End Zone Design

Essam Abdou
Bridges and Special Structures Department
Dar Al-Handasah
 1- Introduction
• It is important to realize that there are certain
locations of very high force concentrations in a bridge
structure defined as end zones or disturbed zones.

• Improper design or detailing of these areas may result

in significant cracks and ultimately serious damage to
the bridge.

2
 Introduction

 End Zone Criteria

 Definition : Highly stressed areas with non-uniform sress distribution.
Regions where lateral spreading of forces occur to affect
the full cross section.
 Location : At load concentrations (anchorages – bearings).
 Size : 1~1.5 times depth of cross-section (st.venant’s principle
& codes).
 Method of : Approximate equations ( experimental results ) or
Calculation Strut &Tie models.
“Grillages are no help”

3
  Locations of force concentrations
in a Bridge
End anchorage zone Construction joint
anchorage zone

Plane Above bearing

Column head
of failure Below bearing
Abutment Pier

For the bridge to function as designed the following

conditions are necessary:
• The adequate & safe transfer of prestress forces from
the anchorages onto the bridge deck.
• The safe transfer of deck loads onto the bridge supports.
4
 2- Objectives
 Identification
of locations of force/stress
concentrations in a Bridge Structure.

 Explanation of methods of analyses &

detailing of zones of stress concentrations.

5
 Prestressing Anchorage Zones
• The Prestressing Force is usually transferred on to the
concrete in either of the two following ways:
• In post tensioned construction, relatively small anchorage
plates transfer the force from the tendon to the concrete
immediately behind the anchorage by bearing.
• In pre-tensioned members the force is transferred by bond
between the steel and the concrete .
• The length over which the concentrated prestressing force
spreads to become uniformly distributed over the full cross
section is called the (Anchorage Zone- Disturbed Zone).

6
Influential forces (Post tensioned construction)
a) Bursting Forces.
b) Spalling Forces.
c) Longitudinal edge tension forces.

7
Type of anchorages

8
Type of anchorages

9
 2

3
2

Failure sequence for plate anchors

10
 Top slab

webs

Bottom slab

Flow of forces in the anchorage zone

of a box girder cross section.
(Schlaich et al)
11
 Method of Determination of End
Zone Reinforcement
1) BS-5400.
2) AASHTO.
a)approximate methods
b)Strut and tie models
3) LRFD

12
1) According to (BS 5400)

13
 Bs-5400

i) At abutment
a) Effect of jacking forces on web

Local Zone
2ypo 0.2yo-2yo
2yo Local bursting
2h1 2h Rft.
2
Global bursting
Rft.
Spalling Rft.
0.2h2-2h2
Global Zone

14
 Bs-5400

1- Local Zone Clause ( 6.7.5 )

Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting tensile force may be

assumed to be acting at its design strength(0.87fy),except that the
stress should be limited to a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001
when the concrete cover to the reinforcement is less than 50 mm
15
 Bs-5400

1- Local Zone
Check of single action(local bursting Rft) Anchor plate

PJ = 26.5*19*0.78 = 392.7 t
A=31cm
Ypo= A/2 = 31/2 = 15.5 cm ; Yo = 45/2=22.5 cm
Fb (bursting force) = 0.33*PJ*(1-Ypo/Yo) A=31cm
= 0.33*392.7*(1-15.5/22.5) =40.7t
fs = 2 t/cm2
As = Fb/fs = 40.7/2 = 20.35 cm2
Distribute (As) in a region extended from 0.2Yo to 2Yo
2- Global Zone
Check of group action (Global bursting Rft.)
PJ = 392.7*4 = 1570.8 t
h1= (31+45)/2 = 38 cm ; h2 = 110/2 = 55 cm
Fb (bursting force) = 0.33*PJ*(1-h1/h2)
= 0.33*1570.8*(1-38/55) =161.8 t
As = Fb/fs =161.8/2 = 80.9 cm2
16
Distribute (As) in a region extended from 0.2h2 to 2h2
 Bs-5400

3) Spalling Reinforcement
 Spalling Force Equal 4% of the jacking force
(According to CIRIA Design Guide)
CIRIA: Construction Industry research and information association.
Fs (spalling force) = 4% * PJ = 0.04*1570.8 = 62.8 t
As = Fs/fs = 62.8/2 = 31.4 cm2
To be installed immediately behind the anchorage plate

