Central Expressway Project Design of Abutment, Wing Wall & Foundation

Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package A Designed By :
Design Of Abutment ,wing wall & foundation Nalaka Madhushanka

Reference Description Output
CONTENTS
Page
1) Introduction x
1.1) General x
1.2) Material data x
1.3) Calculation of abutment heights x
1.4) Geometric details x
2) Load Calculations x
2.1) General x
2.2) Loads from super structure x
2.3) Loads from backfil x
3) Load Cases x
3.1) Load Combinations and Partial Load Factors x
4) Modelling & Analysis Results x

4.1) FE Models x
4.2) Analysis Results x
5) Structural design x
5.1) Design For bending x
5.2) Design for Shear x
5.3) Design of Pile cap for Punching Shear
5.5) Check for Crack Width at SLS x
5.4) Early Thermal Cracking of Concrete x
6) Design of Piles x
6.1) Spring Constant from SPT N Values x
6.2) Estimation of Skin friction from SPT N Values x
6.3) Requirment of Pile length & Socket length x
6.4) Design of Pile for Biaxial Bending x
6.5) Design of piles for Shear
6.6) Early Thermal Cracking Check for Pile x
7) Reinforcement Summary x
7.1) Reinforcement Detail for Stem x
7.2) Reinforcement Detail for Wingwall x
7.3) Reinforcement Detail for Pile cap x
7.4) Required Pile length & Socket length x
7.5) Reinforcement Detail for Pile x
Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package A Designed By :
Design Of Abutment ,wing wall & foundation Nalaka Madhushanka
Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package A Designed By : Dilanka
Design Of Abutment CH - 46 + 053
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
This design report contains analysis and design of abutment A2 of the Via duct at the
chainage of (43+770-46+053).
This bridge superstructure contains 10 nos of post tension girders in each side of the road
and girders are placed on elastromatic bearings.
Above configuration transfer full traction forces to the abutment
1.2 Material data

Concrete strength, fcu = 30 N/mm2
Concrete Density ᵞc = 25 kN/m3
Asphalt Density ᵞasp = 22.6 kN/m3
ABC Density ᵞabc = 20 kN/m3
Yield strength of main reinforcement fy =
460 kN/mm2
Yield strength of shear link fyv =
460 kN/mm2
Elastic modulus of steel Es = 200 kN/mm2
BS 5400-4 Elastic modulus of concrete Ec = 28 kN/mm2

Table 3
BS 5400-4 Poisson ratio of concrete = 0.2
Cl 4.3.2.1
Angle of shearing resistance of fill, φ = 30 Degree
Poisson ratio of soil = 0.3
Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

STRUCTURA
L DESIGN Concrete cover for Stem & Wingwall = 45 mm
CRITERIA Concrete cover for Pile cap = 45 mm
6.2.1
Concrete cover for Pile = 75 mm
1
1.3 Calculation of abutment heights

Calculation of abutment heights are based on the design levels of the expressway
finish level and existing ground level. Scouring depth is not considered when
deciding pile cap top level.
Hydraulic
report
(Annex A)
Abutment A2 height
Structural top level at edge of the road 45.753 m
Existing ground level 36.000 m
Protection depth 0.500 m 0.5m below existing ground
Scouring depth 0.000
Pile cap top level 35.500 m
Height of abutment above pile cap top 10.253 m
Note :-
For analysis and design , abutment height is considered as 10.5 m from the top of
pile cap
2
1.4 Geometric details

General Section dimensions used in the design are mentioned below.
BEARING
550
2500
1600
6400
1000 4000 1000

1600
Fig 1.1 General Arrangement of Stem at abutment mid
length of the capping beam = 25 m
BEARING
CL
5500
5
70
6
10
0
500
1750
1500 4000 1500
4500
0
20
0
3
4500
0
20
0
Fig 1.2 General Arrangement of wingwall at abutment end
Thickness of the Stem (Bottom) = 4000 mm

Thickness of the Wing wall Start of taper = 650 mm
end of taper = 450 mm
ABUT MEN T - A2
CL
1200
1200 3600 3 600 3600 3600 3 600 3600 3 600 1200
F RO NT
3810 2190
KU RUN AGALA
A2L 5 A2 L6 A2L 7 A2 L8 A2R5 A2 R6 A2R7 A2 R8
6 000
3600
B EARI
C NG
L
STE M-C
BACK
M IRI GAMA
1200
A2L 1 A2 L2 A2L 3 A2 L4 A2R1 A2 R2 A2R3 A2 R4
13800 13800
2 7600
P LAN
SCALE :- 1:10 0
Fig 1.3 General Arrangement of pile Foundation
Length of the Pile cap = 27.600 m

Width of the Pile cap = 6.0 m
Thickness of the Pile cap = 1.6 m
No of piles 16 Nos.
Pile Diameter = 1.2 m
4
5
Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package C Designed By : Dilanka
2.0 LOAD CALCULATIONS
2.1 General
The loads on abutment due to dead, superimposed dead loads & live loads are
taken from pier model
Fig.2.1. bridge globle model
2.2.Loads from super structure

2.2.1 Vertical nominal loads from super structure
Bearing
Load
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Aspalt 31 32 33.03 32 31 31 32 33.03 32 31
Parepet 37 16 12 16 37 37 16 12 16 37
Services 36 17 12 17 36 36 17 12 17 36
HA 332 335 326 335 332 332 335 326 335 332
HB(30) 432 377 403 410 361 432 377 403 410 361
DEAD 474 480 482 480 473 474 480 482 480 473
Wind Vertical 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Load from Approach slab to corbel

thick x density x length
dead load = 0.35 x 25 x 2.625 = 23 kN/m
Super dead load (Asp) = 0.125 x 22.6 x 2.625 = 7.416 kN/m
Super dead load (ABC) = 0.225 x 20 x 2.625 = 11.81 kN/m
Total SID = 7.42 + 11.81
= 19.23 kN/m
6
2.2.2 Longitudinal Loads from super structure

Bearing
Load
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Traction L 25 25 25 25 25 - - - - -
Traction R - - - - - 25 25 25 25 25
Wind Longitudanal 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Temperature 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Creep 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
Shrinkage 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
2.2.3 Transvers Loads from super structure

Bearing
Load
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Wind Transvers 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
Skidding 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
2.3 Loads from backfill
2.3.1 Vertical pressure (PLS)

RDA/EP/SDC Surcharge loads
/001-R0, Cl
4.3.2 HA Live Load Surcharge = 10 kN/m2
HB Live Load Surcharge (30 Units) = 12 kN/m2
2.3.2 Horizontal pressure (Stability)

BS5400; Earth pressure coefficient
2
Part2 2006 Active Condition, Ka = Tan (45-ɸ/2) = 0.333
Cl 5.8
Earth pressure σEP = Ka ɣsoi z
Foundation Live load Surcharge σLS = Ka PLS (HA / HB)
Analysis & Vertical Horizontal

Design,5th
Depth (z) Surcharge (KN/m2) Soil Pressure at Ka (Active) condition (kN/m )
2
Remark
edition,J.E. (KN/m )2
Bowels HA HB HA HB Soil
Ch11.2, 0 10 12 0 3.33 4.00 0.00 Top

2.5 10 12 48 3.33 4.00 15.83 backwall btm
3.3 10 12 63 3.33 4.00 20.90 CB center
4.1 10 12 78 3.33 4.00 25.97 CB btm
10.5 10 12 200 3.33 4.00 66.50 Stem bottom
11.3 10 12 215 3.33 4.00 71.57 pile cap cen.
12.1 10 12 230 3.33 4.00 76.63 pile cap btm.
7
2.3.3 Horizontal pressure (Design)

Earth pressure coefficient
At Rest Condition, K0 = 1-Sin(ɸ) = 0.500
Earth pressure σEP = Ko ɣsoi z
Live load Surcharge σLS = Ko PLS (HA / HB)

Vertical Horizontal
Depth (z) Surcharge (KN/m2) Soil Pressure at Ko (At Rest) condition (kN/m )
2
Remark
(KN/m2)
HA HB HA HB Soil
0 10 12 0 5.00 6.00 0.00 Top
2.5 10 12 48 5.00 6.00 23.8 backwall btm
3.3 10 12 63 5.00 6.00 31.4 CB center
4.1 10 12 78 5.00 6.00 39.0 CB btm
10.5 10 12 200 5.00 6.00 99.8 Stem bottom
11.3 10 12 215 5.00 6.00 107.4 pile cap cen.
12.1 10 12 230 5.00 6.00 115.0 pile cap btm.
Hydrastatic Pressure
Since this is a spill through abutment Hydrostatic pressure is neglected
2.3.3 Horizontal forces (Design) to SAP Model
Capping beam
Soil force = 0.5x(23.8 + 31.4) x(3.3-2.5) = 22.04 kN/m
HA Surcharge = 5x0.8 = 4 kN/m
HB Surcharge = 6x0.8 = 4.8 kN/m
Moment due to soil pressure = 8.4 kNm/m

Moment HA surcharge = 1.6 kNm/m
Moment due HB surcharge = 1.9 kNm/m
Abutment Stem
Capping beam center to pile cap center height = 8 m
Width of stem = 1.5 m
8
Effective Width = 3 m
(Soil Pressure is assumed to act on the rear face of the columns, but the area of the
column face is taken as arbitrarily doubled. Refference-ICE Manual of Bridge
Enginering @ 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers, pg 175)
Soil Force HA Surcharge HB Surcharge

94.1 kN/m 15 kN/m 18 kN/m
8 m
322.1 kN/m 15 kN/m 18 kN/m
pile cap (pile cap centre to pile cap bottom level)
Soil force = 0.5x(107.35 + 114.95)x0.79 = 89 kN/m

HA Surcharge = 5 x 0.8 = 4 kN/m
HB Surcharge = 6 x 0.8 = 4.8 kN/m
2.4.Loads from backwall to capping beam
In the FE model backwall was not modeld instead of forces transferred from the stated
elements were calculated and applied on the capping beam as force with moment
a = 0.55 m
b = 1.60 m
c = 1.75 m
d = 0.30 m
f = 0.60 m
g = 1.03 m
Back wall height = 2.50 m
9
2.4.1 Vertical nominal loads from backwall
Vertical Force
Load Case Moment (kNm/m)
(kN/m)
Dead (backwall) 18.75 11.25
Dead (approach slab) 22.97 23.54
SID (approach slab) 19.23 19.71
2.4.2 Horizontal nominal loads from backwall
Horizontal Force
Load Case Moment (kNm/m)
(kN/m)
Soil Pressure 29.69 48.49
HA Surcharge 25.00 51.25
HB Surcharge 30.00 61.50
2.5.Loads from Wingwall to capping beam
In the FE model wingwalls were not modeld instead of forces transferred from the stated
elements were calculated and applied on the capping beam as force with moment
10
x
p = 5.50 m
q = 0.75 m Wingwall thickness (t) = 0.65 m
r = 0.50 m
s = 4.10 m
Soil Pressure @ Area P2 = 0.5x4.1x 19 x Ka x4.1x0.5

= 26.62 kN
h = 4.1 - 0.67 x
Soil Pressure @ Area P1 = ∫_0^5▒ 〖 0.5×ℎ×19×𝑘𝑎×ℎ×𝑑𝑥 〗
= 147.3 kN
Force on Capping Beam = P1 + P2

= 26.62 + 147.3
= 174 kN
Mz = 0.5×𝛾×𝑘𝑎 ∫1_0^5▒ 〖ℎ ×ℎ×(𝑥+1.25)× + 1.13 x 26.62

𝑑𝑥 〗
= 387.71 + 29.94281
= 417.6528 kNm
∫_0^5▒ 〖ℎ ×ℎ×(𝑠−2ℎ/3)𝑑𝑥
Mx = 0.5×𝛾×𝑘𝑎 〗 + 26.62 x 1.367
= 301.77 + 36.37497
= 338.1 kNm
Centroid
11
y
Centroid

Reference x Description Output
y
Area = 14.175 m2
x = 3.070 m
y = 3.780 m
HA surcharge
Force on capping beam = 10 x 0.333 x 14.175

= 47.20275 kN
Mz = 47.20275 x 3.945
= 186.2148 kN
Mx = 47.20275 x 3.780
= 178.4264 kN
HB surcharge
Force on capping beam = 12 x 0.333 x 14.175

= 56.6433 kN
Mz = 56.6433 x 3.945
= 223.4578 kN
Mx = 56.6433 x 3.780
= 214.1117 kN
Load Case Vertical Force (kN) Moment y-y (kNm) Moment x-x (kNm) Moment z-z (kNm)
Dead (Wingwall) 230.34 243.0 - -
Load Case Horizontal (kN) Moment y-y (kNm) Moment x-x (kNm) Moment z-z (kNm)
Soil Pressure 173.92 - 338.14 417.65
12
HA surcharge 47.20 - 178.43 186.21
HA surcharge 56.64 - 214.11 223.46
2.5.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS

