GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER

Guided by: Submitted by:

Miss. ARYA S. RAJ NIKHIL V. V
Assistant Professor S7 CE
Dept of CE Reg No:13418040

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 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND INTERACTIONS OF GROUND
WATER AND SURFACE WATER
3. CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND
WATER
4. INTERACTION OF GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER IN
DIFFERENT LANDSCAPES
5. EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE INTERACTION OF
GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER
6. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
7. CONCLUSION
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 1. INTRODUCTION

• The importance of considering ground water and

surface water as a single resource has become
increasingly evident.
• Surface water commonly is hydraulically connected
to ground water, but the interactions are difficult to
observe and measure.

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2. THE HYODROLOGIC CYCLE

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 3. INTERACTIONS OF GROUND WATER
AND SURFACE WATER

Fig.1 Ground-water flow paths vary greatly in length, depth, and traveltime from points of
Recharge to points of discharge in the groundwater system
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 4. CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OF SURFACE
WATER AND GROUND WATER

Chemical reactions that affect the biological and

geochemical characteristics include,
(1) acid-base reactions
(2) precipitation
(3) sorption and ion exchange
(4) oxidation-reduction reactions
(5) biodegradation

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4.1. Acid-base reactions
• transfer of hydrogen ions (H+) among solutes dissolved in
water

4.2. Precipitation
• Precipitation result in minerals being formed from ions that
are dissolved in water. For eg: iron

4.3. Sorption
• Ions or molecules dissolved in water become attached to
the surfaces of solid materials, either temporarily or
permanently
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4.4. Oxidation-reduction reactions
• Oxidation of certain elements is accompanied by the
reduction of other elements
• Bacteria can use energy gained from oxidationreduction
reactions as they decompose organic material

4.5. Biodegradation
• Decomposition of organic chemicals by living organisms
using enzymes
• The rate of biodegradation of an organic chemical is
dependent on its chemical structure, the environmental
conditions, and the types of microorganisms that are
present
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 5. INTERACTION OF GROUND WATER AND
SURFACE WATER IN DIFFERENT LANDSCAPES

The four general types of terrain discussed are,

• Mountainous
• Riverine
• Coastal,
• Glacial And Dune

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5.1. Mountainous terrain
Fig.2 mountain terrain
•Between storms and snowmelt
periods, most inflow to streams
commonly is from ground water
(A).
•During storms and snowmelt
periods, much of the water inflow
to streams is from shallow flow in
saturated macropores in the soil
zone. If infiltration to the water
table is large enough, the water
table will rise to the land surface
and flow to the stream is from
ground water, soil water, and
overland runoff (B).
•In arid areas where soils are very
dry and plants are sparse,
infiltration is impeded and runoff
from precipitation can occur as
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overland flow (C).
 5.2. Riverine terrain

Fig. 3 Riverine terrain

•Terraces, natural levees and abandoned river meanders are common
landscape feature of major river valleys.
•Affected by regional and local ground water flow system.
•Local ground water system associated with terraces.

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 5.3. Coastal terrain

Fig. 4 Coastal terrain

•The terrain is characterized by low scarps and terraces, lagoons and
streams, ponds and barrior islands.
•Interaction is affected by local and regional flow system.
•Local ground water system associated with terraces and scarps.

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 5.4. Glacial and dune terrain

Fig.5 Glacial and dune terrain

•Landscape with hills and depressions.
•Run off is less due to depressions.
•Water balance in the depression is controlled by atmosphere and
with ground water.
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 6. EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE
INTERACTION OF GROUND WATER AND SURFACE
WATER
6.1. Agricultural developments
• Tillage of land changes the infiltration and runoff
characteristics of the land surface, which affects
recharge to ground water, delivery of water and
sediment to surface-water bodies, and
evapotranspiration.
• Two activities related to agriculture that are
particularly relevant to the interaction of ground
water and surface water are irrigation and
application of chemicals to cropland.
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6.2. Irrigation systems
• Average quantities of applied water range from
several inches to 20 or more inches of water per year,
depending on local conditions, over the entire area of
crops
• Large volume of artificial recharge can cause the
water table to rise , possibly reaching the land surface
in some areas and waterlogging the fields.
• The water lost to evapotranspiration is relatively
pure; therefore, the chemicals that are left behind
precipitate as salts and accumulate in the soil zone.

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6.3. Use of agricultural chemicals
• Applications of pesticides and fertilizers to cropland
can result in significant additions of contaminants to
water resources. Some pesticides are only slightly
soluble in water and may attach to soil particles
instead of remaining in solution.
• Whether the initial contamination is present in
ground water or surface water is somewhat
immaterial because the close interaction of the two
sometimes results in both being contaminated

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6.4. Urban and industrial developments
• Point sources of contamination to surface water
bodies are an expected side effect of urban
development
• If the source continues to supply the contaminant over
a period of time, the distribution of the dissolved
contaminant will take a characteristic “plumelike”
shape.
• If the discharge of the contaminant plume is large or
has high concentrations of contaminant, it could
significantly affect the quality of the receiving surface-
water body.

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 7. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
It is needed for the great understanding of ground water and
surface water.

7.1 Water supply

• The amound of water and its requirements at all region is
different.
• Development of surface/ground water can eventually affect
the other.
• The need to understand better how development of one
water resource affects the other is universal and will surely
increase as development intensifies.
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7.2 Water quality
• Quality of ground water is important as that of
surface water.
• Chemical interaction of ground water and surface
water takes place at hyporheic zone
• It also affects in aquatic ecosystem.
• To manage water quality, coordination between
watershed management and groundwater-
protection programs will be essential to protect the
quality of drinking water

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FRESH WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE EARTH.

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 7. CONCLUSION
• water conservation is of great importance to
the economic, social and cultural
development
• water conservation and water management
only will help us preserve this precious
resource for the use of the future generation
• Water conservation has become the need of
the day

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THANK YOU…

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