17
 Bs-5400

4) Effect of jacking forces on Top & Bottom

slabs
Determination of equilibrium Reinforcement
12.70m

Area=6.58m2
5.80m Position of transmission 477.45t/m2
of prestressing forces
into slabs
PJ= 392.7*4*2 = 3141.6 t
Stress= PJ / A =3141.6/6.58 = 477.45 t/m2
Ptop = 477.45*0.3*12.7 =1818.81t
Pbot = 477.45*0.2*5.8 = 554 t
Pweb = 477.45*1.2*1.1 = 630.2 t 18
 Bs-5400

Top Slab Top equilibrium

Rft. (As1)
Bottom equilibrium

3m
Rft. (As2)
Vo= 1818/2 644m.t

159 m.t
W=143.1 t/m
6.7m
h1 h1

Vo= 1818/2 644m.t

3m
h1

Vo = 1818/2 =909 t
W = 1818/12.7 =143.1 t/m

19
 Bs-5400

Top reinft.
Ttop = M/(0.34*h1) = 644
0.34*6.7
= 282.7 t

As1= Ttop/fs = 282.7/2 = 141.35 cm2

Bottom reinft.
159
Tbott = M/(0.47*h1) = 0.47*6.7
= 50.5 t

As2= Tbott/fs = 50.5/2 = 25.25cm2

20
 Bs-5400

Bottom Slab
Bottom
equilibrium Rft.
554/2 (As1)

W=106.5 t/m
h 3=5.2m

360 m.t
h3

554/2
0.28h3
h3

T= M = 360 = 111.67 t
0.62*h3 0.62*5.2
As1 = T/ fs= 111.67/2 = 55.8 cm2

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 Bs-5400

Anchorage Zone Reinforcement at

Abutment

22
 Bs-5400

ii. At C.J.
A) Effect of jacking forces on web

Local bursting Rft. Spalling Rft. Local bursting Rft.

a Global
h bursting Rft.

Global bursting Rft. h

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 Bs-5400

 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement at

C.J

24
2) According to (AASHTO)
a) Approximate Method

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 AASHTO

 Load factor according to AASHTO(Clause 9.14)

 For the design of post-tensioned anchorage zones a
load factor of 1.2 shall be applied to the maximum
tendon jacking force. (Clause 9.14)
 The following strength capacity reduction factors shall be
used :
- For factory produced precast prestressed concrete members = 1.0
- For post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete members = 0.95
- For shear = 0.90
- For anchorage zones = 0.85 for normal weight concrete and = 0.70
for light weight concrete

26
 AASHTO

Bearing Stress behind anchor Plate

(Clause 9.21.7.2)
 The effective concrete bearing compressive strength fb
used for design shall not exceed that of Equation (9-
39) or (9-40).
fb  0.7fci A/Ag (9-39)
fb  2.25fci (9-40)
Where:
fb = the maximum factored tendon load,Pu,divided by the effective bearing area
Ab;
fci = the concrete compressive strength at stressing;
A = the max. area of the portion of the supporting surface ;
Ag = the gross area of the bearing plate ;
Ab = the effective net area of the bearing plate.

27
 AASHTO

Bursting Forces(Clause 9.21.6.3)

Tburst = 0.25Pu(1-a/h)+0.5Pu sin
dburst = 0.5(h-2e)+5e sin
Where:
Pu = the sum of the total factored tendon loads for the stressing arrangement
considered;
a = the lateral dimension of the anchorage device or the group of devices in the
direction considered ;
e = the eccentricity (always taken as positive) of the anchorage device or the group
of devices with respect to the centroid of the cross section ;
h = the lateral dimension of the cross section in the direction considered;
 = the angle of inclination of the resultant of the tendon forces with respect to the
center line of the member .

Spalling Forces(Clause 9.21.3.4.7)

Tburst = 2%  Pu
 Pu = 1.2  Ptendons

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 AASHTO

a) Approximate methods
Anchorage zone design
Effect of jacking forces on web Local bursting Rft.
2a1 2.5dburst1
2h1

2h2

2a2 Spalling Rft. Global

2.5dburst2 bursting Rft.

