EDU497

ANALYTICAL SKILLS: MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

L:4 T:0 P:0 Credits:4
 Course Outcomes
• develop analytical abilities to solve daily problems with the
use of basic mathematics
• visualize the use of geometry and statistical knowledge in
daily life
• understand various pedagogical issues of mathematics
• analyze the living world and natural phenomena with the
help of science
• evaluate the contribution of electric and magnetic
innovation in the world
• apply pedagogical knowledge of science for clearing
competitive exam
 EDU497
ANALYTICAL SKILLS: MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

• Unit I Concepts in mathematics-I

• Unit II Concepts in mathematics-II
• Unit III Pedagogical issues in mathematics
• Unit IV Concepts in science-I
• Unit V Concepts in science-II
• Unit VI Pedagogical issues in science
 Unit I
Concepts in mathematics-I
• number system- knowing our numbers and
playing with numbers, whole numbers,
negative numbers, integers and fractions,
• algebra-introduction to algebra, ratio and
proportion,
• mensuration- areas of rectilinear figures and
circle
 Unit II
Concepts in mathematics-II
• Mensuration - surface areas and volumes,
• geometry-basic geometrical ideas (2-d) and
understanding elementary shapes (2-d and 3-
d), symmetry (reflection) and construction
(using straight edge scale, protractor,
compasses), data handling
 Unit III
Pedagogical issues in mathematics
• nature of mathematics/logical thinking, place
of mathematics in curriculum, language of
mathematics, community mathematics,
evaluation, remedial teaching, problem of
teaching, concept of child-centered and
progressive education, problem based learning,
activity based method of teaching and learning
 Unit IV
Concepts in science-I
• food-sources of food,
• components of food and cleaning food,
• the world of the living,
• natural phenomena,
• natural resources
 Unit V
• Concepts in science-II
• materials- materials of daily use,
• moving things,
• people and ideas,
• how things work-electric current and circuits,
• magnets
 Unit VI
Pedagogical issues in science
• nature and structure of sciences, aims and
objectives of natural science, understanding
and appreciating science, integrated approach,
method of science: observation, experiment
and discovery, innovation in science, text
material and aids, evaluation: cognitive,
psycho-motor and affective levels, problems
and remedial teaching
• Text Books:
• 1. SCIENCE TEXT BOOK FOR CLASS VI TO X by
NCERT, NCERT
• 2. MATHEMATICS TEXT BOOK FOR CLASS VI
TO X by NCERT, NCERT
• References:
• 1. CTET CENTRAL TEACHER ELIGIBILITY TEST SUCCESS
MASTER – 2 by ARIHANT, ARIHANT PUBLICATIONS
INDIA LTD.
• 2. CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PEDAGOGY FOR CTET
AND ALL STET by SHALINI PUNJABI, DISHA
PUBLICATION
• 3. CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PEDAGOGY FOR
CTET/PTET AND OTHER TEACHERS RECRUITMENT
EXAM by P. C. PANDA, RAMESH PUBLICATION HOUSE
 Unit I
Concepts in mathematics-I
• number system- knowing our numbers and
playing with numbers, whole numbers,
negative numbers, integers and fractions,
• algebra-introduction to algebra, ratio and
proportion,
• mensuration- areas of rectilinear figures and
circle
• What is the place value of the 2 in the
following number 5,328,475?
• A. Thousands
• B. Millions
• C. Ten Thousands
• D. Hundreds
• What is the value of four in the number?
890,465
• A. 4
• B. 4,000
• C. 400
• D. 40
• Eg.1- which is greater:
• 24576813 or 9897686?
• A. 24576813
• B. 9897686
• Eg.2- which is smaller:
• 1003467 or 987965?
• A.1003467
• B. 9897965
• Eg.3- Arrange the following in ascending
order: 3763214, 18340217, 984671, 3790423
• A. 984671<3790423<3763214<18340217
• B. 984671<3763214<18340217<3790423
• C. 984671<3763214<3790423<18340217
• D. 3763214<984671<3790423<18340217
• Eg.4- Arrange the following in descending
order:
• 63872604, 4965328, 63890503, 5023145
• A. 63890503>4965328>5023145>63872604
• B. 63872604>63890503>5023145>4965328
• C. 63890503>5023145>63872604>4965328
• D. 63890503>63872604>5023145>4965328
• EXAMPLE:- In 53, the ones digit is 3, so, the
required rounded number is
• A. 50
• B. 60
• EXAMPLES:- In 648, the tens digit is 4, So, the
required rounded number is
• A. 500
• B. 600
• C. 650
• D. 700
• EXAMPLE:- In 5486 the hundreds digit is 4, So,
the required rounded number is
• A. 5000
• B. 5400
• C. 5500
• D. 5490
• Example
• CXIV is equals to
• A. 94
• B.104
• C.114
• D.124
• XL is equals to
• A. 60
• B. 50
• C. 40
• D. 45
• Which of the following numbers in Roman
Numerals is incorrect?
(A) LXII
(B) XCI
(C) LC
(D) XLIV
• Ans-C
 Types of Numbers
• Positive real numbers:
• Real numbers that are greater than zero.
• Negative numbers:
• Real numbers that are less than zero. Because
zero itself has no sign, neither the positive
numbers nor the negative numbers include
zero. When zero is a possibility, the following
terms are often used:
• Non-negative numbers:
• Real numbers that are greater than or equal
to zero. Thus a non-negative number is either
zero or positive.
• Non-positive numbers:
• Real numbers that are less than or equal to
zero. Thus a non-positive number is either
zero or negative.
• Even and odd numbers: An integer is even if it is
a multiple of two, and is odd otherwise.
• Prime number: An integer with exactly two
positive divisors: itself and 1. The primes form an
infinite sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,
31, ...
• Composite number: A number that can be
factored into a product of smaller integers. Every
integer greater than one is either prime or
composite.
• Numbers, which do not have any common
factor between them other than one, are
called co-prime numbers.
 Whole Numbers
• The Counting Numbers including 0.
– Ex: 0,1,2,3,4,5……