2.5.1 Load Combinations and Partial Load Factors
BS 5400:
Following load combinations are selected for the analysis to produce more severe
Part 2: 2006 load effects on abutment stem, wing wall & foundation. Selected loading
Cl. 5
arrangements are described under the each loading case and relevant partial load
factor.
Load combination 1,2,3 & 4 selected to determine most adverse effect under
consideration of element or structure.
The following load combinations and loading cases will be considered.
2.5.2 LOAD COMBINATION 1

BS5400: LOADING CASE 1-1
Part2:2006 Following loadings will be considered.
Table 01 ϒfL
SLS ULS
Self weight of the Element 1.00 1.15
Deck surfacing 1.20 1.75
Superimposed dead load(Parapet+services) 1.00 1.20
Creep & Shrinkage 1.00 1.20
Differential settlement 1.00 1.20
Earth pressure(Non vertical) 1.00 1.50
Earth pressure(vertical) 1.00 1.20
HA surcharge(Non vertical) 1.00 1.50
HA surcharge(vertical) 1.00 1.20
Hydrostatic Pressure 1.10 1.10
HA primary live load 1.20 1.50
LOADING CASE 1-2

Following loadings will be considered.
13
ϒfL
SLS ULS
Superimposed dead load(Parapet+services) 1.00 1.20
HB surcharge(Non vertical) 1.00 1.50
HB surcharge(vertical) 1.00 1.20
HB primary live load 1.10 1.30

LOADING CASE 2-1
BS5400:
Part2:2006 Following loadings will be considered.
Table 01
ϒfL
SLS ULS
Superimposed dead load - other ( services etc ) 1.00 1.20
Wind loads 1.00 1.10
LOADING CASE 2-2
ϒfL
SLS ULS
14
Wind loads 1.00 1.10
LOADING CASE 3-1

ϒfL
SLS ULS
Differential Settlement 1.00 1.20
Loads due to temperature. 1.00 1.30
LOADING CASE 3-2

ϒfL
SLS ULS
15
Differential Settlement 1.00 1.20
Loads due to temperature. 1.00 1.30

LOADING CASE 4-1

ϒfL
SLS ULS
Traction load 1.00 1.25
LOADING CASE 4-2
16
ϒfL
SLS ULS
Traction load 1.00 1.10
17
3.0 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF ABUTMENT
Analysis of Capping beam, Stem & Pile cap

Capping beam is modeled using frame element & Pile cap is modeled as shell
element in SAP 2000. In order to simulate the actual condition , reactions at the
bearing points in the superstructure model were applied as input loads for the
substructure model at the bearing locations.vertical, horizontal loads transfered
through backwall are manualy calculated & applied to the capping beam at bearing
locations
Analysis of Wingwall
Considering the complex geometry,loading and boundary condition of the wing

wall ,the internal forces for the design were obtained through separate FE modelling
and analysis.
Fig.3.1. Finte Element Model
18
4.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATION PROCEDURE

4.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING
Bending Moment from analysis = M kNm/m

Member thickness = t mm
Concrete cover = c mm
Effective depth = d mm
Bar Diameter = Ø mm
Tensile strength of steel = fy Nmm-2
Compressive strength of concrete = fcu Nmm-2
BS 5400
Part 4 The effective depth 𝑑=𝑡−𝑐−∅/2
5.3.2.3 From the equation 1
𝑀_(𝑢 )=0.87𝑓_𝑦 𝐴_𝑆 z ……...……………….(1)
BS 5400 The lever arm z in equation 1 may be calculated from the equation,
Part 4
5.3.2.3 𝑧= (1−(1.1𝑓_𝑦 𝐴_𝑠)/(𝑓_𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑))𝑑
……...……………….(2)
eq.5
From (1) and (2),
𝑧=0.5𝑑[1+(1−5𝑀/(𝑓_𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑^2 ))^(1/2) ]
…………..(3)
BS 5400
Part 4 But ,
5.3.2.3 𝑧≤0.95𝑑
eq.5
BS 5400 Once determining z from (3), As can be calculated from(1) as follows:
Part 4 𝐴_𝑆=𝑀/(0.87𝑓_𝑦 𝑧)
5.3.2.3 ……...……………….(4)
eq.1
However, the bending moment at the corresponding location of the structure should
be within the ultimate moment capacity of the section, which is given by the
equation 2 (See below) of the BS 5400 pt4 cl 5.3.2.3.
equation 2 : 𝑀_𝑢=0.15𝑓_𝑐𝑢b𝑑^2 ……...……………….(5)
BS 5400 Also the required longitudinal steel for the bending (As) should be more than the
Part 4 minimum steel requirement (As,min)
5.8.4.1
𝐴_(𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛) > 0.15 ……...……………….(6a)
% 𝑏𝑑
BS 5400 Also, required minimum area of secondary reinforcement should be more than the
Part 4 minimum steel requirement (As,min)
5.8.4.2
𝐴_(𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛) > 0.12 ……...……………….(6b)
% 𝑏𝑑
BS 5400 Area of the tension/compression reinforcement should not exceed 4% of the gross
Part 4 cross sectional area of the concrete.
5.8.5 𝐴_(𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥) < 4 ……...……………….(6c)
% 𝐴_𝑐
19
4.2 Design For Shear
Shear force due to ultimate load = V kN

Breadth of the section = b mm
Ultimate shear stress in concrete = vc N/mm2
BS 5400
Part 4; 1990 Shear stress at v at any cross section should be calculated,
Cl 5.3.3.1
𝑣=𝑉/𝑏𝑑 ………………………..(7)
but,
𝑣<0.75√(𝑓_𝑐𝑢 ) 𝑜𝑟 4.75𝑁/ 〖𝑚𝑚〗 ^2 .………..(8)
Allowable shear stress = 𝜀_𝑠 𝑣_𝑐 ………………….(9)
The depth factor εs can be calculated,
𝜀_𝑠=(500/𝑑)^(1/4)or 0.7 whichever is greater ……..(10)
The ultimate shear stress in the concrete can be calculated using the
equation,
𝑣_𝑐=0.27/𝛾_𝑚
[ 〖 100𝐴 〗 _𝑆/(𝑏_𝑤 ..………………(11)
𝑑)]^(1/3)
〖𝑓 _(𝑐𝑢 ) 〗 ^(1/3)
The allowable shear stress in equation (9) can be calculated using equation (10) & (11)
BS 5400 An enhancement of shear strength can be allowed for sections within a distance a v < 2d from the face of
Part 4; 1990 the support
Cl 5.3.3.3
This enhancement should be taken the form of an increase in the allowable shear stress to
enhanced shear stress.
The enhanced shear stress is taken from the equation,

𝜀_𝑠 𝑣_𝑐 x 2𝑑⁄𝑎_𝑣
…………………..(12)
BS 5400 At any cross section additional longitudinal reinforcement for shear Asa
Part 4; 1990
Cl 5.3.3.2 𝐴 ≥ V/2(0.87fy)
𝑠𝑎
20
4.3 Check for crack width at SLS
Crack width calculation is one of the serviceability requirements in the structural concrete
BS5400-4 elements. The occurrence of cracks in reinforced concrete elements is expected under
:1990 service loads, due to the low tensile strength of concrete.
Table 01
The calculated crack width limited to 0.25mm due to severe environment condition
Calculation procedure for crack width check for a particular element as follows.
a cr - distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest bar which
control the crack width
cnom - nominal cover
dc - depth of concrete in compression
h - overall depth of the section
εm -
calculated strain at the level of cracking is being considered allowing for
the stiffening effect of the concrete in tension zone
ε1 - calculated strain at the level of cracking is being considered ignoring the
stiffening effect of the concrete in tension zone
bt - width of the section

a' - distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest bar which
control the crack width
Mg - Moment due to permanent load
Mq - Moment due to live load
εs - calculated strain in tension reinforcement
As - area of tension reinforcement
BS5400 Design crack width is given in following equation

Part4 ; 1990
5.8.8.2 (3𝑎_𝑐𝑟 𝜀_𝑚)/(1+2(𝑎_𝑐𝑟−𝐶_𝑛𝑜𝑚 …………………..(13)
eq.24 )/(ℎ−𝑑_𝑐 ) )
x = dc
Depth of
compression
zone
Fig.8.1 Strain in the section under SLS

The depth to the neutral axis from the face of the compression zone is taken as x.
The depth to the neutral axis can be found using the force equilibrium of the section and
the strain compatibility.
21
moduli ratio
𝛼_𝑒=𝐸_𝑆/𝐸_𝐶 .……………..(14)
BS5400 Where Ec(long term) is taken as half the short term value
Part4 ; 1990 By considering the equilibrium of concrete & steel under elastic behavior following
4.3.2.1 expression can be derived.
𝑑_𝑐/𝑑=𝛼_𝑒 𝜌 [(1+2/𝛼_𝑒 …………….(15)

𝜌)^(1/2)−1]
where,
𝜌=𝐴_𝑠/𝑏𝑑 ………………….(16)
From equations (14),(15) & (16) dc can be calculated.

Then the lever arm 𝑍=𝑑 − 𝑑_𝑐/3 ………………….(17)
Fs b
ec fc
Fc = (0.5*fc*b*dc)
d dc Neutral Axis
h =a' z
As Fs =(fs*As)
es
e1
Section Strain Stress/Force
Fig.8.2 Strain diagram
From equilibrium,
𝜀_𝑠=𝑀/((𝑑−𝑑_𝑐/3) 𝐸_𝑠 𝐴_𝑠 ) ………………….(18)
From fig.6.2,
𝜀_1=𝜀_(𝑠 ) ((𝑎′−𝑑_𝑐 ))/((𝑑−𝑑_𝑐 ))
………………….(19)
BS5400
Part4 ; 1990 Then εm can be calculated from following equation
5.8.8.2 𝜀_𝑚=𝜀_(1 )- ∆𝜀 ,But not greater than e1 …………….(20)
eq.25
Where,
∆𝜀=[(3.8𝑏_𝑡 ℎ (𝑎^′−𝑑_𝑐))/(𝜀_(𝑠 ) 𝐴_𝑠 ……..(21)

(ℎ−𝑑_𝑐))][1−𝑀_𝑞/𝑀_𝑔 ]x
〖 10 〗 ^(−9)
22
Fig.8.3Schematic diagram for acr
From the Fig.6.3,
𝑎_𝑐𝑟=(𝑑^2+𝑎_1^( 2) )^(1⁄2)−∅/2 …….……..(22)
Then from the equation (13)design crack width can be calculated.
5.4 Early thermal cracking of concrete

BD28/87 To control crack spacing there must be sufficient reinforcement, so that the reinforcement
Vol 1, sec 3 will not yield before the tensile strength of immature concrete is exceeded. This is achieve
chap.5, by the satisfying the equation,
5.1
𝐴_(𝑠 ) 𝑓_𝑦≥ 𝑓_𝑐𝑡 〖 𝐴〗 _𝑐 …………(23)
Where, As - Area of reinforcement in a given direction to prevent early thermal

cracking.
Ac - Area of effective concrete
fy - Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement (N/mm2)
f'ct - Tensile strength of immature concrete
Taken as 0.12 (fcu)0.7
fcu - Characteristic cube strength of concrete
…………(24)
〖𝑓′〗 _(𝑐𝑡 )=0.12 ( 𝑓_𝑐𝑢 )^0.7
Then As can be obtain from following equation
𝐴_𝑠≥ (0.12 ( 𝑓_𝑐𝑢 )^0.7 …………(25)

)/𝑓_𝑦 x 𝐴_𝑡
BD28/87 In addition to controlling the spacing of cracks, the reinforcement must be adequate to
Vol 1, sec 3 ensure that crack width do not exceed the permissible values.
chap.5, 𝐴_𝑠=(𝑓_(𝑐𝑡 ) 𝐴_𝑐∅ [𝑅(𝜀_𝑠ℎ+𝜀_𝑡ℎ )−0.5𝜀_𝑢𝑙𝑡 ])/(𝑓_𝑏 𝑥 2𝑤)
5.3 ……….(26)
Where,
fb - Average bond strength between the reinforcement &
immature concrete
Φ - Nominal diameter (mm)
w - Permissible crack width
ξsh - Shrinkage strain
ξth - Thermal strain
ξult - Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete (200 micro strain)
R - Restraint factor
BS5400 The ratio of the tensile strength of the immature concrete to the average
Part4 ; 1990 bond strength between the reinforcement and the immature concrete
5.8.6.1 fct/fb may be taken as 0.67 for type 2 deformed bars.
Thermal strain is obtained from,
23
BD28/87 𝜀_𝑡ℎ = 0.8 𝛼 (𝑇_1+𝑇_2) ……..……….(27)
Vol 1, sec 3
chap.5,
5.3, 5.7 α - coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete
5.8,5.9 T1 - short term fall in temperature from hydration peak to ambient
temperature
T2 -
long term fall in temperature from ambient to seasonal minimum
(T1 and T2 found from the study -Control of thermal cracking in concrete water
retaning structures done by S.M.A.Nanayakkara)
The shrinkage strain,