1=6o

2=4o

29
 AASHTO

1) Check of single action(local bursting Rft)

PJ = 26.5*19*0.78 = 392.7 t
a1= A/2 = 31/2 = 15.5 cm ; h1 = spacing (S)/2 = 45/2=22.5 cm
Fb (bursting force) = 0.25*PJ*(1-2a1/2h1)+0.5PJ sin1
= 0.25*392.7*(1-31/45)+0.5*392.7*sin6o =51.1t
Fb (ultimate)= 1.2*51.1= 61.32 t
As = Fb/0.85fy = 61.32/0.85*4.2 = 18 cm2

dburst= 0.5(2h1-2e) + 5e sin = 0.5*(45-45)+5*22.5*sin6o

= 11.8 cm
Distribute throughout a distance of 2.5 dburst

30
 AASHTO

2)Check of group action (Global bursting Rft.)

PJ = 392.7*4 = 1570.8 t
a2= (31+45)/2 = 38 cm ; h2 = 110/2 = 55 cm
Fb (bursting force) = 0.25*PJ*(1-2a2/2h2 )+0.5PJ sin(1+ 1)/2
= 0.25*1570.8*(1-76/110)+ 0.5*1570.8 sin(6+4)/2 =189.85.4 t
Fb (ultimate)= 1.2*189.85 = 227.82 t
As = Fb/0.85* fy=227.82/0.85*4.2 =63.82 cm2
dburst= 0.5(2h2-2e) + 5e sin = 0.5*(110-2*0)+5*0*sin5o
= 55 cm
3) Spalling Reinforcement
Fsp (spalling force) = 2% * PJ = 0.02*1570.8 = 31.4 t
Fsp(ultimate)=1.2*31.4 = 37.68 t
Asp = Fsp/0.85*fy = 37.68/0.85*4.2 = 10.55 cm2 31
2) According to (AASHTO)
b) Strut & Tie Models

32
 Strut & Tie Models

Basic Description of the strut-and-Tie Model

• STM is a truss analogy ( Compression or tension members )

• A design tool for “disturbed” regions where the flow of stresses is non-uniform
and the usual rules of analysis do not Apply
• A rational approach to visualize the flow of forces at the strength limit state
based on the variable-angle truss analogy
• A unified approach that considers all load effects simultaneously
• A highly flexible and conceptual method that recognizes that
several possible solutions may exist for any problem

33
Strut & Tie Models

34
Strut & Tie Models

P
C=T

35
Strut & Tie Models

36
 Strut & Tie Models

Example
c2
196.35t c1 T
196.35t c2
196.35t
196.35t

Local Zone
Check of Single action (Local bursting Rft.) c2
PJ = 392.7/2=196.35 t 0.3m
c1 T
C2=196.35/cos 18 =206 t 0.37m
Comp. strut
T=C2*sin18 =63.5 t c2 dimension
T(ultimate)=1.2*63.5=76 t
As=76/(.85*4.2)=21 cm2
Check of Compression in Strut. clause(9.21.4.3.1)
Max. compression stress in strut =0.6fci=0.6*0.85*360=183.6kg/cm2
Width of Strut =206/1836*0.3=0.37m 37
 Strut & Tie Models

Global Zone

785.4t c2
c1 T
785.4t
c2

Check of group action (Global bursting Rft.)

PJ = 392.7*2 = 785.4 t c2
0.3m
C2=785.4/cos 10.89 =799.8 t
1.45m
T=C2*sin10.89=799.8*sin10.89 =151.1 t c1 T Comp. strut
T(ultimate)=1.2*151.1=181.32t dimension
As=181.32/(.85*4.2)=51cm2 c2
Check of Compression in Strut. clause(9.21.4.3.1)
Max. compression stress in strut =0.6fci=0.6*0.85*360=183.6kg/cm2
Width of Strut =799.8/1836*0.3=1.45m
38
 Comparison between different approaches of
anchorage zone design

Method Local reinft. Global reinft. Spalling reinft.

BS-5400 20.4 cm2 80.9 cm2 31.4 cm2

AASHTO 18 cm2 63.8 cm2 10.6 cm2

(Approx.method)
AASHTO 21 cm2 51 cm2 10.6 cm2
(Strut & Tie)

39
 Comparison between AASHTO &LRFD
in anchorage zone design
AASHTO LRFD

Prestressing load 1.2 1.2

factor Clause 9.14 Clause 3.4.3.2

Strength reduction 0.85 -compression in strut & tie

factor Clause 9.14 model=0.7
-compression in anchorage
zone =0.8
-tension in steel= 1.00
Clause 5.5.4.2.1