9
43

101 12
23 5
 Integers
• Positive and negative whole numbers.
– -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3…….

– How are integers and whole numbers related?

-1 3 2
-27
19
 Whole Numbers = Integers
• All whole numbers are integers because
integers include both positive and negative
whole numbers.
• Question 1: 
•  3 × 10000 + 0 × 1000 + 8 × 100 + 0 × 10 + 7 × 1
is same as
(A) 30087
(B) 30807
(C) 3807
(D) 3087
 1. (B)
• Question 3: Which of the following numbers
in Roman Numerals is incorrect?
(A) LXII
(B) XCI
(C) LC
(D) XLIV
 3. (C)
• Fill in the blanks to make the statements
true:
• Question 4: In Indian System of Numeration,
the number 61711682 is written, using
commas, as __________.
Question 5: The smallest 4 digit number with
different digits is __________ .
 4. 6,17,11,682 and 5. 1023
• State whether the given statements are true
or false:
• Question 6: The number 58963 rounded off to
nearest hundred is 58900.
Question 7: LXXV is greater than LXXIV.
 6. False and 7. True
• Solve following Problems
• Question 8: Population of Agra and Aligarh
districts in the year 2001 was 36,20, 436 and
29,92,286, respectively. What was the total
population of the two districts in that year?
A. 66,12,272
• B. 66,12,722
• C. 66,17,222
• 8. In 2001 Population of Agra = 3620436 ;
Population of Aligarh = 2992286 ;
• Total population = 3620436 + 2992286 =
66,12,722
• Question 9: In one state, the number of
bicycles sold in the year 2002-2003 was
7,43,000. In the year 2003-2004, the number of
bicycles sold was 8,00,100. In which year were
more bicycles sold? and how many more?
• A. 57,200 B. 57, 050
• C. 57,100 D. 57,150
9. 57,100 more bicycles were sold
in the year 2003-2004
• Question 10: The town newspaper is
published every day. One copy has 12 pages.
Everyday 11,980 copies are printed. How
many total pages are printed everyday?
• A. 1,43,760
• B. 1,43,761
• C. 1,43,670
• D. 1,43,759
 10. Everyday 1,43,760 pages are
printed.
• Question 11: The number of sheets of paper
available for making notebooks is 75,000.
Each sheet makes 8 pages of a notebook. Each
notebook contains 200 pages. How many
notebooks can be made from the paper
available?
• A. 3,000 B. 3,500
• C. 2,500 D. 2,900
11. The answer is 3,000 notebooks
• Question 1- True or False
1. 5 (5 – 3) = 10
• 2. 20 ( 40 – 32) =159
• 3. (11 + 20)(31 + 30) =1890
4. (1 + 6) + 10 =17
5. 2 x (1 + 3) (10 + 12) x (8 + 6) =2465
 Answers
• 10
• 160
• 1891
•  17
• 2464
•
 True or False
• Estimate the following products following (by
rounding off to nearest hundreds)
(a) 271 x 362 =60000
(b) 5271 x 3411 =15000000
(c) 32 x 488 =12000
(d) 451 x 200 =8000
• Answer 2
• 98102 -> 98000 (Round to 100th place)
• 17979381 - > 17979000
• 15616 - > 16000
• 90200 - >90000
 True or False
• Question 3
Estimate the following (by rounding off to nearest
hundreds):
(a) 6,941=6900
 (b) 6,320 = 6300
• (c) 416 = 420
 (d) 126 = 120
(e) 109 = 100
 (f) 202 = 200
(g) 146 = 150
(h) 7,684 = 7700
 (i) 8,311 =8310
 (j) 986 = 1000
• Answer 3
6900
• 6300
• 400
• 100
• 100
• 200
• 100
• 7700
• 8300
• 1000
 True or False
• Question 4
 Estimate the following (by rounding off to
nearest thousands):
(a) 2,456
(b) 1,810
(c) 25,564
(d) 7,210
 (e) 6,499
(f) 62,535
• Question 5
X and Y worked as salesperson at a bookstore.
They sold 6283 story books in all. X sold 3324
story books. How many story books were sold
by Y?
• A. 2960 B.2959
• C. 2958 D. 2957
 Answer 5- 2959
• Question 6
 A factory makes 132 machines per day. How
many machines will the factory make in
March?
• A. 4050 B. 4051
• C. 4092 D. 4093
 Answer 6-4092
• Question 7
 The population of a town was 9,75,689. In the
first year it increased by 4563 and in the
second year it decreased by 8976. What was
the population of the town at the end of
second year?
A. 971276 B. 971275
• C. 971277 D. 971273
 Answer 7-971276
• Question 8
 If a table costs Rs 450 and a chair costs Rs
225, find the total amount needed to buy 30
table and 50 chairs.
• A. 24240
B. 24750
• C. 24740
• D. 24760
 Answer 8-24750
• Question 9
A Game zone was held for four days in a
school. The number of tickets sold at the
counter on the first, second, third and final
day was respectively 1091, 1802, 1050 and
1751. Find the total number of tickets sold
on?
• A. 5692 B. 5693
• C. 5694 D. 5695
Answer 9-5694
 Rational Numbers
• Numbers that can be written as a fraction a/b.
• Numbers that have terminating decimals.
• Numbers that have repeating decimals.

