature job (50ºC) & for inspecting
subsurface of the material.
 2. WET MEDIUM.

 Powder + liquid.
 Water, kerosene can be used as liquid.
 Sensitivity is high.
 Particle size is 0.0004”.
 It is not used with prods due to corrosion
and flammability hazards.
 CONCENTRATION.
 The concentration volume should be tested by
using centrifuge tube.
 If powder is greater than vehicle excess of
vehicle should be added to the concentration.
 If the vehicle is greater than powder excess of
powder should be added to the concentration.
 The powder should be mixed to vehicle in paste
form.
 SETTLEMENT TIME.

 For water - 30 mints.

 For kerosene - 60 mints.

 SETTLEMENT VALUES.

 For fluorescent medium 0.1 to o.4 ml.

 For non-fluorescent medium 1.2 to 2.4 ml.

 1. FLUORESCENT MEDIUM.

 It can be seen under black or ultra violet

light.
 Intensity of light is 365 nanometers or
3650 angstrom.
 Sensitivity is high.
2. NON-FLUORESCENT MEDIUM.

 It can be seen under normal light.

 Sensitivity is less.
 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.

 High permeability.

 Low reluctance.

 Low retentivity.
 SHAPE OF THE IRON POWDER.
1.ROUND :

 Good mobility but there is no polarity.

2. LONG :

 Good polarity but there is no mobility

3. SLENDER

 Polarity is there but there is no mobility.

 NOTE : FINALLY RECOMMENDED TO USE COMBINATION OF ANY TWO SHAPE

IT IS.
 PIE INDICATER.

 To find the flux direction.

 To verify field adequacy.

 INTERPRETATION.

o To look for

o To analyze about it.

o To report about it.

 ACCEPTANCE
 Procedure used ASME section 5 article 7.
 Acceptance standard ASME sec. 8.
 It any linear indication it should be
rejected.
 If any rounded indication OD equal or less
than ø 4.8 mm. it is accepted else
rejected.
 LINEAR INDICATION.

 Width is three times lesser than length it is

linear indications.
 1. ROUNDED INDICATIONS.

 Width is three times greater than length it

is rounded indications.
 2. RELEVENT INDICATIONS.

 Indications present at area of interest

these are taken for acceptance standard.

 It is true indications.
 3. NON-RELEVENT
INDICATIONS.

 Indications present at none other than

area of interest, there are not taken for
acceptance standard.

 It is also a true indication.

 DEMAGNETISATION.
 The process of removing residual magnetism from the
material it is called as demagnetization.

 It is required for :
Rotating parts.
welding jobs, etc.
 It is not required :
pipe lines.
heat treatment jobs, etc.
THANK YOU.