40
INTERMEDIATE ANCHORAGES

41
 Intermediate Anchorages
Bonded Reinforcement shall be provided to tie back at
least 25% of intermediate anchorage unfactored
stressing force into the concrete section behind the
anchor. Stress in this bonded reinforement are
limited to a maximum of 0.6fsy or 36 ksi.
Tia= 0.25Ps – fcb Acb
Where ,
Tia = the tie back tension force at the intermediate
anchorage;
Ps = the maximum unfactored anchorage force;
fcb= the compressive stress in the region behind the anchor;
Acb= the area of the continuing cross section within the extensions
of the sides of the anchor plate or blister.
42
 Intermediate Anchorages

Framing Plane
43
 Intermediate Anchorages

Elevation
44
Intermediate Anchorages

45
Intermediate Anchorages

46
Blisters
PJ PJ

Blisters Local Rft. r Tie-back Rft.

PJ
r

Global Rft. Blister splitting Rft.

• Blisters are typically used in Box-Girder if;
a) End zones are congested.
b) Cable is not needed over the bridge entire length .

47
 Blisters

Blister Splitting (deviatoric) reinforcement

r
PJ r

PJ PJ


Force carried by stirrups spaced at equal distance=S is given by,

Fstirrups=PJ.(s/r)
Astirrups= Fstirrups/ 2fs
2 branches

Tie back force = PJ/4 – blister area*Fcomp

48
 Forces due to divergent or Curved
tendons
stirrups stirrups

w
PJ

Fstirrups=PJ.(s/r)
Astirrups= Fstirrups/ 2fs
2 branches

49
 PRETENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONE
(Clause 9.22)

• In pretensioned beams, vertical stirrups acting at a unit

stress of 20,000 psi to resist at least 4% of the total
prestressing force shall be placed within the distance of
d/4 of the end of the beam.

50
Pictures of Anchorage Zone Failure

51
Anchorage Zone Failure

52
Anchorage Zone Failure

53
 Equilibrium of lower corner at Abutment
Diaphragm
(le Beton Precontraint aux etats-limites)-Henry Thonier
F1= F2 = 2*(265*19*0.78)*1.06 Fv1
F1
= 832.6 t
Fv1= Fv2 = 67.5 t FH1

FH1= FH2 = 830 t F2 Fv2

D = 0.225 m FH2 
 1
 = 0.550 m
Failure 2
1 = 58.6° Plane
2 = 46.6 ° k

D Hu
 = angle of Force dispersion
= 33° Ru
54
 Equilibrium of lower corner at Abutment Diaphragm

A) Lower Anchor Plate

Ae*fe ≥ *(R +F ) + H -F
u v2 u H2
s
Ae = Req. Rft.
fe = 4.2 t/cm2
s = 1.15

 = 1.5 - tan 2 = 0.17

1+ 1.5 tan 2
Ru = 265 t
Hu = 2% * Ru = 0.02* 265 = 5.3 t
 Ae ≥ 1.15/4.2 *  0.17(265+67.5) +5.3-830
≥ -ve

55
 Equilibrium of lower corner at Abutment Diaphragm

B) Upper Anchor Plate

Ae*fe ≥ *(R +F ) + H -F
u v1 u H1
s
Ae = Req. Rft.
fe = 4.2 t/cm2
s = 1.15

 = 1.5 - tan 1 = -0.04

1+ 1.5 tan 1
Ru = 265 t
Hu = 2% * Ru = 0.02* 265 = 53 t
 Ae ≥ -ve

56
 Equilibrium of lower corner at Abutment Diaphragm

 Use min Rft.

Ae(min)= 0.04Ru (5-4K)
neglect.
Fe / s

Ae(min) = 0.04*265*5 = 14.51 cm 2

4.2/ 1.15

57
Column Heads

58
Special Detailing of column heads
L1
a
a L2

h
R/2 R/2
e e Bearing

h/2 

R/2 R/2

b 59
 Summery & Conclusions
Top equilibrium rft. Local rft.
Local rft.

Spalling Global rft.

rft.
Global rft.

Spalling Bottom Deck @ C.J

rft.
equilibrium rft.

Tie back rft.

Local rft.
Abutment
Local rft.

Spalling Global rft.

global rft. rft. Spalling rft.

Top anchor
pocket 60
Pier
 Stirrups

Divergent or Curved tendons

Local Rft. Tie-back Rft.

Global Rft. Blister splitting Rft.

Blister
61