BS5400 𝜀_𝑠ℎ = 𝐾_𝑙 𝐾_𝑐 𝐾_𝑒 𝐾_𝑗 ……..……….(28)
Part4 ; 1990
Appendix C Where,
Fig.14 Kl - Depends on environment
Fig.11 Kc - Depends on the composition of concrete
Ke Depends on the effective thickness of the member
Fig.15 -
Fig 13 Kj - Defines the development of shrinkage as a function of

time
BD28/87
Vol 1, sec 3 The restraint factor R represent the amount of restraint to lateral & shrinkage movement.
chap.5,
Table 2
24
5.0 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM

5.1 Internal forces
5.1.1 Internal forces in Tapered Stem at the bottom
1500 mm
4000mm
Base dimension of the tapered stem
0.1 fcu Ac = 0.1 x 30 x 1500 x 4000

1000
= 18000 kN
Maximum axial force in the stem,P

P = 4310 kN < 0.1 fcu Ac
Stem have to design as a beam
5.2 Design
5.2.1 Design for Bending
HB Surcharge Soil BEARING

6000
2500
4100
4100
F1 F
F3
1600
1367
1 0500
1 0500
1 0500
6400
8450
8190
6400
6400
F2 F4
F5
3200
3200
2133
3000
25
Soil
HB Surcharge
P= ko x density x h
P= ko x surcharge = 0.5 x 19 x 4.1
= 0.5 x 12 = 38.95 kN/m2
= 6 kN/m2
F3 = 0.5 x 38.95 x 4.1 x 6
F1 = 6 x 4.1 x 6 F2 = 6 x 6.4 x 3 = 479.085 kN
= 147.6 kN = 115.2 kN
M3 = 479.085 x 7.767
M1 = 147.6 x 8.45 M2 = 115.2 x 3.2 = 3721.05 kNm
= 1247.22 kNm = 368.64 kNm
P= ko x density x h
Total HB surcharge BM = 1615.86 kNm = 0.5 x 19 x 10.5
= 99.75 kN/m2
Total HB surcharge SF= 147.6 + 115.2
F4 = 38.95 x 6.4 x 3
= 262.8 kNm = 747.84 kN
Creep+Shrinkage
M4 = 747.84 x 3.2
F= bearing force x no of bearings = 2393.08 kNm
= 41 x 2
= 82 kN/m F5 = 0.5 x (99.75-38.95) x 6.4 x 3
= 588.68 kN
M= 82 x 8.19
= 671.58 kNm/m M5 = 583.68 x 2.13
= 1243.23 kNm
Traction
F= bearing force x no of bearings Total Soil BM = 3721.05 + 2393.08 + 1243.23

= 25 x 2 = 7357.36 kNm
= 50 kN/m
Total Soil SF= 479.085 + 747.84 + 588.68
M= 50 x 8.19 = 1815.605 kNm
= 409.5 kNm/m
26
BM and SF at the pile cap top level

ULS BM calculation
Com 1 Com 4
Load case BM HA HB HA HB
Soil 7357.36 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
HB Surcharge 1615.86 1.5 1.5
HA surcharge 1346.6 1.5 1.5
Water 0.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Creep+Shrinkage 671.58 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Traction 409.5 1.25 1.1
13862 14266 14374 14716
SLS BM calculation
Since crackwidth calculation is done only for Com1 HA
SLS Com 1 SLS Com 1

Full Permenent
Load case BM HA HA
Soil 7357.36 1 1
HB Surcharge 1615.86
HA surcharge 1346.6 1 0
Water 0.0 1.1 1.1
Creep+Shrinkage 671.58 1 1
Traction 409.5
9375 8029
ULS SF calculation
Com 1 Com 4
Load case SF HA HB HA HB
Soil 1815.605 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
HB Surcharge 262.8 1.5 1.5
HA surcharge 219 1.5 1.5
Water 0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Creep+Shrinkage 82 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
27
Traction 50 1.25 1.1
3150 3216 3213 3271
Sample calculation done for moment at the base
BS 5400 Characteristic strength of concrete, f cu = 30 N/mm2

Part 4: 1990 Characteristic strength of reinforcement, f y = 460 N/mm2
Table 13 Height of the section, h = 4000 mm
Width of the Section, b = 1500 mm
Project
design
criteria Cover = 45 mm
Main r/f to be used for flexture = 32 mm

r/f to be used for links = 16 mm d= 3875
Effective depth, d = 3875 mm mm
Figure 4.1
Maximum bending moment = 14716 kNm
16188
1.1 x Maximum bending moment = 16188 kNm kNm
Mu = (0.87 fy ) Asz Eqn 1

Eqn 5
BS 5400 1.1 fy As
Part 4: 1990
z = ( 1 -
fcu b d ) d
5.3.2.3
eqn 01 by solving above,
eqn 05
z = d + d2 - 4x 1.1 fy x Mu x d 0.5
( fcu bd 0.87 fy
)
2
z = 3754 mm
0.95 d = 3681 mm
Then lever arm, z = 3681 mm
Required r/f, As = M / (0.87 x fy x z)

= 10988 mm2
Minimum r/f required ( 0.15%bd) = 8719 mm2
Let's provide 20 T 32 as main r/f at stem rear side
28
Hence As provided for sagging = 16085 mm 2
Full calculation table for all bending moments
Unit Base
BM kNm/m 14716
BM x 1.1 kNm/m 16188
Main RF Dia mm 32
Main RF No of bars mm 20
Main RFspacing mm 150
Shear RF Dia mm 16
depth mm 4000
width mm 1500
Cover mm 45
fy Nmm-2 460
fcu Nmm-2 30
d mm 3875
z-from (3) mm 0.97 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 3681
As- from (4) mm 2
10988
As,min from (6a),(6c) mm 2
8719
As-provide mm2 16085
Provided Bar arrangement 20T 32
As,max from (6b) mm 2
160000
Check As,max > As,Provide OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm 23696
Check Mu1 >M OK
Reinforcement requirement in compresion side
Base
d mm 3875
b mm 1500
As req = 0.12% bd mm2/m 6975
Φ mm 32 32
Provided Nos. Nos 10 2
As pro mm2 9651
OK
29
5.2.2 Design for Shear
Sample calculation for vertical shear
Maximum shear force, V = 3271 kN
1.1 x Maximum shear force, V = 3598 kN
BS 5400: Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 4: = 3598 ÷ ( 1500 x 3875 ) x 1000
1990 = 0.619
5.3.3.1 0.75X(fcu)1/2 = 0.75 x ( 30 )0.5 = 4.108 N/mm2
Design shear stress, v = 0.619 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75
Allow. shear resistance = (0.27/gm)(100As/bwd)1/3 (fcu)1/3 xs

,xsvc
Where, depth ratio, xs = (500/d)1/4
= (500 ÷ 3875 )0.25
= 0.60 or 0.7 (greater value)
100As/bwd = 100x 16085 ÷ ( 1500 x 3875 )= 0.28
xsvc = 0.27 x( 0.28 )1/3 x( 30 )1/3 x 0.70
1.25
= 0.31 N/mm2 < 0.619
Hence shear r/f is required
Asv ≥ bsv (v + 0.4 -ξs vc) / 0.87 fyv

(Asv/sv)shear ≥ b (v + 0.4 -ξs vc) / 0.87 fyv
≥ 1500 ( 0.62 + 0.4 - 0.31 )
0.87 x 460
(Asv/sv)shear ≥ 2.672
30
Full calculation table for all shear forces
Unit Bottom
Shear Force kN/m 3271
Shear Force x 1.1 kN/m 3598
Height mm 4000
Width mm 1500
d mm 3875
v Nmm -2
0.619
fcu Nmm-2 30
0.75 (fcu)1/2 or 4.75 Nmm -2
4.11
Check v < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK
εs 0.70
As-provide mm2/m 16085
ϒm 1.25
vc Nmm -2
0.44
εsvc Nmm -2
0.31
Check v < vc No
Shear r/f ? Need
fyv Nmm -2
460
fy Nmm-2 460
Shear r/f required (Asv/sv) mm 2.67
Additional longitudanal steel mm 2
4495
Since Torsional moment is very small torsional stress is ignored
Shear link requirement at bottom

(Asv/ sv) total ≥ 2.67
For 16 Shear links
Assuming 4 effective shear legs.
X- sectional area of Asv = 4x(πd2/4) = 804.2 mm2
Space between shear links, Sv ≤ 804 ÷ 2.67
≤ 301 mm
31
Provide 4 T 16 @ 150 mm
Total Logitudinal Reinforcement
At bottom
Bending + Shear + Torsion = Total
10988 4495 0 15483 mm2
As min = 8719 mm2
Provided = 16085 mm2
OK
5.2.3 Check for crack width

Sample calculation done for sagging
BS 5400- Bending moment at -SLS Env HB(25) M = 9375.49 kNm

4:1990, cl.
4.2.2 cl.
4.1.1 Bending moment due to permanent loads Mg = 8028.94 kNm
Bending moment due to live loads Mq = 1347 kNm
Elastic modulus of concrete (long term ) Ec = 14 kN/mm2
Elastic modulus of reinforcement ES = 200 kN/mm2
Moduli ratio αe = ES/Ec = 14.29
Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)
dc = depth to neutral axis

d = effective depth
h = overall depth
ϵc = strain of concrete at compression face
ϵs = strain at reinforcement
ϵ1 = strain of concrete at tensile surface
dc/d = αeρ [(1+2/αeρ) -1]

1/2
Where ρ = As/(bd)
Height of the capping beam, h = 4000 mm

Width of the capping beam, b = 1500 mm
Main r/f size = 32 mm
Transverse r/f size = 16 mm
As provided = 16085 mm2
Cover to r/f = 45 mm
Effective depth, d = 3875 mm
ρ = As/(bd) = 0.0028
32
αeρ = 0.0395
dc/d , from above equation = 0.244
dc = 947 mm
Then the lever arm, Z = d - d c/3 = 3559 mm
Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
Serviceability limit state (M s) = 9375 kNm/m
sc = 2Ms/bzdc
sc = 3.71 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Hence ok
sse = Ms/zAs
= 164 N/mm2 < ss = 375 N/mm
2
Hence ok
εm = ε1 - Δε
Δε = [(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)] x [(1-Mq/Mg).10 ]
-9
εs.As.(h-dc)
ε1 = (h-dc) x sse
(d-dc) Es
= 4000 - 947 x 164

3875 - 947 200 x 10 3
= 0.854 x 10 -3
εs = sse = 0.81881 x 10 -3
Es
Δε = 0.0014408
εm = ε1 - Δε ( max of ε1 )
= -0.0005871
acr = (d' 2+a1 2 ) 1/2- φ/2

a1 = Centre to centre distance of nearest tension r/f
d' d' = h-d
φ = diametre of tension r/f
2.a1 a1 = 74.78 mm
33
d' = 77 mm
acr = 91 mm

= -0.156 < 0.25 mm
Section is uncracked
Unit Bottom
MSLS kNm 9375
Mg kNm 8029
Mq kNm 1346.55
Φ mm 32
height mm 4000
width mm 1500
a1 mm 74.8
Cnor mm 45
d1 mm 77
acr mm 91.33
Es 200
Ec/2 14
αe 14.29
As-provide mm2/m 16085
d mm 3875
ρ 0.0028
dc/d 0.244
dc mm 946
d-dc/3 mm 3560
εs 0.00082
ε1 0.00085
a' mm 4000
De 0.00144
εm -0.00059
steel stress fS,max N/mm2 164
Concrete stress fC,max N/mm 2
3.71
BS 5400-4 Check fC,max< 0.5 fcu OK
1990,Table 2 Check fS,max< 0.75 fy OK
34
Crack width mm Uncracked
Check with 0.25mm OK
5.2.4 Design of side bars
Since the depth of the section of the stem exceed 600mm it is requird to provide
longitudanal reinforcement for the side face
At bottom
Area of side reinforcement required = 0.12 % bd
= 0.12 x 1500 x 3875
100
= 6975 mm2
Provided reinforcement = 25 T 20
= 7854 mm2
2 T16 @ 150
4000
25 T20
BOTTOM
0
2
2
0
3
2T
0T
5
1
1
2
Spacer Bar T32
30 T20
3250
20 T20
MID
2
0
3
2
2T
0
0T3
5
1
1
2
20 T20
1750
35
10 T20
Spacer Bar T32
30 T20
3250
20 T20