– 4.375 = 4 375/1000 = 4 3/8

– 2.5 = 2 5/10 = 2 1/2
– 0.3 repeating = 3/9 = 1/3

– How do rational numbers relate?

 Rational Numbers = Integers = Whole
Numbers
• All rational numbers are integers and whole
numbers because you can make them into a
ratio (or fraction) by putting a 1 under it.
– 24/1, -8/1, 567/1, -76/1, 24/3, -64/8
 Irrational Numbers
• Numbers that cannot be made into a simple
fraction; they have a decimal that keeps going
and going.
– π , √2 , 4.23233…. , -√8

Pi Pi
 Are Irrational Numbers Related?
• Irrational Numbers are by themselves because
they cannot be made into fractions (rational
numbers) or cannot be a positive or negative
whole number since there is no decimal.
Rational
Number

Integer
Irrational
Numbers

Whole
 Let’s Practice!
• State which type of number these examples
are:
 Practice Continued
• State which type of number these examples
are:
Answers
 Quiz
• Place these numbers into the correct category
on the chart to prove your understanding.
– -3, 27/3, π, 4.68, √13, -√49, 3.14144…, 8, ¼,
3.25, 61, .8 repeating, √144, -30/5, 244/2, 0

Irrational
Numbers
 How did you do?

¼
.8 repeating
π
3.25
√13 4.68
-3
Irrational -√49
Numbers
-30/5
3.14144… 27/3

8
61
244/2
√144
0
 hole
Conclusion be r : A l
Remem egers and all
int
l w

#’s are d w ho le #’s

s an
integer tional #’s
are ra
 PQ
• Q1.What fraction of a day is 8 hours?
• (i)1/2
• (ii)1/3
• (iii) 1/4
• (iv) 2/3
• Q2.What fraction of the numbers from 2 to 12
are prime numbers?
• (i)1/11
• (ii)10/11
• (iii) 5/11
• (iv) 6/11
• Q3.What fraction of the given figure is
shaded?
• (i)1/2
• (ii)1/3
• (iii) 1/4
• (iv) 2/3
• Q4.Which of the following is a proper fraction ?
• (i)5/4
• (ii)1/4
• (iii) 11/4
• (iv) 12/4
• Q5.Which of the following is the equivalent
fraction for 2/3 with denominator 18 ?
• (i)9/18
• (ii)10/18
• (iii) 11/18
• (iv) 12/18
• Q6.Which of the following is the equivalent
fraction of 3/5 with denomenator 50 ?
• (i)20/50
• (ii)30/50
• (iii) 40/50
• (iv) 50/50
• Q7.Which of the following is the sum of 7/12
& 3/12 ?
• (i)4/6
• (ii) 21/12
• (iii) 4/12
• (iv) 5/6
• Q8.Which of the following is the difference
between 7/8 & 3/8 ?
• (i)4/5
• (ii) 1/2
• (iii) 3/2
• (iv) 10/5
• 1.   If M is a number such that M ÷ 5 gives a
remainder of 1, then which of the following is
the one’s digit of M?
• (i) 1
• (ii) 6
• (iii) 1 or 6
• (iv) none of these.
• 2.   A number divisible by 9 is also divisible by:
• (i) 3
• (ii) 6
• (iii) 11
• (iv) none of these.
• 3.   If [3X 74] is a number divisible by 9, then
the least value of X is:
• (i) 1
• (ii) 2
• (iii) 3
• (iv) 4
• 4.   If [1X 2Y 6Z] is a number divisible by 9,
then the least value of X + Y + Z is:
• (i) 0
• (ii) 1
• (iii) 6
