Chapter11. Displacement Method of Analysis Slope Deflection Equation

Chapter 11:
Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations
Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Russell C. Hibbeler
Displacement Method of Analysis: General
Procedures
• Disp method requires satisfying eqm eqn for the
structures
• The unknowns disp are written in terms of the
loads by using the load-disp relations
• These eqn are solved for the disp
• Once the disp are obtained, the unknown loads are
determined from the compatibility eqn using the
load disp relations
Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Structural Analysis 7 th Edition
© 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Procedures
• When a structure is loaded, specified points on it
called nodes, will undergo unknown disp
• These disp are referred to as the degree of
freedom
• The no. of these unknowns is referred to as the
degree in which the structure is kinematically
indeterminate
• We will consider some e.g.s

Procedures
• Any load applied to the beam will cause node A to
rotate
• Node B is completely restricted from moving
• Hence, the beam has only one unknown degree of
freedom
• The beam has nodes at A, B & C
• There are 4 degrees of freedom A, B, C and C

Slope-deflection equation
• Slope deflection method requires less work both to

write the necessary eqn for the solution of a
problem& to solve these eqn for the unknown disp
& associated internal loads
• General Case
• To develop the general form of the slope-deflection
eqn, we will consider the
typical span AB of the
continuous beam when
subjected to arbitrary loading
• Angular Disp
• Consider node A of the member to rotate A while
its while end node B is held fixed
• To determine the moment MAB needed to cause this
disp, we will use the conjugate beam method

• Angular Disp
 M A'  0
 1  M AB   L  1  M BA   2 L
   L     L 0
 2  EI   3  2  EI   3
 M B'  0
 1  M BA   L  1  M AB   2L
   L     L  AL  0
 2  EI   3  2  EI   3
• Angular Disp
• From which we obtain the following:
4 EI 2 EI
M AB  A M BA  A
L L
• Similarly, end B of the beam rotates to its final
position while end A is held fixed
• We can relate the applied moment MBA to the
angular disp B & the reaction moment MAB at the
wall M 
4 EI
 M 
2 EI

BA B AB B
L L
• Relative linear disp

• If the far node B if the member is displaced relative
to A, so that the cord of the member rotates
clockwise & yet both ends do not rotate then equal
but opposite moment and shear reactions are
developed in the member
• Moment M can be related to the disp using
conjugate beam method

• Relative linear disp

• The conjugate beam is free at both ends since the
real member is fixed support
• The disp of the real beam at B, the moment at end
B’ of the conjugate beam must have a magnitude of
 as indicated
 M B'  0
1 M 2L   1 M L
 2 EI  L      L    0
 3   2 EI 3
 6 EI
M AB  M BA  M  2

L
• Fixed end moment

• In general, linear & angular disp of the nodes are
caused by loadings acting on the span of the
member
• To develop the slope-deflection eqn, we must
transform these span loadings into equivalent
moment acting at the nodes & then use the load-
disp relationships just derived

• Slope-deflection eqn
• If the end moments due to each disp & loadings are
added together, the resultant moments at the ends
can be written as:
 I    
M AB  2 E   2 A   B  3   FEM AB  0
 L   L 
 I    
M BA  2 E   2 B   A  3   FEM BA  0
 L   L 

• Slope-deflection eqn
• The results can be expressed as a single eqn
M N  2 Ek  2 N   F  3   FEM N  0
M N  internal moment at the near end of the span
E , k  modulus of elasticity & span stiffness
 N ,  F  near and far end slopes or angular disp of the span at the supports
  span rotation of its cord due to a linear disp
FEM N  fixed end moment at the near end support

• Pin supported end span

• Sometimes an end span of a beam or frame is
supported by a pin or roller at its far end
• The moment at the roller or pin is zero provided the
angular disp at this support does not have to be
determined
M N  2 Ek  2 N   F  3   FEM N
0  2 Ek  2 N   F  3   0

• Pin supported end span

• Simplifying, we get:
M N  3Ek  N    FEM N
• This is only applicable for end span with far end

pinned or roller supported

Example 11.1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam where EI is
constant.

Solution
2 spans must be considered in this problem
Using the formulas for FEM, we have:
wL2 6(6 2 )
( FEM ) BC    7.2kN .m
30 30
wL2 6(6 2 )
( FEM ) CB    10.8kN .m
20 20

Solution
•Note that (FEM)BC is –ve and
•(FEM)AB = (FEM)BA since there is no load on span AB
•Since A & C are fixed support, A = C =0
•Since the supports do not settle nor are they displaced up or
down, AB = BC = 0
I
M N  2 E   2 N   F  3   FEM N
L
I
M AB  2 E   2(0)   B  3(0)  0
8
EI
 B (1)
4
Solution
Similarly,
EI
M BA  B (2)
2
2 EI
M BC   B - 7.2 (3)
3
EI
M CB   B  10.8 (4)
3
Solution
Equilibrium eqn
The necessary fifth eqn comes from the condition of moment
equilibrium at support B
Here MBA & MBC are assumed to act in the +ve direction to be
consistent with the slope-deflection eqn
M BA  M BC  0 (5)

Solution
Equilibrium equation
Sub eqn (2) and (3) into eqn (5) gives :
6.17
θB 
EI
Re - sub this value into eqn (1) to (4) gives :
M AB  1.54kNm; M BA  3.09kNm;
M BC  3.09kNm; M CB  12.86kNm
Solution
Equilibrium equation
•Using these results, the shears at the end spans are
determined.
•The free-body diagram of the entire beam & the shear &
moment diagrams are shown.