Design Of Abutment MID CH - 46 + 053
0
3
2
2T
0
0T3
5
1
1
2
20 T20
1750
10 T20
TOP
0
3
2
2T
0
0T3
5
1
1
1
10 T20
5.2.6 Early thermal crack width check
At bottom
3500
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
1000
1500
Ac = 4000x1500-3500x1000
4000 = 2500000 mm2
f ct = fcu 0.7
0.12 ( )0.7 = 0.12 ( 30 )
= 1.30 N/mm2
As = ( f ct ÷ fy ) x Ac = 1.30 x 2500000
460
As = 7053 mm2
As = f ct x Ac x f [ R( Ɛsh + Ɛth ) - 0.5 Ɛult ) ]

fb x 2w
BS 5400 where, fb = avg. bond strength between r/f & immature concrete (N/mm 2)
Part 4: 1990 ɸ = nominal diameter (mm)
Table 1 w = permissible crack width (mm)
36
B/D 28/87 εsh = shrinkage strain
Incorporating εth = thermal strain
Amendment εult = ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete (200 micro strain)
No.1 1989 R = restraint factor
Table 2
(f*ct)/fb = 0.67 (for type 2 bar)
BS 5400- = 32
ɸ mm
4:1990, cl.
5.8.6.1 w = 0.25 mm
εth = 0.8α (T1+T2)

BD 28/87, = 0.8 x 12 x10-6x(47 +11) (for cement content 400 kg/m 3)
Chapter 5,
Vol.1: sec.3, = 0.000557
cl. 5.3 εult = 200 x 10-6
R = 0.6
εsh = 0.5 εult
εsh = 100 x 10-6
As = 0.67 x 2500000x32[0.6(0.0001+0.000557)-0.5 x 0.0002] /(2 x 0.25)

= 31539 mm2
Provided As = = 41444 mm2
20 nos of T32 + 10 nos of T32 + 2 nos of T32 +
2/25 nos of T20 OK
37
6.0 DESIGN OF CAPPING BEAM
6.1. Results
ULS Verical Moment Envelope
ULS Verical Shear force Envelope
ULS Tortion Moment Envelope
SLS Verical Moment Envelope
SLS Verical Permenent Moment
38
ULS Horizontal Moment Envelope
ULS Horizontal Shear Force Envelope
ULS SLS Env HB(25) SLS P

Sag Hog Sag Hog Sag Hog
Vertical 1055 1698 865 1395 757 1131
BM (kNm)
Horizont 225 250 190 150 145 165
Vertical 1785
SF (kN)
Horizont 300
Torsion (kN) 370
39
6.2 Design
Sample calculation done for Sagging moment
BS 5400 Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu = 30 N/mm2

Part 4: 1990 Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fy = 460 N/mm2
Table 13 Height of the capping beam, h = 1600 mm
Project
design
criteria Cover = 45 mm
Main r/f to be used for flexture = 32 mm

r/f to be used for links = 16 mm d= 1523
Effective depth, d = 1523 mm mm
Figure 4.1
Maximum bending moment = 1055 kNm
M= 1161
1.1 x Maximum bending moment = 1161 kNm kNm
Mu = (0.87 fy ) Asz Eqn 1

Eqn 5
BS 5400 1.1 fy As
Part 4: 1990
z = ( 1 -
fcu b d ) d
5.3.2.3
eqn 01 by solving above,
eqn 05
z = d + d2 - 4x 1.1 fy x Mu x d 0.5
( fcu bd 0.87 fy
)
2
z = 1504 mm
0.95 d = 1447 mm
Then lever arm, z = 1447 mm
Required r/f, As = M / (0.87 x fy x z)

= 2004 mm2
40
Minimum r/f required ( 0.15%bd) = 3998 mm2
Let's provide 12 T 32 as main r/f at top and bottom.
Hence As provided for sagging = 9651 mm2
Full calculation table for all bending moments
Vertical Horizontal
Unit Sagging Hogging Sagging Hogging
BM kNm/m 1055 1698 225 250
BM x 1.1 kNm/m 1160.5 1867.8 247.5 275
Main RF Dia mm 32 32 25 25
Main RF No of bars mm 12 12 8 8
Main RFspacing mm 145 145 208 208
Shear RF Dia mm 16 16 16 16
depth mm 1600 1600 1500 1500
width mm 1750 1750 1600 1600
Cover mm 45 45 45 45
fy Nmm -2
460 460 460 460
fcu Nmm -2
30 30 30 30
d mm 1523 1523 1426.5 1426.5
z-from (3) mm 0.99 d 0.99 d 1.00 d 1.00 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 1447 1447 1355 1355
As- from (4) mm 2
2005 3226 457 508
As,min from (6a),(6c) mm2 3998 3998 3424 3424
As-provide mm2 9651 9651 3927 3927
Provided Bar arrangement 12T 32 12T 32 8T 25 8T 25
64000 64000 60000 60000
Check As,max > As,Provide OK OK OK OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm 5588 5588 2129 2129
Check Mu1 >M OK OK OK OK
41
Sample calculation for vertical shear
Maximum shear force, V = 1785 kN
1.1 x Maximum shear force, V = 1964 kN
BS 5400: Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 4: = 1964 ÷( 1750 x 1523 ) x 1000
1990 = 0.737
5.3.3.1 0.75X(fcu)1/2 = 0.75 x ( 30 )0.5 = 4.108 N/mm2
Design shear stress, v = 0.737 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75
Allow. shear resistance = (0.27/gm)(100As/bwd)1/3 (fcu)1/3 xs

,xsvc
Where, depth ratio,xs = (500/d)1/4
= (500 ÷ 1523 )0.25
= 0.76 or 0.7 (greater value)
100As/bwd = 100x 9651 ÷ ( 1750 x 1523 )= 0.36
xsvc = 0.27 x( 0.36 )1/3 x( 30 )1/3 x 0.76
1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2 < 0.737
Hence shear r/f is required
Asv ≥ bsv (v + 0.4 -ξs vc) / 0.87 fyv

(Asv/sv)shear ≥ b (v + 0.4 -ξs vc) / 0.87 fyv
≥ 1750 ( 0.74 + 0.4 - 0.36 )
0.87 x 460
(Asv/sv)shear ≥ 3.387
42
Full calculation table for all shear forces
ULS
Unit Vertical Horizontal
Shear Force kN/m 1785 300
Shear Force x 1.1 kN/m 1963.5 330
Height mm 1600 1750
Width mm 1750 1600
d mm 1523 1677
v Nmm -2
0.737 0.123
fcu Nmm -2
30 30
0.75 (fcu)1/2 or 4.75 Nmm -2
4.108 4.108
Check v < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK OK
εs 0.757 0.739
As-provide mm /m
2
9651.0 3927.0
ϒm 1.25 1.25
vc Nmm-2 0.478 0.354
εsvc Nmm-2 0.362 0.261
Check v < vc No Yes
Shear r/f ? Need Minimum
fyv Nmm-2 460 460
fy Nmm -2
460 460
Shear r/f required (Asv/sv) mm 3.39 1.60
Additional longitudanal steel mm 2
2453 412
43
6.2.3 Design for Torsion
Larger dimension of capping beam, hmax = 1750 mm

Smaller dimension of capping beam, hmin = 1600 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fyv = 460 N/mm2
Cover = 45 mm
Link diameter = 16 mm
Smaller centre to centre x1
= 1494
dimension of a link, x1 1494 mm
Larger centre to centre y1
= 1644
dimension of a link, y1 1644 mm
Maximum torsional moment = 370 kNm

BS 5400 Partial load factor = 1.10
Part 4: 1990 Design torsional moment = 407 kNm T design
4.2.3 = 407
kNm
BS 5400 Maximum value of
= 2T/ h2min(hmax-hmin/3)
Part 4: 1990 torsional shear stress, vt
5.3.4.4.b
= 0.261 N/mm2
BS 5400 Minimum torsional shear
= 0.37 N/mm2 > vt
Part 4: 1990 stress, vt,min
Table 10 Maximum combined shear
= 4.1 N/mm2 > vt
stress, vtu
Thus Beam section is O.K and Torsional r/f is not required
BS 5400 Design torsional links given by

Part 4: 1990
equation 10a Ast/ sv ≥ T/ (1.6 x X1x Y1x 0.87fyv)
≥ 407x10^6/(1.6x1494x1644x 0.87 X460) (Asv/ sv) torsional
= 0.259 = 0.26
44
Vertical Shear and Torsion

Total link requirement ≥ Shear link requirement + Torsional link requirement
(Asv/ sv) total ≥ (Asv/ sv) shear + (Ast/ sv) torsion
(Asv/ sv) total ≥ 3.39 + 0.26 = 3.65

For 16 links Vertical
Assuming 4 effective shear legs. shear link
X- sectional area of Asv = 4x(πd2/4) = 804.2 mm2 4 T16
Space between shear links, Sv ≤ 804 ÷ 3.65 @
≤ 221 mm 150
Horizontal shear and torsion

(Asv/ sv) total ≥ 1.60 + 0.26 = 1.86
For 16f links
Assuming 2 effective shear legs.
X- sectional area of Asv = 2x(πd2/4) = 402 mm2
Space between shear links, Su ≤ 402 ÷ 1.86
≤ 216 mm
Hence T16 4 legs @ 150 mm spacing will be sufficient.
Additional logitudinal reinforcement
Characteristic strength of links, fyv = 460 N/mm2

Characteristic strength of longitudinal reinforcement, fyL = 460 N/mm2
BS 5400 AsL / sL ≥ (Ast / sv )x(fyv / fyL )

Part 4: 1990
equation 11 AsL / sL ≥ 0.26 x ( 460 ÷ 460 )
AsL ≥ 0.26 sL
Additional longitudinal steel required for top & bottom = 0.26 x 1750
(Vertical loads) = 453 mm2
Additional longitudinal steel required for two faces = 0.26 x 1600

(Horizontal forces) = 414 mm2
Total Logitudinal Reinforcement
For Vertical loads
45
3226 2453 453 6132 mm2
As min = 3998 mm2
Provided = 9651 mm2
OK
For Horizontal loads
508 412 414 1334 mm2
As min = 3424 mm2
Provided = 3927 mm2
OK
6.2.4 Check for crack width

Sample calculation done for sagging
BS 5400- Bending moment at -SLS Env HB(25) M = 865 kNm

4:1990,
cl. 4.2.2
cl. 4.1.1 Bending moment due to permanent loads Mg = 757 kNm
Bending moment due to live loads Mq = 108 kNm
Elastic modulus of concrete (long term ) Ec = 14 kN/mm2
Elastic modulus of reinforcement ES = 200 kN/mm2
Moduli ratio αe = ES/Ec = 14.29

dc = depth to neutral axis

d = effective depth
h = overall depth
ϵc = strain of concrete at compression face
ϵs = strain at reinforcement
ϵ1 = strain of concrete at tensile surface
dc/d = αeρ [(1+2/αeρ) -1]

1/2
Where ρ = As/(bd)

Main r/f size = 32 mm
Transverse r/f size = 16 mm
As provided = 9651 mm2
Cover to r/f = 45 mm
46
Effective depth, d = 1523 mm
ρ = As/(bd) = 0.0036
αeρ = 0.0517
dc/d , from above equation = 0.274
dc = 417 mm
Then the lever arm, Z = d - dc/3 = 1384 mm
Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
Serviceability limit state (Ms) = 865 kNm/m
sc = 2Ms/bzdc
sc = 1.71 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Hence ok
sse = Ms/zAs
= 65 N/mm2 < ss = 375 N/mm2
Hence ok
εm = ε1 - Δε
Δε = [(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)] x [(1-Mq/Mg).10 ]
-9
εs.As.(h-dc)
ε1 = (h-dc) x sse
(d-dc) Es
= 1600 - 417 x 65
1523 - 417 200 x 10 3
= 0.346 x 10 -3
εs = sse = 0.32383 x 10 -3
Es
Δε = 0.0029188
47
εm = ε1 - Δε ( max of ε1 )
= -0.0025724
acr = (d' 2+a1 2 ) 1/2- φ/2

a1 = Centre to centre distance of nearest tension r/f
d' d' = h-d
φ = diametre of tension r/f
2.a1 a1 = 72.55 mm
d' = 77 mm
acr = 90 mm

