HVAC System: Prepared by Amanuel Teshome Bruktawit Gebru Elshaday Getahun Emran Bahredin Ephrem Hailu

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HVAC System
PREPARED BY:- AMANUEL TESHOME
BRUKTAWIT GEBRU
ELSHADAY GETAHUN
EMRAN BAHREDIN
EPHREM HAILU
What is HVAC 2
 HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. This system provides
heating and cooling to residential and commercial buildings. You can find HVAC
systems anywhere from single-family homes to submarines where they provide
the means for environmental comfort
 The V in HVAC, or ventilation, is the process of replacing or exchanging air
within a space. This provides a better quality of air indoors and involves the
removal of moisture, smoke, odors, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide,
and other gases as well as temperature control and oxygen replenishment.
Types of HVAC Systems 3
 HVAC systems are divided into four categories which come in different sizes and
specifications that fit into your home or business
1. Heating and cooling split systems

are known to be the most common types of HVAC systems. As the name suggests it
is split into two separate units, one serves the purpose of heating and the other one is
for cooling. It is to be noted that these systems come with indoor and outdoor units
 Such HVAC products are equipped with a cooling system outside These are
basically the AC units that are kept outside the home and run during the summer
season.
 On the other hand, the heater in the heating and cooling split system is placed in a
basement and other storage space which uses gas to warm up the house.
Heating and cooling split systems cont….. 4
Hybrid split system 5
 The hybrid system of HVACs carries similar features to the split systems but they
do have some basic differences. This particular HVAC system carries a hybrid
heating system which is counted as one of its unique features that helps lowering
energy costs.
 The capacity to switch between gas power, which is faster and more complete, to
electricity which is more efficient and quieter, allows homeowners to determine
the way they want to heat up their homes
Hybrid split system cont…. 6
3. Duct free (Mini-split) 7
 A duct-free or mini-split system comes with a huge upfront cost and a list of
benefits for particular needs and applications. It offers an amazing solution for
areas where conventional ducted systems are not suitable. It can also be a great
alternative to the existing ducted types of HVAC systems.
 Duct free units are usually installed directly into the particular areas of a home
where heating and cooling are needed. You are allowed to have four
indoor air handling units for each outdoor unit. It offers better independent control
which makes it an appropriate choice for hotels or venues allowing tenants to
control the individual temperature
Duct free (Mini-split) cont…. 8
4. Packaged heating and air conditioning system 9
 A packaged HVAC system contains everything including the compressor,

condenser and evaporator in a single unit which is usually placed on the roof or
near the foundation. It fulfills both the cooling and heating needs of a house.
 Its compact size makes it an appropriate option for houses with a space crunch.
This HVAC system is very much efficient and easy to maintain. As its heating
system is not as powerful as other options, it is generally used in a warmer
climate.
 In short, the split system is the most commonly used HVAC system whereas
hybrids are preferred due to their energy-saving capacity. Similarly, Mini-split
systems are a suitable choice for picky families or the service industry but the
packaged heating is a perfect choice for small houses.
Packaged heating and air conditioning system cont.. 10
Heat Pumps 11
Components of HVAC 12
1. Thermostat
The temperature sensor on a thermostat indicates when the heater or air conditioner
should be running or turned off. There could be various thermally controlled zones,
each of which require their own thermostat. The thermostat must be located
somewhere as far as possible from areas of concentrated temperature difference with
the mean temperature of the intended space.
Thermostat cont…. 13
2. Heat Generator 14
 Heat generator is the key member of HVAC system components when it comes to
heating. What happens in these devices is the generation of heat, for instance,
through extraction of fuel energy inside a furnace, aka combustion chamber. Hot
flue gases will then provide heating for the air or another fluid such as water that
will later heat the air entering the conditioned environment. Electric heat
generation could also be used to heat the conditioning air.
Heat Generator cont…. 15
3. Heat Exchanger 16
 Heat exchangers are one of HVAC system components that receive the heat
generated in the heat generation unit and transfer it to another fluid. Some control
unit will activate the furnace or electric heating elements when needed to regulate
the air temperature passing through the heat exchanger.
 In many applications, the heat is transferred directly to the cool air in order to
provide heating for the intended space. In this case, some device blows the air
through hot flue gas tubes or electric heating elements, transferring the energy to
the air via heat absorption.
Heat Exchanger cont…. 17
4. Blower 18
 The air is forced by one of the HVAC system components, called the blower,
through the heat exchanger into the air ducting that would take the warm air to
where it is intended. The blower is driven by an electric motor by a shaft. The
flow of the air could adjust by modifying the motor speed. Such motors should be
of the variable speed type.
 Variable speed motor blowers will reach higher speeds incrementally, and
therefore lower the amount of noise when lower amounts of air is required. This
gradual increase of speed would also decrease wear and tear of the rotating parts,
as well as lowering the energy consumption of the unit; therefore, operation and
maintenance costs would be lower for these kinds of blowers.
5. Condenser Coil or Compressor 19
 One of the important HVAC system components is the compressor or condenser