• (iv) 9
• 5.   The number 2 8 2 2 1 is divisible by which
of the following:
• (i) 2
• (ii) 3
• (iii) 6
• (iv) 9
• 6.   Which of the following is one’s digit of a
number, when divided by 5 gives a remainder
of 3?
• (i) 8
• (ii) 3
• (iii) 3 or 8
• (iv) none of these.
• 7.   If the 4-digit number 2X Y7 is exactly
divisible by 3, then which of the following is
the least value of (X + Y)?
• (i) 3
• (ii) 4
• (iii) 6
• (iv) 6
• 8.   If a number is divisible by 2, then which of
the following cannot be a one’s digit in it?
• (i) 0
• (ii) 1
• (iii) 2
• (iv) 4
• 9.   If a number is divisible by 5, then which of
the following can be its one’s digit?
• (i) 2
• (ii) 3
• (iii) 4
• (iv) 5
• 10.   If a number is divisible by 10, then which
of the following can be its one’s digit?
• (i) 0
• (ii) 1
• (iii) 3
• (iv) 5
• Greatest Common Divisor of two numbers is
8 while their Least Common Multiple is 144.
Find the other number if one number is 16.
• a. 108
• b. 96
• c. 72
• d. 36
• 2)   LCM of two numbers is 138. But their
GCD is 23. The numbers are in a ratio 1:6.
Which is the largest number amongst the
two?
• a. 46
• b. 138
• c. 69
• d. 23
• 3)   The least common multiple of two numbers
is 168 and highest common factor of them is 12.
If the difference between the numbers is 60,
what is the sum of the numbers?
a. 108
• b. 96
• c. 122
• d. 144
• 4)   If least common multiple of two numbers
is 225 and the highest common factor is 5
then find the numbers when one of the
numbers is 25?
a. 75
• b. 65
• c. 15
• d. 45
• LCM of 18 and 27 is:
• A. 85
• B. 89
• C. 54
• D. 91
• LCM of 87 and 145 is:
• A. 1305
• B. 435
• C. 875
• D. 48
• LCM of 455, 117, 338 is:
• A. 10670
• B. 106470
• C. 104670
• D. 107470
• LCM of 1/3, 5/6, 5/4, 10/7 is:
• A. 10/7
• B. 10
• C. 10/11
• D. 11/10
• Answer: Option B
• Explanation:
• LCM of numerators = 10
• HCF of denominators = 1 
• => 10/1 = 10
• HCF of 3/16, 5/12, 7/8 is:
• A. 2/47
• B. 3/47
• C. 1/48
• D. 5/48
• Answer: Option C
• Explanation:
• HCF of numerators = 1
• LCM of denominators = 48

• => 1/48
• Three number are in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5 and
their L.C.M. is 2400. Their H.C.F. is:
• A.40
• B.80
• C.120
• D.200
• Let the numbers be 3x, 4x and 5x.
• Then, their L.C.M. = 60x.
• So, 60x = 2400 or x = 40.
•  The numbers are (3 x 40), (4 x 40) and (5 x
40).
• Hence, required H.C.F. = 40.
• The total number of prime factors which are
contained in (30)6 is
• A. 15.
• B. 16.
• C. 17.
• D. 18.
• Option : D
• Explanation : (30)6 = 26 X 36 X 56. :. Number of
prime factors - 6 + 6+ 6 = 18.
• 9)   The L.C.M. of two numbers is 14560 and
their H.C.F. is 13. If one of them is 416, the
other is
a. 460
• b. 455
• c. 450
• d. 445