= uncracked < 0.25 mm
Unit Sagging Hogging

MSLS kNm 865 1395
Mg kNm 757 1131
Mq kNm 108 264
Φ mm 32 32
height mm 1600 1600
width mm 1750 1750
a1 mm 72.5 72.5
Cnor mm 45 45
d1 mm 77 77
acr mm 89.79 89.79
Es 200 200
Ec/2 14 14
αe 14.29 14.29
As-provide mm2/m 9651 9651
d mm 1523 1523
ρ 0.0036 0.0036
dc/d 0.274 0.274
dc mm 417 417
d-dc/3 mm 1384 1384
εs 0.00032 0.00052
ε1 0.00035 0.00056
a' mm 1600 1600
De 0.00292 0.00162
48
εm -0.00257 -0.00106
steel stress fS,max N/mm 2
65 104
1.71 2.76
BS 5400-4 Check fC,max< 0.5 fcu OK OK
1990,Table 2 Check fS,max< 0.75 fy OK OK
Crack width mm Uncracked Uncracked
Check with 0.25mm OK OK
Unit Sagging Hogging

MSLS kNm 190 150
Mg kNm 145 165
Mq kNm 45 -15
Φ mm 25 25
height mm 1500 1500
width mm 1600 1600
a1 mm 103.8 103.8
Cnor mm 45 45
d1 mm 73.5 73.5
acr mm 114.68 114.68
Es 200 200
Ec/2 14 14
αe 14.29 14.29
2
As-provide mm /m 3927 3927
d mm 1426.5 1426.5
ρ 0.0017 0.0017
dc/d 0.198 0.198
dc mm 282 282
d-dc/3 mm 1332 1332
εs 0.00018 0.00014
ε1 0.00019 0.00015
49
a' mm 1500 1500
De 0.00882 0.01767
εm -0.00863 -0.01752
steel stress fS,max N/mm2 36 29
0.63 0.50
6.2.5 Design of side bars
Since height of capping beam exceed 600mm it is requird to provide longitudanal

reinforcement for the side face
Area of side reinforcement required = 0.05 % bd

= 0.05 x 1750 x 1523
100
= 1333 mm2
Provided reinforcement = 8 T 25
= 3927 mm2
6.2.6 Reinforcement arrangement
1750
12 T32
4 T16 @ 150
8 T25 50 8 T25
1600
1750
12 T32
4 T16 @ 150
8 T25 8 T25
1600
12 T32
1250
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
1100
1600
Ac = 1750x1600-1250x1100
1750 = 1425000 mm2
f ct = 0.12 ( fcu )0.7 = 0.12 0.7

( 30 )
= 1.30 N/mm2
As = ( f ct
÷ fy ) x Ac = 1.30 x 1425000
460
As = 4020 mm2
As = f ct x Ac x f [ R( Ɛsh + Ɛth ) - 0.5 Ɛult ) ]
51
Reference [
Description ] Output
f b x 2w
BS 5400 where, fb = avg. bond strength between r/f & immature concrete (N/mm2)
Part 4: 1990 ɸ = nominal diameter (mm)
Table 1 w = permissible crack width (mm)
B/D 28/87 εsh = shrinkage strain
Incorporating εth = thermal strain
Amendment εult = ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete (200 micro strain)
No.1 1989 R = restraint factor
Table 2
(f*ct)/fb = 0.67 (for type 2 bar)
BS 5400- = 32
ɸ mm
4:1990,
cl. 5.8.6.1 w = 0.25 mm
εth = 0.8α (T1+T2)

BD 28/87, = 0.8 x 12 x10-6x(47 +11) (for cement content 400 kg/m3)
Chapter 5,
Vol.1: sec.3, = 0.000557
cl. 5.3 εult = 200 x 10-6
R = 0.6
εsh = 0.5 εult
εsh = 100 x 10-6
As = 0.67 x 1425000x32[0.6(0.0001+0.000557)-0.5 x 0.0002] /(2 x 0.25)

= 17977 mm2
Provided As = 24 x 804 + 16 x 491 = 27156 mm2
Hence ok
52
7.0 DESIGN OF PILE CAP
7.1 General
BEARING
5500 550
2500
750
1600
500
6400
1000 4000 1000

1600
7.2 Reinforcemnt Design of Pile cap

Results diagram of shell elements
BM at face of the
stem
800 kNm/m
Soil Side
Stem
Top mesh main BMD
53
BM at face of the
stem
1350 kNm/m
Soil Side
Stem
Bottom mesh main BMD d = 1542.5 mm
BM at face of the
stem
750 kNm/m
54
Top mesh transverse BMD
BM at face of the
stem
1200 kNm/m
ULS BM Summary (kNm/m)

Main Transverse
Bottom 1350 1200
Top 800 750
Bottom mesh transverse BMD

Table 7.1 Design for Bending Main Direction
Unit Top Bottom
BM kNm/m 800 1350
BM x 1.1 kNm/m 880 1485
Φ mm 25 25
Provide spacing mm 150 150
t mm 1600 1600
Cover mm 45 45
fy Nmm-2 460 460
fcu Nmm-2 30 30
d mm 1542.5 1542.5
z-from (3) mm 0.99 d 0.98 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 1465 1465
As- from (4) mm2/m 1501 2533
As,min from (6a),(6c) mm2/m 2314 2314
Provided Bar arrangement 25T @150 25T @150
As,max from (6b) mm2/m 64000 64000
55
Check As,max > As,Provide OK OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm/m 1919 1919
Check Mu1 >M OK OK
Moment Resistance Mr from (5) kNm/m 10706 10706
Check Mu5 >M OK OK
Provided As mm2/m 25T @150 25T @150
Table 7.2 Design for Bending Transverse Direction

Unit Top Bottom
BM kNm/m 750 1200
BM x 1.1 kNm/m 825 1320
Φ mm 25 25
t mm 1600 1600
Cover mm 45 45
fy Nmm-2 460 460
fcu Nmm-2 30 30
d mm 1517.5 1517.5
z-from (3) mm 0.99 d 0.98 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 1442 1442
As- from (4) mm2/m 1430 2288
As,min from (6a),(6c) mm2/m 2277 2277
SF at 1900 mm distance from

face of pile cap
1700 kNm/m
average SF at distance 'd ' from

stem face (other area)
600 kNm/m
56
Shear Force Diagram - Main direction
average SF at distance 'd ' from

stem center
970 kNm/m
Shear Force Diagram - Transverse direction
Soil Side shear force @ distance d

from face of the stem
Stem area = 790 kN
57
Other area = -160 kN
Line Shear (short side of footing)
Total Shear Force back pile and front pile = 6115
Design Shear Force = 1.1 x 6115

= 6726.894 kN
Soil weight = 1500
Total Shear Force = 6727 - 1500
= 5227
As Provided = 3272 mm2/m
d mm 1518
fcu Nmm -2
30
εs 0.76
As-provide mm /m
2
3272
ϒm 1.25
vc Nmm -2
0.40
58
εsvc Nmm -2
0.30
enhanced shear strength = 2d/av x xsvc
= 2 x 1518 x 0.38
690
= 1.67 N/mm2
enhancement width = 5000 x 1

= 5000 mm
unenhanced width = 6000 - 5000

= 1000 mm
Total shear capacity of Footing
Vc = ( 1.67 x 1600 + 0.40 x 4400 ) x 1518

1000
= 6733 kN > Design Shear
Hence Shear links are not required
Punching Shear along the perimeter of the column
Column Force (ULS Com 1) = 4500 kN

Design Shear Force = 4500 x 1.1
= 4950 kN
Perimeter of the column = 11000 mm

Average effective depth = 1529 mm
v = V/(bxd) = 0.27 N/mm2
0.75 (fcu)1/2 or 4.75 = 4.11 N/mm2 > 0.268

Hence OK
Critical perimeter around column face is (1.5x thickness of pile cap =2.4m) away
from the pile cap area hence it is not required for punching shear check
59
7.3.3 Crack Width Check
BM at distance 'd ' from

stem center
700 kNm/m
Bending Moment Diagram - main direction- SLS Env HB 25
BM at distance 'd ' from

stem center
60
425 kNm/m
Bending Moment Diagram - Main direction - SLS(P)
Table 5.4 Bending Moment summary for crack width

SLS Env HB 25 (kNm/m) SLS P (kNm/m)
Main Transverse Main Transverse
Bottom 600 1400 550 1325
Top 475 750 320 625
Main direction
Table 5.5 Crack Calculation mian direction
Unit Top Bottom
MSLS kNm/m 475 600
Mg kNm/m 320 550
Mq kNm/m 155 50
Φ mm 25 25
Spacing mm 150 150
fcu mm 30 30
fy mm 460 460
h mm 1600 1600
a1 mm 75 75
Cnor mm 45 45
d1 mm 57.5 57.5
acr mm 82.01 82.01
Es 200 200
Ec/2 14 14
αe 14.29 14.29
2
d mm 1542.5 1542.5
ρ 0.0021 0.0021
61
dc/d 0.217 0.217
dc mm 335 335
d-dc/3 mm 1431 1431
εs 0.00051 0.00064
ε1 0.00053 0.00067
a' mm 1600 1600
De 0.00189 0.00264
εm -0.00136 -0.00197
steel stress fS,max N/mm 2
101 128
Concrete stress fC,max N/mm2 1.98 2.51
Check fC,max< 0.5 fcu OK OK
Check fS,max< 0.75 fy OK OK
Transverse direction
Table 5.6 Crack Calculation transverse direction
Unit Top Bottom
MSLS kNm/m 750 1400
Mg kNm/m 625 1325
Mq kNm/m 125 75
Φ mm 25 25
Spacing mm 150 150
fcu mm 30 30
fy mm 460 460
h mm 1500 1500
a1 mm 75 75
Cnor mm 45 45
d1 mm 82.5 82.5
acr mm 99 99
Es 200 200
Ec/2 14 14
αe 14.29 14.29
2
d mm 1517.5 1517.5
ρ 0.0022 0.0022
dc/d 0.221 0.221
dc mm 335 335
d-dc/3 mm 1406 1406
62
εs 0.00082 0.00152
ε1 0.00080 0.00150
a' mm 1500 1500
De 0.00171 0.00108
εm -0.00091 0.00042
Concrete stress fC,max N/mm2 3.18 5.94
Check fC,max< 0.5 fcu OK OK
Check fS,max< 0.75 fy OK OK
Crack width mm Uncracked 0.11
7.3.4 Eraly Thermal Crackwidth Check (Face Bar)
Side bar provide T 16 @ 150 mm Spacing

No of bars at one face = 10
Table 5.7 Early Thermal Crack Calculation
Units
h mm 1600
As prov mm2/m 2011
εUlt 0.0002
εsh =0.5εult 0.0001
0 -1
α C 1.2E-05
0
T1 C 47
0
T2 C 11
εth 0.000557
R 0.5
Φ mm 16
2
Ac mm 250000
fct /fb 0.67
63
w mm 0.25
As req mm2/m 1225
check-crack width OK
fcu N/mm2 30
f'ct N/mm2 1.298
fy kN/mm 2
460
2
A's req mm /m 706
check-crack space OK
64
Design Of Abutment - A1 CH - 43 + 770
8.0 DESIGN OF WINGWALL

8.1. Wingwall horizontal reinforcement(Soil side)
8.1.1. Design for bending
2500 mm
B
C
1600 mm
A
Fig 8.1 : ULS envelope horizontal BM diagram (kNm/m)
Design Bending moment values
MA = 530 kNm/m
MB = 210 kNm/m
Mc = 400 kNm/m
65
Table 8.1 Design for bending Inner Mesh
Unit MA MB Mc
BM kNm/m 530 210 400
BM x 1.1 kNm/m 13 231 440
Φ mm 25 16 20
Provide spacing mm 150 150 150
t mm 650 550 650
Cover mm 45 45 45
fy Nmm-2 460 460 460
fcu Nmm-2 30 30 30
d mm 592.5 497 595
z-from (3) mm 1.00 d 0.96 d 0.95 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d OK
z mm 563 472 565
As- from (4) mm2/m 58 1223 1946
As,min from (6a),(6c) mm2/m 889 746 893
2
As-provide mm /m 3272 1340 2094
Provided Bar arrangement 25T @150 16T @150 20T @150
As,max from (6b) mm2/m 26000 22000 26000
Check As,max > As,Provide OK OK OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm/m 737 253 473
Check Mu1 >M OK OK OK
Moment Resistance Mr from (5) kNm/m 1579 1111 1593
Check Mu5 >M OK OK OK
Provided As mm2/m 25T @150 16T @150 20T @150
66
8.1.2. Design for shear
2500 mm
C
B
1600 mm
A
5000 500
Fig 8.2 : ULS Horizontal Shear force diagram (kN/m)
Table 8.2 Design for shear