coil which is normally placed outside. The warm refrigerant gas is taken to the
compressor to dissipate heat to the outside environment and turn into its liquid
form. This liquid refrigerant is then taken to the evaporator coil through copper or
aluminum tubes. A fan will increase the amount of air flown passed the coils and
boost the condensation process.
6. Evaporator Coil 20
 The evaporator coil is one of HVAC system components located indoors that
receives the condensed refrigerant liquid from the compressor. The liquid
refrigerant is atomized by spraying nozzles that increases the rate of refrigerant
evaporation when it comes to contact with the room’s warm air.
 There are fans that make the room’s warm air flow through the return ducts onto
the evaporator. The warm air rejects heat to the atomized refrigerant and cool
down, after which it is redistributed back to the rooms via the ducting. As the air
passes over the cold evaporator coil, its moisture level would be lowered due to
condensation of the moist air on the coil. The decrease of humidity makes the air
feel even cooler
Evaporator Coil cont…. 21
7. Air Return 22
 Your air return is the part of your system that marks the starting point of the
ventilation cycle. This return sucks in air, draws it through a filter, and then passes
it into the main system. Make sure to dust your returns frequently as debris and
dust can easily build up on your filters.
8. Filter
 Your filter is the second part of the air return in which the air is drawn through.
Make sure to change your filters regularly to keep your system in tip-top shape.
9. Exhaust Outlets 23
 Another part of your system is the exhaust outlets where the exhaust created by
the heating system is expelled. Check your chimney flue or vent stack annually
and tune it up if necessary
10. Outdoor Unit

 This is likely the part of your system you think of when someone mentions an
HVAC system. The outdoor unit houses the fan which provides air flow Keep
your unit clear of debris and vegetation as it can cause serious problems if plants
are sucked into your fan.
Components of HVAC cont…. 24
11. Air Ducts and Vents

 The air is transferred via ducts to reach different HVAC system components.
Good ducting is essential to have high quality air delivered to the zone. Duct
leakage could result in noise when the system is working. In addition, when the
air ducting is not in good shape, odor and excess moisture could fill the air. The
air is delivered to the room passing through the vents. The vents could be
equipped with air filters to block the dust and small particles from entering the
room. Air filters could also be placed in other places inside the ducting.
Air Ducts and Vents cont… 27
HVAC system provision 28
There is a wide variety of Air conditioning systems available in market. One should have
knowledge of all such systems with their merits and demerits as per the requirements. So,
the present paper gives a wide overview and introductory information which will help in
HVAC system selection as per the application.
In order to maintain required space conditions in the indoors, energy has to be either
supplied or extracted from the conditioned space.
HVAC system consists of an air conditioning plant and a thermal distribution system. the
air conditioning (A/C) plant acts either as a heat source (for winter) or as a heat sink (for
summer).
HVAC system provision Cont.… 29
HVAC system selection

System selection depends on three main factors including the building configuration, the climate
conditions, and the owner desire. The design engineer is responsible for considering various systems
and recommending more than one system to meet the goal and satisfy the owner of a building. Some
criteria can be considered such as climate change (e.g., temperature, humidity, and space pressure),
building capacity, spatial requirements, cost such as capital cost, operating cost, and maintenance
cost, life cycle analysis, and reliability and flexibility.
HVAC system design In Buildings

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system operations in buildings represent a
significant potential for reducing energy use in buildings by improving energy efficiency, indoor air
quality, and comfort levels. However, most buildings, especially those embedded with complex building
energy systems, have various degrees and types of operational problems.
They can be grouped into several categories, including:
I. control fault,
ii. sensor offset,
iii. equipment performance degradation,
iv. fouling fault,
v. stuck fault, and others
Central Air Conditioning System

in a central air conditioning system, a heat source in a single location is used to circulate air, water, or
steam to the various rooms, and exchange heat, in order to cool or heat each room to the specified
temperature. The chiller refrigerates water for use as a refrigerant, circulates it to the various rooms,
and exchanges heat. The cooling water gradually becomes warmer. In the cooling tower on the roof,
the water is chilled through contact with air and then reused. Pumps are used to recirculate the water.
The heat source (boiler) is powered by gas, oil, or electricity, and heats water in a vessel to produce
hot water or steam. To heat
Individual Air Conditioning System

