WELCOME TO

Course Title: Clinical Pharmacy-III

Topic: Clinical kinetics Part 2

Ms. Anum Hanif

Lecturer
Faculty of Pharmacy
Hajvery University (HU)
Learning outcomes
Students will learn in this lecture about;
• Clinical kinetics calculations
Clearance
• Volume of plasma completely emptied of
drug/ unit time.
Rate of elimination = Cl × C
• Drug Clearance is constant value unless or
otherwise drug interaction not happen.
OR
• Basically volume of plasma cleared of drug
/unit time by the process of elimination
(metabolism + excretion).
 • Total Body Clearance = Cl (metabolism) + Cl
(renal)
=Cl( non renal) + Cl( renal)
• By definition amount of drug eliminated per
unit time
Cl = C × dt
IV Route
• After single dose the total amount eliminated
is equal to total amount administered
Div = Amount of drug administered through IV
route
Div = Cl × Civ
Cl = Div / AUCiv ---- (1)
Oral route
Per oral drug administered
Dp.o= drug administered
F= Bioavailability
To equal elimination rate we add F in oral
At steady state (Css)
Rate in= Rate out
At that time
Rate of elimination = Cl× C
Plasma concentration falls then elimination also
falls because it totally depends upon plasma
concentration.
Drug which show first order elimination then two
parameters are considered
1.Elimination rate constant
2 Elimination half life
Elimination rate constant (Ke):
• It is the fraction or amount of drug in the
body A eliminated per unit time.
• For example
A=100mg as 10% eliminated per unit time
Ke= 10/100 =0.1
At first unit of time 100mg × 0.1= 10mg
eliminated
• 1st hour
100mg -Po =90mg
 • 2nd hour
90×0.1=9mg eleminated
90-9mg =81mg
• Process continues until complete drug is
eleminated…...
elimination half life
• It is the time it takes for plasma concentration
to decay by half.
• Any drug that passes through five half lives
than in plasma its concentration will be
considered as approx. zero after single dose.

• As a result of repeated or maintenance dose

than after 5 half lives plasma concentration is
reached to steady state.
In the same way as it takes approximately 5 half
lives for for plasma concentration to decay to
zero after single dose, its takes 5 half lives for a
drug accumulate to steady state on repeating
doses or during constant infusion.
Dosing regimen
Change in plasma concentration that will change after repeated dose
will be : C=S×F×dose / Vd
Here S= salt factor
F=bioavailability
For example
Aminophylline has 80% theophylline
80/100 = o.8 salt factor
If a drug is given as loading dose then given by following formula
C×Vd = S×F×dose
Dose= C×Vd / S×F
Here dose=loading dose
Loading dose =desired concentration of drug in plasma × Vd / Salt
factor × F
AUC =dt × C
AUC concentration can be calculated by determining
drug in plasma in different time intervals
Rate of elimination =Cl ×C
Rate in = Rate out = Css
Rate of administration= Rate of elimination
Loading dose = Cl × Css
Rate in = S×F×Dose / t
Rate out = Cl × Css
S×F×Dose /T = Cl × average value of Css
At steady state if it is possible to determine the
maintenance dose or steady State plasma
concentration.
peak and trough level
For oral dosing or constant IV infusion it is usually adequate to
use the term average steady state plasma concentration. However
for some IV Bolus injection it is sometimes necessary to
determine peak and trough level. Eg gentamicin
At steady state the change in concentration due
to administration of IV dose will be equal to the
change in concentration due to elimination over
one dose interval.
When the steady state achieved and some
fluctuations occur then add all values and
divided by total no. of values, average steady
state plasma concentration e.g: single dose
Summary
The student have learnt about the:
• Clinical kinetics Calculations
 THANK
YOU!!
 ANY
QUESTIONS!!!!
Students you can ask any question regarding this
lecture.
Google Classroom discussion board.