Unit VA VB(0.5 m ) VC
Shear Force kN/m 480 90 480
Shear Force x 1.1 kN/m 528 99 528
d mm 592.5 497 595
av mm 592.5 497 595
v Nmm -2
0.89 0.20 0.89
fcu Nmm-2 30 30 30
0.75 (fcu) or 4.75
1/2
Nmm -2
4.11 4.11 4.11
Check v < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK OK OK
εs 0.96 1.00 0.96
As-provide mm2/m 3272 1340 2094
ϒm 1.25 1.25 1.25
vc Nmm -2
0.55 0.43 0.47
εsvc Nmm -2
0.53 0.43 0.45
Check v' < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK OK OK
Check v < v' NOT OK OK NOT OK
67
Shear r/f ? Need No need Need
Shear rf diameter mm 12 - 12
Vertical spacing mm 300 - 300
Area of shear rf mm2/m 377 - 377
Horizontal spacing required mm 198 - 181
Provide shear links
Fig 8.3a : Shear reinforcement required area
Provide shear link T12 at 300 mm vertical spacing and 150 mm horizontal spacing
in the highlighted area (Fig 8.3a)
See Fig 8.6b for more details.
8.1.3. Check for crack width
c
B
2500 mm
1600 mm
68
1600 mm
3500 2000
Fig 8.3 : SLS Combination 01 Horizontal BM diagram (kNm/m)
2500 mm
B
c
1600 mm
3500 2000
Fig 8.4 : SLS Permenent horizontal BM diagram (kNm/m)
69
Table 8.3 Check for crack width
Unit MA MB Mc
MSLS kNm/m 320 175 225
Mg kNm/m 375 155 201
Mq kNm/m -55 20 24
Φ mm 25 16 20
h mm 650 550 650
a1 mm 75 75 75
Cnor mm 45 45 45
d1 mm 57.5 53 55
acr mm 82.01 83.84 83.01
Es 200 200 200
Ec/2 14 14 14
αe 14.29 14.29 14.29
As-provide mm2/m 3272 1340 2094
d mm 592.5 497 595
ρ 0.0055 0.0027 0.0035
dc/d 0.326 0.242 0.27
dc mm 193 120 161
d-dc/3 mm 528 457 541
εs 0.00093 0.00143 0.00099
ε1 0.00106 0.00163 0.00112
a' mm 650 550 650
De 0.00093 0.00095 0.00105
εm 0.00013 0.00068 0.00007
steel stress fS,max N/mm2 185 286 198
Concrete stress fC,max N/mm2 6.27 6.37 5.17
Check fC,max< 0.5 fcu OK OK OK
Check fS,max< 0.75 fy OK OK OK
Crack width mm 0.027 0.145 0.015
Check with 0.25mm OK OK OK
70

Table 8.4 Check forearly thermal crack
Units
h mm 650
As prov mm2/m 1340
εUlt 0.0002
εsh =0.5εult 0.0001
0 -1
α C 1.2E-05
0
T1 C 47
0
T2 C 11
εth 0.000557
R 0.5
Φ mm 16
Ac mm2 250000
fct /fb 0.67
w mm 0.25
As req mm2/m 1225
fcu N/mm 2 30
f'ct N/mm2 1.298
fy kN/mm2 460
A's req mm 2
/m 706
71
8.2. Wingwall horizontal reinforcement (Outer Mesh)

BS 5400-4
1990, Provide secondary reinforcement (0.12% bd ) for this direction
Cl.5.4.8
A B
d mm 593 497
As req = 0.12% bd mm 2
/m 711 596
Φ mm 16 16
As pro mm 1340 1340
Distribution RF OK OK
Early thermal crack width check

Secondary
Units
R/f @( A )
h mm 650
As prov mm2/m 1340
εUlt 0.0002
εsh =0.5εult 0.0001
0 -1
α C 1.2E-05
0
T1 C 47
0
T2 C 11
εth 0.000557
R 0.5
Φ mm 16
2
Ac mm 250000
fct /fb 0.67
w mm 0.25
As req mm2/m 1225
72
fcu N/mm2 30
f'ct N/mm2
1.298
fy kN/mm2 460
A's req mm2/m 706
73
8.3. Wingwall vertical reinforcement(Soil side)

8.3.1. Design for bending
3500 2000
Fig 8.5 : ULS envelope Vertical BM diagram (kNm/m)
Mmax = 80 KNm/m
Mmax = 25 KNm/m
74
Table 8.5 Design for bending

Unit MA MB
BM kNm/m 80 25
BM x 1.1 kNm/m 20 27.5
Φ mm 20 16
t mm 650 450
Cover mm 45 45
fy Nmm-2 460 460
fcu Nmm-2 30 30
d mm 570 397
z-from (3) mm 1.00 d 1.00 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 542 377
As- from (4) mm2/m 93 183
As,min from (6a),(6c) mm2/m 684 477
/m 26000 18000
Check As,max > As,Provide OK OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm/m 453 202
Check Mu1 >M OK OK
Moment Resistance Mr from (5) kNm/m 1462 709
Check Mu5 >M OK OK
Provided As mm2/m 20T @150 16T @150
75
8.3.2. Design for shear
Fig 8.6 : ULS envelope Vertical Shear force diagram (kN/m)
F(A)max = 190 KNm/m

F(B)max = 35 KNm/m
F(C)max = 170 KNm/m
Table 8.6 Design for shear
Unit VA VB VC
Shear Force kN/m 190 35 170
Shear Force x 1.1 kN/m 209 38.5 187
d mm 570 397 570
v Nmm-2 0.37 0.10 0.33
fcu Nmm-2 30 30 30
0.75 (fcu)1/2 or 4.75 Nmm -2
4.11 4.11 4.11
Check v < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK OK OK
εs 0.97 1.06 0.97
As-provide mm2/m 2094 1340 2094
ϒm 1.25 1.25 1.25
vc Nmm -2
0.48 0.47 0.48
εsvc Nmm-2 0.47 0.50 0.47
Check εsvc< 0.75(fcu) 1/2
OK OK OK
76
Check v < εsvc OK OK OK
Shear r/f ? No need No need No need
provide T12 shear links (150 x300 grid) in the highlighted areas (Fig. 8.6b)
5500
750
4100
500
Fig 8.6b : Shear link area
7.2.3. Check for crack width
77
3500 2000
Fig 8.7 : SLS Combination 01 HA Vertical BM diagram (kNm/m)
B
A
3500 2000
Fig 8.8 : SLS Permenent Vertical BM diagram (kNm/m)
78
Table 8.7 Check for crack width

Unit MA MB
MSLS kNm/m 170 33
Mg kNm/m 145 28
Mq kNm/m 25 5
Φ mm 20 16
h mm 650 450
a1 mm 75 75
Cnor mm 45 45
d1 mm 55 53
acr mm 83.01 83.84
Es 200 200
Ec/2 14 14
αe 14.29 14.29
2
d mm 570 397
ρ 0.0037 0.0034
dc/d 0.277 0.267
dc mm 158 106
d-dc/3 mm 517 362
εs 0.00078 0.00034
ε1 0.00094 0.00040
a' mm 650 450
De 0.00124 0.00308
εm -0.00030 -0.00268
4.16 1.72
79
8.3.4 Early thermal crack width check for Wingwall
Table 8.8 Check forearly thermal crack
Units
h mm 650
As prov mm 2
/m 2094
εUlt 0.0002
εsh =0.5εult 0.0001
0 -1
α C 1.2E-05
0
T1 C 47
0
T2 C 11
εth 0.000557
R 0.5
Φ mm 20
Ac mm2 250000
fct /fb 0.67
w mm 0.25
As req mm 2
/m 1531
fcu N/mm2 30
f'ct N/mm2 1.298
fy kN/mm2 460
A's req mm2/m 706
80
8.4. Wingwall vertical reinforcement(Outter side)

BS 5400-4
1990, Provide secondary reinforcement (0.12% bd ) for this direction
Cl.5.4.8
d mm 570
As req = 0.12% bd mm2/m 684
Φ mm 16
Provide spacing mm 150
As pro mm 1340
Distribution RF OK
Early thermal crack width check
Secondary
Units
R/f
h mm 650
As prov mm2/m 1340
εUlt 0.0002
εsh =0.5εult 0.0001
0 -1
α C 1.2E-05
0
T1 C 47
0
T2 C 11
εth 0.000557
R 0.5
Φ mm 16
Ac mm2 250000
fct /fb 0.67
w mm 0.25
As req mm2/m 1225
fcu N/mm 2
30
81
f'ct N/mm 2
1.298
fy kN/mm 2
460
2
A's req mm /m 706
82
Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package A #REF!
Design Of Abutment #REF!
9.0 CALCULATION OF PILE FORCES
9.1 Pile horizontal force due to horizontal load on abutment
HB Surcharge Soil BEARING

6000
F1 F
F3
1367
10500
10190
F2 F4
10050
9790
F5 9367
Water
4800
4800
3733
800
780
F(HB, p) F(s, p) 5500

3000
Fw
1600
HB Surcharge Soil
P= ko x surcharge P= ko x density x h
= 0.5 x 12 = 0.5 x 19 x 4.1
= 6 kN/m2 = 38.95 kN/m2
F1 = 6 x 4.1 x 25 F2 = 6 x 6.4 x 3 x 5 F3 = 0.5 x 38.95 x 4.1 x 25

= 615 kN = 576 kN = 1996.18 kN
F(HB, P) = 6 x 1.6 x 27.6 F4 = 38.95 x 6.4 x 3 x 5

= 264.96 kN = 3739.2 kN
Total HB Surcharge Force = 615 + 576 + 264.96 P= ko x density x h
= 1455.96 kN = 0.5 x 19 x 10.5
= 99.75 kN/m2
F5 = 0.5 x (99.75-38.95) x 6.4 x 3 x 5

Water
= 2918.4 kN
P= density x ( 1 - ko) x h1
P= ko x density x h
= 10 x (1- 0.5) x 1.6
= 8 kN/m2 = 0.5 x 19 x 12.1
= 116 kN/m2
Fw = 0.5 x 8 x 1.6 x 27.6
= 176.64 kN F (s,p) = 0.5 x ( (116 + 99.75) / 2 ) x 1.6 x 27.6
= 2386.02 kN
Total soil Force = 1996.18 + 3739.2 + 2918.4 + 2386.02
Total soil Force = 11039.8 kN
83
Bearing
Load (kN)
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
Shrinkage 15 15 15 15 15
Creep 26 26 26 26 26
Traction 25 25 25 25 25
Total force
Soil = 11039.80 kN
HB Surcharge = 1455.96 kN
HA Surcharge = 1456.0 x 10
12
= 1213.3 kN
Water = 177 kN
Shrinkage = 15.0 x 10
= 150.0 kN
Creep = 26.0 x 10
= 260.0 kN
Traction = 25.0 x 10
= 250.0 kN
Force on single pile

No of piles = 16
Soil = 11039.80 / 16 = 690 kN

HB Surcharge = 1456.0 / 16 = 91 kN
HA Surcharge = 1213 / 16 = 76 kN
Water = 176.64 / 16 = 11 kN
Creep+Shrinkage = 410.0 / 16 = 26 kN
Traction = 250 / 16 = 16 kN
8.2 Pile vertical force due to horizontal load on abutment
Total moment at pile cap base level
Soil = 11039.8 x 4.5 = 49679 kNm

HB Surcharge = 1455.96 x 6.28 = 9143 kNm
HA Surcharge = 1213 x 6.28 = 7620 kNm
Water = 177 x 0.533 = 94 kNm
84
Creep+Shrink = 410 x 9.79 = 4014 kNm
Traction = 250 x 9.79 = 2448 kNm
Force on single pile of front pile row

Pile spacing = 3.6 m
Number of pile
rows = 8
Soil = 49679 / ( 3.6 x 8 ) = 1725 kN compression

HB Surcharge = 9143 /( 3.6 x 8 ) = 317 kN compression
HA Surcharge = 7620 /( 3.6 x 8 ) = 265 kN compression
Water = 94 /( 3.6 x 8 ) = 3 kN compression
Creep+Shrink = 4014 /( 3.6 x 8 ) = 139 kN compression
Traction = 2448 /( 3.6 x 8 ) = 85 kN compression
Force on single pile of back pile row
Soil = -1725 kN Tension

HB Surcharge = -317 kN Tension
HA Surcharge = -265 kN Tension
Water = -3 kN Tension
Creep+Shrink = -139 kN Tension
Traction = -85 kN Tension
8.3 Pile vertical force due to vertical load on abutment
BEARING
5500 550
50
0
50
2
7
6
10
0
500
4
60
0
1000 4000 1000

0
20
0
Stem cross sectional area = 18.4 m2
85
Back wall sectional area = 1.5 m2
capping beam sectional area = 2.8 m2
wing wall area = 14.2 m2
average thickness of wing wall = 0.55 m
distace to ww centroid from back pile = 3.27 m
Bearing Total on one