Analysis of Frames: No sidesway
• A frame will not sidesway to the left or right

provided it is properly restrained
• No sidesway will occur in an unrestrained frame
provided it is symmetric wrt both loading and
geometry

Example 11.6
Determine the moments at each joint of the frame. EI is constant.

Solution
Slope-deflection eqn
3 spans must be considered in this case: AB, BC & CD
5wL2
( FEM ) BC   80kN .m
96
5wL2
( FEM ) CB   80kN .m
96
Note that  A  D 0 and  AB   BC   CD  0

Solution
We have
I
MN  2 E   2 N   F  3   FEM N
L
M AB  0.1667 EI B
M BA  0.333EI B
M BC  0.5 EI B  0.25EI C  80
M CB  0.5EI C  0.25EI B  80
M CD  0.333EI C
M DC  0.1667 EI C

Solution
•The remaining 2 eqn come from moment equlibrium at joints B
& C, we have: M BA  M BC  0
M CB  M CD  0
•Solving for these 8 eqn, we get:
0.833EI B  0.25 EI C  80
0.833EI C  0.25 EI B  80

Solution
Solving simultaneously yields:
137.1
 B   C 
EI
M AB  22.9kNm; M BA  45.7 kNm
M BC  45.7 kNm; M CB  45.7 kNm
M CD  45.7 kNm; M DC  22.9kNm

Analysis of Frames: Sidesway
• A frame will sidesway when it or the loading acting on it is

nonsymmetric
• The loading P causes an unequal moments at joint B & C
• MBC tends to displace joint B
to the right
• MCB tends to displace joint C
to the left
• Since MBC > MCB, the net result
is a sidesway of both joint B & C
to the right

• When applying the slope-deflection eqn to each

column, we must consider the column rotation, 
as an unknown in the eqn
• As a result, an extra eqm eqn must be included in
the solution
• The techniques for solving problems for frames
with sidesway is best illustrated by e.g.

• When applying the slope-deflection eqn to each

column, we must consider the column rotation, 
as an unknown in the eqn
• As a result, an extra eqm eqn must be included in
the solution
• The techniques for solving problems for frames
with sidesway is best illustrated by e.g.

Example 11.9
Explain how the moments in each joint of the two-story frame. EI

is constant.

Solution
We have 12 equations that contain 18 unknowns

Solution
No FEMs have to be calculated since the applied loading acts at
the joints
Members AB & FE undergo rotations of 1 = 1/5
Members AB & FE undergo rotations of 2 = 2 /5
Moment eqm of joints B, C, D and E, requires
M BA  M BE  M BC  0 (13)
M CB  M CD  0 (14)
M DC  M DE  0 (15)
M EF  M EB  M ED  0 (16)
Solution
Similarly, shear at the base of columns must balance the applied
horizontal loads
 Fx  0  40  VBC  VED  0
M BC  M CB M ED  M DE
40    0 (17)
5 5
 Fx  0  40  80  VAB  VFE  0
M AB  M BA M EF  M FE
120    0 (18)
5 5
Solution
•Sub eqn (1) to (12) into eqn (13) to (18)
•These eqn can be solved simultaneously
•The results are resub into eqn (1) to (12) to obtain the
moments
at the joints


Chapter11. Displacement Method of Analysis Slope Deflection Equation

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Chapter11. Displacement Method of Analysis Slope Deflection Equation

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Chapter 11:

Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• Slope deflection method requires less work both to

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• Relative linear disp

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• Relative linear disp

• Fixed end moment

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

E , k  modulus of elasticity & span stiffness

  span rotation of its cord due to a linear disp

FEM N  fixed end moment at the near end support

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• Pin supported end span

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• Pin supported end span

• This is only applicable for end span with far end

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Sub eqn (2) and (3) into eqn (5) gives :

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• A frame will not sidesway to the left or right

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Determine the moments at each joint of the frame. EI is constant.

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

0.833EI B  0.25 EI C  80

0.833EI C  0.25 EI B  80

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

M BC  45.7 kNm; M CB  45.7 kNm

M CD  45.7 kNm; M DC  22.9kNm

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• A frame will sidesway when it or the loading acting on it is

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• When applying the slope-deflection eqn to each

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

• When applying the slope-deflection eqn to each

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Explain how the moments in each joint of the two-story frame. EI

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

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