Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unsaturated
Soil
Flow of water
Soil behaviour is governed by Effective Stress
xx xx u w ; yz yz
yy yy u w ; zx zx
zz zz u w ; xy xy
Note
z(P)
z is measured vertically up
from the datum
Datum
Example: Static water table
1. Calculation of head at P
2m
1m X
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
1. Calculation of head at P
2m u w ( P) = 4g w
1m X
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
1. Calculation of head at P
2m u w ( P) = 4g w
1m X z( P) = 1
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
1. Calculation of head at P
2m u w ( P) = 4g w
1m X z( P) = 1
5 m thus
P 4g w
1m
h( P) = + 1 = 5m
Impermeable stratum gw
Example: Static water table
2. Calculation of head at X
u w ( X) = gw
2m
1m X
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
2. Calculation of head at X
u w ( X) = gw
2m
1m X z ( X) = 4
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
2. Calculation of head at X
u w ( X) = gw
2m
1m X z ( X) = 4
5 m thus
P
1m
gw
h ( X) = + 4 = 5m
Impermeable stratum gw
Example: Static water table
2. Calculation of head at X
u w ( X) = gw
2m
1m X z ( X) = 4
5 m thus
P
1m
gw
h ( X) = + 4 = 5m
Impermeable stratum gw
The heads at P and X are identical does this imply that the head
is constant throughout the region below a static water table?
Example: Static water table
3. Calculation of head at P
2m
1m X
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
3. Calculation of head at P
2m u w ( P) = 4g w
1m X
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
3. Calculation of head at P
2m u w ( P) = 4g w
1m X z( P) = -4
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
3. Calculation of head at P
2m u w ( P) = 4g w
1m X z( P) = -4
5m thus
P
1m 4g w
Impermeable stratum h( P) = - 4 = 0m
gw
Example: Static water table
4. Calculation of head at X
2m u w ( X) = 1g w
1m X
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
4. Calculation of head at X
2m u w ( X) = 1g w
1m X z( X) = -1
5m
P
1m
Impermeable stratum
Example: Static water table
4. Calculation of head at X
2m u w ( X) = 1g w
1m X z( X) = -1
5m thus
P
1m gw
Impermeable stratum
h ( X) = - 1 = 0m
gw
Example: Static water table
4. Calculation of head at X
2m u w ( X) = 1g w
1m X z( X) = -1
5m thus
P
1m gw
Impermeable stratum
h ( X) = - 1 = 0m
gw
h
Soil Sample
L
Darcy found that the flow (volume per unit time) was
• proportional to the head difference Dh
Dh
Thus Q = kA (2a)
DL
where k is the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic
conductivity.
Darcy’s Law
Dh
Thus Q = kA (2a)
DL
where k is the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic
conductivity.
Dh
Thus Q = kA (2a)
DL
where k is the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic
conductivity.
or v=ki (2b)
H
Manometers
outlet
X L
k
A H T
(3)
Measurement of permeability
Standpipe of
cross-sectional
area a
porous disk
H1
H
Sample H2
L of area A
kA
H
L
H1
The flow in the sample = H
Sample H2
L of area
A
Falling head permeameter
Standpipe
Analysis of area
Consider a time interval dt a
H
a
t
kA
H
L
H1
The flow in the sample = H
Sample H2
and thus L of area
a
dH
dt
k A
H
L
A
(4a)
Falling head permeameter
Solution Standpipe
of area
dH H
-a = kA (4a) a
dt L
aL l n( H1 / H 2 )
k= (4c)
A t 2 - t1
Typical permeability values
10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12
A vx k Hix
where
z
h ( C ) h ( B)
B C ix (5a)
x
x and thus
O x h
vx kH
x
Definition of Hydraulic Gradients
A vz kVi z
z where
B C iz
h(A) h(B)
x z
Dam
Soil
Flow
x
Impermeable bedrock
vz Fig. 9 Flow into
a soil element
C
vx D Soil B z
Element
A
x
v x v z
0
x z (6b)
vz Fig. 9 Flow into
a soil element
C
vx D Soil B z
Element
A
x
v x v z
0
x z (6b)
Continuity Equation
v x v z
Continuity Equation 0 (6b)
x z
Continuity Equation
v x v z
Continuity Equation 0 (6b)
x z
+ Darcy's Law
+
h
vx k H
x
Darcy’s Law h (5)
vz k V
z
Continuity Equation
v x v z
Continuity Equation 0 (6b)
x z
+ Darcy's Law
+
h
vx k H
x
Darcy’s Law h (5)
vz k V
z
h h
Flow equation ( k H ) ( k V ) 0 (7b)
x x z z
h h
Flow equation (k H ) (k V ) 0 (7b)
x x z z
h h
Flow equation (k H ) (k V ) 0 (7b)
x x z z
2 2
h h
For a homogeneous soil kH 2 kV 2 0 (7c)
x z
h h
Flow equation (k H ) (k V ) 0 (7b)
x x z z
2 2
h h
For a homogeneous soil kH 2 kV 2 0 (7c)
x z
2 2
h h
For an isotropic soil
2
2 0 (7d)
x z