Load(kN) side
1 2 3 4 5
DEAD Deck 474 480 482 480 473 2389
Asphalt 31 32 32 32 31 158
Parapet 82 40 27 40 82 271
Services 36 17 12 17 36 118
HA (Max of envelope) 332 335 326 335 332 1660
HB (Max of envelope) 432 377 403 410 361 1983
DEAD Deck = 2389 x 2 = 4778

Asphalt = 158 x 2 = 316
Parapet = 271 x 2 = 542
Services = 118 x 2 = 236
HA (Max of envelope) = 1660 x 2 = 3320
HB (Max of envelope) = 1983 x 2 = 3966
Soil weight on base = (27.6 x 1.0 x 10.50 x19)+
(5 x 6.4 x 4 x 19x4) = 17720.92
(5 x 6.4 x 19 x 4.09)
HB surcharge = 27.6 x 1 x 12 = 331
HA surcharge = 27.6 x 1 x 10 = 276
Stem weight = 1.5 x 18.4 x 25 x 5 = 3450
Back wall weight = 1.5 x 25.0 x 25 = 938
capping beam weight = 2.8 x 25.0 x 25 = 1750
Base weight = 27.6 x 6 x 1.6 x 25 = 6624
wing wall = 14.2 x 0.55 x 25 x 2 = 389
Force on single pile of front pile row

DEAD Deck = 4778 x 0.99 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 164
Asphalt = 316 x 0.99 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 11
Parapet = 542 x 0.99 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 19
Services = 236 x 0.99 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 8
HA (Max of envelope) = 3320 x 0.99 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 114
HB (Max of envelope) = 3966 x 0.99 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 136
Soil weight on base = 17721 x 1.55 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 954
HB surcharge = 331 x -0.7 /( 3.6 x 8 )= -8
HA surcharge = 276 x -0.7 /( 3.6 x 8 )= -7
Stem weight = 3450 x 1.31 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 157
Back wall weight = 938 x 0.075 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 2
86
Base weight = 6624 / 16 = 414
capping beam weight = 1750 x 0.675 /( 3.6 x 8 = 41
wing wall = 389 x -3.27 /( 3.6 x 8 )= -44
Force on single pile of back pile row

DEAD Deck = 4778 x 2.61 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 433
Asphalt = 316 x 2.61 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 29
Parapet = 542 x 2.61 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 49
Services = 236 x 2.61 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 21
HA (Max of envelope) = 3320 x 2.61 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 301
HB (Max of envelope) = 3966 x 2.61 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 359
Soil weight on base = 17721 x 2.05 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 1261
HB surcharge = 331 x 4.3 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 49
HA surcharge = 276 x 4.3 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 41
Stem weight = 3450 x 2.29 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 274
Back wall weight = 938 x 3.525 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 115
Base weight = 6624 / 16 = 414
capping beam weight = 1750 x 2.925 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 178
wing wall = 389 x 6.87 /( 3.6 x 8 )= 93
Total dead = DEAD Deck + Stem weight + Base weight

+ wing wall + capping beam weight + Back wall weight
87
9.4 Pile force summary
Summary of horizontal forces

BD30/87
Soil and surcharge forces are calclated using "at rest condition" which is directly can
Cl.5.3. be used for RC design
But for nominal load on pile should be based on "active condition" for geotechnical
design ,therefor above soil and surcharge loads should be corrected
Ka = (1-Sin ɸ)/(1+Sin ɸ)
= (1-Sin 30)/(1+Sin 30)
= 0.33
K0 = (1-Sin ɸ)
= (1-Sin 30)
= 0.50
Nominal factor for soil and surcharge horizontal loads = Ka / K0

= 0.33 / 0.50
= 0.67
Nominal factor for water horizontal loads = 1- Ka / 1-K0

= 0.67 / 0.50
= 1.33
Nominal SLS HA ULS Com 1 ULS Com 4

All
piles HA HB All Per HA HB HA HB
Soil 690 0.67 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
HB Surcharge 91 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50
HA Surcharge 76 0.67 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50 0.00
Water 11 1.33 1.33 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Creep+Shrinkage 26 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Traction 16 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 1.10
88
567 577 804 728 1192 1214 1211 1232
For SLS load

Mq/Mg = Live load moment / Total moment
(Moment generate due to horizontal loads are proportional to force)
= Live load force / Total force
= (Total force-Permenent load force)
Total force
= 804 - 728
804
= 0.09
Summary of vertical forces
Nominal SLS Com 1 HA ULS Com 1 ULS Com 4

Back
pile HA HB All Perm HA HB HA HB
Dead 1507 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Asphalt 29 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Parapet 49 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Services 21 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
HA (Max of envelope) 301 1.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.25 0.00
HB (Max of envelope) 359 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 1.10
Soil weight on base 1261 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
HB surcharge vertical 49 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.20
HA surcharge vertical 41 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.20 0.00
Soil horizon -1725 0.67 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
HB Surcharge horizon -317 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50
HA Surcharge horizon -265 0.67 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50 0.00
Water -3 1.33 1.33 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Creep+Shrink -139 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Traction -85 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 1.10
1654 1686 1143 1005 727 673 545 508
Nominal SLS Com 1 HA ULS Com 1 ULS Com 4

Front
pile HA HB All Perm HA HB HA HB
Dead 734 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Asphalt 11 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Parapet 19 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Services 8 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
HA (Max of envelope) 114 1.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.25 0.00
HB (Max of envelope) 136 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 1.10
Soil weight on base 954 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
89
HB surcharge vertical -8 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.20
HA surcharge vertical -7 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.20 0.00
Soil horizon 1725 0.67 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
HB Surcharge horizon 317 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50
HA Surcharge horizon 265 0.67 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50 0.00
Water 3 1.33 1.33 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Creep+Shrink 139 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Traction 85 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 1.10
3388 3444 3991 3596 5358 5442 5436 5508
9.5 Pile force summary
Nominal pile reaction

Maximum vertical load = 3444 kN
Maximum horizontal load = 577 kN
ULS Pile reactions for pile reinforcement design

Minimum vertical load = 545 kN
SLS Pile reactions for pile reinforcement design

Minimum vertical load = 1143 kN
Mq/Mg = 0.09
90
9.6 Pile BM and SF summary

9.6.1 ULS
Pile BM & SF from geotechnical analysis for the pile
(for geotechnical analysis model see Annex E)
-6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000

Depth (m)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Bending Moment (kN.m)
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Depth (m)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Shear (kN)
91
10.0
15.0
20.0 2 – Package A
Central Expressway Project -Section #REF!
25.0
Shear (kN)
Maximum negative BM = -3380 kNm

Maximum positive BM = 1490 kNm
Shear force = 1105.5 kN

Shear force (at socket) = -1438.1 kN
8.6.2 SLS
Pile BM & SF from geotechnical analysis for the pile
(for geotechnical analysis model see Annex E)
-6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000

Depth (m)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Bending Moment (kN.m)
Maximum negative BM = -2330 kNm
92
Maximum positive BM = 1490 kNm
Design SLS BM = 2330 kNm

Mq = 2330 x 0.09 = 220 kNm
Mg = 2330 - 220 = 2110 kNm
Axial force = 1143 kN
93
10.0 Design of Pile for Biaxial Bending
The calculation procedure to determine the steel requirement for a particular Axial
force (N) & biaxial bending moment (mx,my) is as follows.
Ultimate Axial Load = N kN

Ultimate Moments in Major axis = mx kNm
Ultimate Moments in Minor axis = my kNm
Clear height between end restrain of column = l0 mm
Effective height in buckling plane = le mm
Depth of cross section in buckling plane = h mm
Ultimate Axial Loading capacity = Nuz kN
Ultimate Moments capacity in Major axis = Mux kNm
Ultimate Moments capacity in Minor axis = Muy kNm
Area of Concrete Ac mm2
Area of longitudanal reinforcement = Asc mm2
Bar Diameter = Ø mm
BS 5400
Effective height of column that restrained for rotation in both end & position
Part 4 restrained in bottom end can be determined ,
Cl 5.5.1.2 & 𝑙_𝑒 〖 =1.5 𝑙 〗 ………………………..(31)
Table 11 _0
BS 5400 coloumn can be design as Short column .where,
Part 4 𝑙_𝑒/h< 12 ………………………..(32)
Cl 5.5.1.1.
BS 5400
when short column subject to the axial load & biaxial bending , Moments about major &
Part 4
minor axises due to ultimate loads including the nominal allowance for construction
Cl 5.5.4 tolerence can be determined by,
𝑀_(𝑥,𝑦 )=𝑁𝑒_(𝑥,𝑦)
+𝑚_(𝑥,𝑦) ………………………..(33)
Where
e =
0.03 times overall depth of the cross section but not more than 20mm.
BS 5400 As per the failure surface method, column subjected to Axial load with biaxial bending
Part 4 should be satisfied following expression reinforcement
Eq. 16
(𝑀_𝑥/𝑀_𝑢𝑥 )^(𝛼_𝑛 )+
(𝑀_𝑦/𝑀_𝑢𝑦 )^(𝛼_𝑛 ) ………………………..(34)
≤1.0
94
BS 5400 an can be determined by table given below,
Part 4 N/Nuz an
table 12 ≤ 0.2 1
0.4 1.33
0.6 1.67
≥ 0.8 2
Where Nuz is axial loading capacity of a coloumn ignoring bending, taken as :

BS 5400
Part 4 𝑁_(𝑢𝑧 )=0.45𝑓_𝑐𝑢 𝐴_𝑐+𝑓_𝑦𝑐 𝐴_𝑠𝑐 ………………………..(35)
Eq. 17
BS 5400 fyc is defined as
𝑓_𝑦𝑐=𝑓_𝑦/ ɣm =
Part 4 ; 1.15
(𝛾_𝑚+𝑓_𝑦/20
Cl.5.5.3.4 00) ………………………..(36)
Mux ,Muy can be derived by using column charts (circular) assuming,

ultimate axial load capacity (Nu ) not less than the value of the ultimate
axial load (N).
95
96
Design of Abutment A1 #REF!
10.1 Main reinforcement design of pile
provide two reinforcement arrangement for top(12m) and bottom (12m)
because of rapid variation of BM of pile (refer 8.6 of this report)
10.1.1.Top region (top 12m)

Calculation is done for backpile and front pile for ULS-Com4-HB
Description Unit Back pile Front pile

Pile Diameter, h m 1.2 1.2
l0 m 4.0 4.0
effective length factor x 1.5 1.5
effective length x m 6.0 6.0
lex/h from (32) m 5.0 5.0
Short or Slender Short Short
Cover mm 75 75
fy N/mm 2
460 460
fcu N/mm2 30 30
gm 1.15 1.15
N x 1.1 kN 600 6059
mx x 1.1 kNm 3718 3718
Φ mm 32 32
No. of bars in Pile 32 32
Asc mm 2
25736 25736
Ac mm 2
1130973 1130973
ex m 0.02 0.02
Mx from (33) kNm 3730 3839
fycfrom (36) N/mm2 333 333
Nuz from (35) kN 23846 23846
N/Nuz 0.03 0.25
BS 5400-4,Table 12, an 1.00 1.09
Mux (From P-M Curve) kNm 4000 4600
from (34) 0.932 0.821
Check <1.00 Ok Ok
Provided As 32 T32 32 T32
Table 10.1 - Pile design for moment
For top region(12m) provide 32T32 (total legth 12m including anchorage
length)
97
1200mm column interaction diagram for 32T32 arrangement
30000
P-M Curve 1200mm Pile (32T32)
25000
20000
15000
10000
P (kN)
5000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
-5000
-10000
-15000
M(kNm)
front pile axial force = 6059 kN

front pile moment capacity from above graph = 4600 kNm
back pile axial force = 600 kN

back pile moment capacity from above graph = 4000 kNm
98
10.1.2.Middle region
Calculation is done for P1-1 back and front for ULS-Com4-HB
Description Unit Back pile (P1-1) Front pile(P1-2)

