Primer to AI and related technologies

Session 3

DR. AMANISH LOHAN

Classification of AI
• Multiple ways to classify AI
• Most common being
• Weak or Narrow AI
• General AI
• Sub-conscious AI
Importance of AI

16 Trillion of GDP will be added by 2030

Natural Language Processing - multiple applications
Chatbots and related applications
How do humans decide
• 1. We observe visible phenomenon and bodies of evidence
• 2. Interpret what we see and generate hypotheses
• 3. Decide which hypotheses is right or wrong
• 4. Choose the option which seems best and act accordingly
Artificial
Intelligence
• That branch of computer science which deals
with trying to simulate human intelligence
into a machine
Weak AI
• Why would any form of AI be weak?
• Where would you categorise Siri or Alexa?
• Also known as AGI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
General AI

• Referred to as Strong AI or Deep AI

• Ability to mimic human behaviour and apply
its intelligence to solve problems
• Ability to discern needs, emotions, beliefs and
thought processes
• Also called as AGI (Artificial General
Intelligence)
Super or Sub-conscious AI

• Machine becomes self-aware and surpasses

the capacity of human intelligence
• Would theoretically be better at everything
than us
Based on Functionalities

Source : https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/06/19/7-types-of-artificial-intelligence/?sh=5fbc2516233e
Statistics and Data Mining
• What is statistics?
• Descriptive Statistics - describes or visualises the basic features of the data being studied
• Inferential Statistics - apply to data more than under study
• Depends on a sample dataset

• Data mining - automation of exploratory statistical analysis on large-scale databases

• Includes techniques like Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Supervised Learning

• What animal/bird is shown in the picture?

• How many pictures of the same bird would
you need to recognise it?
• Sample data with labels is provided to the
machine to learn new things
• But learning based on understanding rather
than description itself - a four legged animal
Unsupervised Learning

• No labels are provided to the machine while

providing data
• Needs to look for patterns and learn by itself
• Example - provide network information
Reinforcement Learning

• You define the state, the rules, goals, allowed

actions and constraints
• For every right action, the machine receives a
reward
• Hit and trial method to become more accurate
and earn more rewards
Deep
Learning
• Further subset of Machine Learning
• Simulates human decision-making from use
of neural networks
• Neural networks in AI are inspired from
biological neural networks
• How do we as humans process information?
What is the most important thing in
life?
• Creates a neural network to process data
• This allows systems to learn continuously and improve the efficiency

INPUT UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 OUTPUT

Big Data
• What is big data?
• Would the number of burgers sold in McDonald’s all across India every day count as Big Data?
Data Mining
• Discipline of Data Science - aims to find previously unknown relationships, pattern and regularities in a
large data set
• Does not begin with a specific hypothesis
• Both Data Mining and ML concerned with analysing data and extracting insights
• ML focuses on improving experience at a given task, DM analyses data to view previously unseen patterns
• ML primarily works on known knowledge, whereas DM is exploratory and searching for unknown
knowledge
Machine
Learning
• Is a subset of AI
• Deals with computer algorithms used for
analysing data
• The system uses this data to make intelligent
decisions without being trained repeatedly
• Large data sets required for training
Example
• Can a person die of lung failure
• Provide information and history related to lung diseases and let machine design models
• Traditional algorithms - provide data and rules to get answers
• Machine Learning - provide data and answers to create new rules
Three forms of data sets
• Training - used to train the algorithm
• Validation - validate the results and further fine tune the algorithm
• Testing data - to actually test the accuracy and precision of the data set and how effective it is
Dataset 1 Dataset 2
{5,10} {8.993,23.556}
{15,30} {78.904,542,67}
{4,8} {90.876,34.557}
{8,16} {6.098, 17.961}}
{30, ? } {45.963, ? }
Practical Machine Building exercise
• Friday night and you order a pizza from Joe’s
• The pizza guy says it will reach your house within 30 minutes
• After ordering, you receive a text from your gf/bf saying can they come over tonight
• They don’t have a car so you need to go pick them up - they live 15-20 min away
• You don’t want to wait for Pizza to come and then pick them up - Pizza will run cold
• You don’t want to pick them after eating your pizza - you will miss your football match
• What do you do?
What are the variables we need to take
into consideration?
Variables
• Time taken to deliver pizza
• Time taken to come back from gf/bf’s place
• Number of people ordering the pizza
• Day of the week
• Navigation ability of the delivery guy
• Weather conditions
Apply Statistical Modelling
• Assume you have ordered pizza 8 times before today
• Delivery time was more than 30 mins on 4 occasions
• You will only make a decision when you are 70% sure of either outcome
• The factor considered here is frequency - frequency of previous late deliveries
• But ML takes into account at least 2 factors
 Dependent
Independent Variable
Variable
Let us look at the variables
• Dependent variable - whether pizza will be significantly late or not
• Independent variable - dat of the week
• Now imagine, every time the pizza was late it was a Monday
• Could be shortage of delivery boys on that day
• So would it be also late on other days?
 DATA SCIENCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

MACHINE
DATA
LEARNING

DATA
MINING