Pile Diameter, h m 1.2 1.2
l0 m 6.5 6.5
effective length factor x 1.3 1.3
effective length x m 8.5 8.5
lex/h from (32) m 7.0 7.0
Short or Slender Short Short
Cover mm 75 75
fy N/mm 2
460 460
fcu N/mm 2
30 30
gm 1.15 1.15
N x 1.1 kN 600 6059
mx x 1.1 kNm 1309 1309
Φ mm 20 20
No. of bars in Pile 32 32
Asc mm2 10053 10053
Ac mm2 1130973 1130973
ex m 0.02 0.02
Mx from (33) kNm 1321 1430
from (36)
fyc N/mm2 333 333
Nuz from (35) kN 18619 18619
N/Nuz 0.03 0.33
BS 5400-4,Table 12, an 1.00 1.21
Mux (From P-M Curve) kNm 2000 3015
from (34) 0.66 0.406
Check <1.00 Ok Ok
Provided As 32 T20 32 T20
Table 10.2 - Pile design for moment
For bottom region provide 32T20
99
1200mm column interaction diagram for 32T20 arrangement
25000
P-M Curve 1200mm Pile (32T20)
20000
15000
10000
P (kN)
5000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
-5000
-10000
M(kNm)
front pile axial force = 6059 kN

front pile moment capacity from above graph = 3015 kNm
back pile axial force = 600 kN

back pile moment capacity from above graph = 2000 kNm
100
10.1.2 Check for SLS crack width
Total SLS Moment = 2330 kNm

Total SLS Axial force (Minimum) = 1143 kN
Mq/Mg = 0.09
Design SLS BM = 2330 kNm

Mq = 2330 x 0.09 = 210 kNm
Mg = 2330 - 210 = 2120 kNm
Axial force = 1143 kN
For the crackwidth calculation of the column Autodesk structural bridge

designer(which support BS5400) software is used
Input parameters
Column diameter = 1200 mm

Actual cover = 75 mm
Nominal cover = 45 mm
Spiral diameter = 16 mm
Main RF diameter = 32 mm
No of bars = 32
Input loads
101
Crack width calculation
Stress - strain diagram
102
103
104
Design of Abutment #REF!
10.2 Design of piles for Shear
The ultimate shear stress in the concrete can be calculated using the equation,
Shear force due to ultimate load = V kN
pile diameter = b mm
distance from the extreme fiber with maximum compression to the centroid of the
reinforcement in the half of the pile opposite the extreme compression fiber
Ultimate shear stress in concrete = vc N/mm2
BS 5400 Ultimate design Shear Force can be derived as follows,

Part 4
4.2.2 𝑉_𝑢= _𝑓3" " 𝑉
BD 74/00 Shear stress at v at any cross section should be calculated,

C5.1 &
𝑣 =𝑉_𝑢/𝑏𝑑
BS 5400
Part 4; 1990
Cl 5.3.3.1
v  0.75 fcu or 4.75 N/mm2
Allowble shear stress =  s c

The depth factor εs can be calculated,
 s   500/d 1/4 or 0.7 whichever is greater
The ultimate shear stress in the concrete can be calculated using the
equation,
BS 5400
1 1
Part 4 0.27  100 As  3
vc =    f cu  2
Table 8  m  bw d 
BD 74/00 shear link reianforcement shall be calculated accordance with following criteria,
C6
105
𝑣 ≤ 𝜉_(𝑠 ) 𝑣_(𝑐 )∗/2 No shear reinforcemnt required
(𝜉_(𝑠 ) 𝑣_(𝑐 ))/2 ≤𝑣 ≤ 𝜉_(𝑠 ) 𝑣_(𝑐 )∗

Minimum reinforcement provided, where
* represent xsvc multiplied by 1+(0.05 𝑁)/𝐴_𝑐
.
𝐴_𝑠𝑣=(𝑆_𝑣 𝑏(𝑣−𝜉_(𝑠 ) 𝑣_(𝑐 )))/(𝑓_𝑦𝑣/𝛾_𝑚𝑐 )

𝑣 ≥ 𝜉_(𝑠 ) 𝑣_(𝑐 )∗ greater of or
minimum reinforcemnt provided.
For the shear checking pilewith maximum shear (P2+)selected

for axial force minimum pile axial force selected
10.3 Shear Check for Pile
Unit Pile (top 3.5m) Pile(beyond 3.5m)

N x 1.1 kN 600 600
select V x 1.1 kN 1216 935
minimum Main RF dia mm 32 25
axial No of main RF 32 32
force No of RF in tension 16 16
Shear rf dia mm 16 16
b mm 1200 1200
d mm 897 897
v Nmm-2 1.130 0.870
fcu Nmm-2 30 30
-3
fy Nmm 460 460
0.75 (fcu)1/2 or 4.75 Nmm -2
4.11 4.11
Check v < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK OK
εs 0.80 0.80
ϒm 1.25 1.25
vc Nmm-2 0.75 0.64
εsvc Nmm-2 0.60 0.51
1+(0.05N/Ac) 1.000 1.000
εsvc* Nmm -2
0.6 0.512
Shear R/f requi. Check Shear r/f Need Shear r/f Need
Sv req mm 253 374
Sv min mm 335 335
Sv mm 253 335
Table 10.3 Pile design for shear
Provide T16@150 for the full length
106
Check shear for the interface between rock socket area and pile
Unit Pile socket

V x 1.1 kN 1582
Main RF dia mm 32
No of main RF 32
No of RF in tension 16
Shear rf dia mm 16
b mm 1500
d mm 897
v Nmm-2 1.18
fcu Nmm -2
30
fy Nmm-3 460
0.75 (fcu) or 4.75
1/2
Nmm -2
4.11
Check v < 0.75(fcu)1/2 OK
Table 10.4 Pile design for at rock socket
107
108
Curve 1 0 degrees
Axial Bending
1 -18942.41 0 0 18942 0 18942.41 0
2 -16983.07 847.5805 0 16983 847.5805 16983.07 847.5805
3 -15259.69 1524.252 0 15260 1524.252 15259.69 1524.252
4 -13118.01 2160.922 0 13118 2160.922 13118.01 2160.922
5 -10605.7 2675.33 0 10606 2675.33 10605.7 2675.33
6 -7785.97 3012.639 0 7786 3012.639 7785.97 3012.639
7 -5141.12 2947.815 0 5141 2947.815 5141.12 2947.815
8 -2591.124 2546.405 0 2591 2546.405 2591.124 2546.405
9 -112.2088 1841.412 0 112 1841.412 112.2088 1841.412
10 2458.529 782.636 0 -2459 782.636 -2458.529 782.636
11 4019.2 0 0 -4019 0 -4019.2 0
Load(kN)
DEAD
Asphalt
Parapet
Services
HA (Min of envelope)
HA (Max of envelope)
HB (Min of envelope)
HB (Max of envelope)
Wind vertical with live
Wind vertical without live
Load (kN)
Shrinkage
Creep
Temperature -
Traction*
Bearing
L1 L2 L3 L4
474.44 480.17 481.91 479.7
31.19 31.72 31.91 32
82 40 27 40
36 17 12 17
0 0 0 0
332 335 326 335
0 0 0 0
432 377 403 410
19 19 19 19
58 59 59 59
1464.63 0 1358.89 0 1359.82 0 1391.7 0
udl =
Bearing
L1
15
26
14
25
80 0
L5
473.29
31
82
36 118 9.291339
0
332 1660 130.7087
0 0 0
361 1983 156.1417
19
58
1392.29 6967.33
580.6108 284.4691
L2 L3 L4 L5
15 15 15 15 60
26 26 26 26 104
14 14 14 14 56
25 25 25 25 100 7.874016
80 0 80 0 80 0 80 320 164
12.91339
udl= 12.59843
Fcu 30 N/mm2
Fy 460 N/mm2
cover for pile 75 mm
cover for column 50 mm
Pile Diameter 1.2 m
pile diameter 1200
cover 75
shear rf 12
main rf 32
no of rf 32
diameter between rf 994
fcu 30
fy 460
vc 0.73
ξs 0.86
ξs x vc 0.63
Ac 1130973
perimeter 3123
spacing between bars 97.585721802
angle between bars 0.1963495408
bar angle rad angle degre distance no of bars

1 0 0 1097 1
2 0.1963495408 11.25 1087 2
3 0.3926990817 22.5 1059 2
4 0.5890486225 33.75 1013 2
5 0.7853981634 45 951 2
6 0.9817477042 56.25 876 2
7 1.1780972451 67.5 790 2
8 1.3744467859 78.75 697 2
9 1.5707963268 90 600 2
10 1.7671458676 101.25 0 0
11 1.9634954085 112.5 0 0
12 2.1598449493 123.75 0 0
13 2.3561944902 135 0 0
14 2.552544031 146.25 0 0
15 2.7488935719 157.5 0 0
16 2.9452431127 168.75 0 0
17 3.1415926536 180 0 0
18 3.3379421944 191.25 0 0
19 3.5342917353 202.5 0 0
20 3.7306412761 213.75 0 0
21 3.926990817 225 0 0
22 4.1233403578 236.25 0 0
23 4.3196898987 247.5 0 0
24 4.5160394395 258.75 0 0
25 4.7123889804 270 0 0
26 4.9087385212 281.25 0 0
27 5.1050880621 292.5 0 0
28 5.3014376029 303.75 0 0
29 5.4977871438 315 0 0
30 5.6941366846 326.25 0 0
31 5.8904862255 337.5 0 0
32 6.0868357663 348.75 0 0
33 6.2831853072 360 0 0
34 6.479534848 371.25 0 0
35 6.6758843889 382.5 0 0
36 6.8722339297 393.75 0 0
37 7.0685834706 405 0 0
38 7.2649330114 416.25 0 0
39 7.4612825523 427.5 0 0
40 7.6576320931 438.75 0 0
41 7.853981634 450 0 0
42 8.0503311748 461.25 0 0
17
effective depth
distance x no of bars
1097
2175
2118
2026
1903
1752
1580
1394
1200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15246
897 mm

Central Expressway Project Design of Abutment, Wing Wall & Foundation

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Central Expressway Project Design of Abutment, Wing Wall & Foundation

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Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package A Designed By :

Design Of Abutment ,wing wall & foundation Nalaka Madhushanka

4) Modelling & Analysis Results x

Above configuration transfer full traction forces to the abutment

1.2 Material data

BS 5400-4 Elastic modulus of concrete Ec = 28 kN/mm2

Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

1.3 Calculation of abutment heights

1.4 Geometric details

1000 4000 1000

Fig 1.1 General Arrangement of Stem at abutment mid

length of the capping beam = 25 m

1500 4000 1500

Fig 1.2 General Arrangement of wingwall at abutment end

Thickness of the Stem (Bottom) = 4000 mm

1200 3600 3 600 3600 3600 3 600 3600 3 600 1200

A2L 1 A2 L2 A2L 3 A2 L4 A2R1 A2 R2 A2R3 A2 R4

Fig 1.3 General Arrangement of pile Foundation

Length of the Pile cap = 27.600 m

Fig.2.1. bridge globle model

2.2.Loads from super structure

Load from Approach slab to corbel

2.2.2 Longitudinal Loads from super structure

2.2.3 Transvers Loads from super structure

2.3 Loads from backfill

2.3.1 Vertical pressure (PLS)

2.3.2 Horizontal pressure (Stability)

Foundation Live load Surcharge σLS = Ka PLS (HA / HB)

Analysis & Vertical Horizontal

Ch11.2, 0 10 12 0 3.33 4.00 0.00 Top

2.3.3 Horizontal pressure (Design)

Earth pressure σEP = Ko ɣsoi z

Live load Surcharge σLS = Ko PLS (HA / HB)

2.3.3 Horizontal forces (Design) to SAP Model

Moment due to soil pressure = 8.4 kNm/m

Soil Force HA Surcharge HB Surcharge

322.1 kN/m 15 kN/m 18 kN/m

pile cap (pile cap centre to pile cap bottom level)

Soil force = 0.5x(107.35 + 114.95)x0.79 = 89 kN/m

2.4.Loads from backwall to capping beam

Back wall height = 2.50 m

2.4.1 Vertical nominal loads from backwall

2.4.2 Horizontal nominal loads from backwall

2.5.Loads from Wingwall to capping beam

Soil Pressure @ Area P2 = 0.5x4.1x 19 x Ka x4.1x0.5

Soil Pressure @ Area P1 = ∫_0^5▒ 〖 0.5×ℎ×19×𝑘𝑎×ℎ×𝑑𝑥 〗

Force on Capping Beam = P1 + P2

Mz = 0.5×𝛾×𝑘𝑎 ∫1_0^5▒ 〖ℎ ×ℎ×(𝑥+1.25)× + 1.13 x 26.62

Central Expressway Project -Section 2 – Package C Designed By : Dilanka

Force on capping beam = 10 x 0.333 x 14.175

Force on capping beam = 12 x 0.333 x 14.175

Dead (Wingwall) 230.34 243.0 - -

Soil Pressure 173.92 - 338.14 417.65

2.5.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS

2.5.2 LOAD COMBINATION 1

LOADING CASE 1-2

2.5.3 LOAD COMBINATION 2

LOADING CASE 2-2

Following loadings will be considered.

2.5.4 LOAD COMBINATION 3

LOADING CASE 3-1

Following loadings will be considered.

LOADING CASE 3-2