in an individual air conditioning system, the refrigerant gas is circulated and exchanges heat. One
typical example is a building multiple air conditioner system. The temperature can be set for each
room, and simultaneous heating and cooling operation are possible. Sometimes central air
conditioning and individual air conditioning are used in combination, depending on the size of the
building and its purpose.
HVAC System Details Based on classification 37
CLASSIFICATION OF HVAC SYSTEMS
Based on the working fluid used in the thermal distribution system, HVAC systems can be classified as:
A) All Air system
B) All water system
C) Air-Water system
D) Unitary Refrigerant based system
HVAC System Details Based on 38
classification cont.….
A) All Air Systems
As the name suggests, Air is used as the media in an all air system. Air transports thermal energy from
the conditioned space to the HVAC plant. AHU consists of Dampers, mixing chambers, Filters,
Cooling/ Heating coils, Humidifiers, Fans/ Blowers etc. in a packaged cabinet. This processed air is
then supplied to the conditioned spaces through Air Distribution system. Air Distribution system
consists of Ducts, Dampers and Diffusers. This air extracts (or supplies in case of winter) the required
amount of sensible and latent heat from the conditioned space. The duct that supplies the air to spaces
is called Supply Air Duct (SAD).
All air systems can be further classified into
1. Single duct, constant volume, single zone system
2. Single duct, constant volume, multi zone system
3. Single duct, Variable volume (VAV) system
1 Single duct, constant volume, single zone system
In a single duct system, there is only one supply duct, through which either hot air or cold air flows,
but not both simultaneously. In a constant volume system, the volumetric flow rate of supply air is
always maintained constant. It is a single zone system as the control is based on temperature and
Relative humidity (% RH) measured at a single point
2 Single duct, constant volume, Multi zone system
For very large buildings having variety of spaces and zones differing in requirements of cooling or
heating, it is not feasible to provide several individual single zone systems for every zone or space.
Multi zone system is selected for such application. Reheat coil is controlled by room thermostat as
per the zone requirements.
3 Single duct, variable volume (VAV) system
In this system, Supply air Temperature is kept constant and volume flow rate of supply air is varied
as the cooling or heating load varies in the space or zone. Each zone is provided with VAV box
consisting of zone damper and thermostat. Thermostat gives signal to zone damper of VAV box,
which governs the supply air flow to the zone.
Applications of All Air systems:
1. Precision HVAC applications such as IT Data centers, Research Labs, Process industries, Clean
rooms, Operation Theatres, Hospitals etc. where accurate and precise control of space environment is
required.
2. Theatres, Auditorium, Functional halls, Retail stores etc. where loads are uniform with small
external loads.
3. Large corporate buildings with varied requirements of heating and cooling which can be served by
Dual duct systems with simultaneous cooling and heating.
4. Multi zone All air systems are suitable for Offices, classrooms, hotels, ships etc. where individual
control is required.
B) All Water systems
In this system, water is used as working fluid that transports thermal energy between conditioned
space and A/C plant. Chilled water is circulated for cooling while Hot water is circulated through
coils for space heating. As only water is supplied by HVAC plant to the space, Fresh air has to be
supplied by another unit to maintain Indoor air quality and ventilation. These systems are also
known as Chilled water systems for cooling applications.
Based on number of pipes used in system, they are classified as
 2-pipe system and
 4-pipe system.
2-pipe system
can provide either cooling or heating only, but not both at a time. Out of 2 pipes, one is for supply
and the other is for return of water to central plant. Chilled water/ hot water circulates through Fan
coil units (FCU), or convectors or Radiators located in each space. Thermal energy is exchanged
between water and air in the conditioned space. Flow control valve controls the water flow rate as
per load variation. Flow control valve is driven by zone thermostat which gives signal to adjust flow
rate as per load. Since The same inside air is circulated repeatedly by terminal units, Fresh air
ventilation must be supplied by external units.
4-pipe system
consists of two supply pipelines – one for cold water and one for hot water; and two return water
pipelines. The cold and hot water are mixed in a certain proportion as per the zone load, and
the mixed water is supplied to the terminal units in the conditioned space. The return water is split
into two streams, one stream flows to the heating coil while the other flows to the cooling coil.
Terminal units used in all water system are of basically three types namely Fan coil units (FCU),
Convector and Radiator.
FCU is a small package comprising a fan/ blower, cooling/ heating coil, air filters, louvers,
condensate drain pipe etc. Typical FCU is shown in Figure 8. Chilled water is circulated through
finned tube coils. Fan/ blower draws in the warm air from conditioned space.
Applications of All water systems:
1. All water systems are suitable for use as low cost central HVAC systems in multi zone High
Rise commercial applications.
2. All water system is best solution to replace All air system in High Rise Tall buildings, as it is
much easier to carry water through small sized pipes than air through very big sized ducts across
farther heights.
3. It is very effective system in certain applications where space extremely limited, such as
narrow ceiling and shafts.i.e. Buildings which were originally not designed for HVAC systems.
4. In case of Individual room control as required in hotels, multi-story apartments, offices etc. all
water systems are more famous.
C) Air-Water systems
Air water system employs best features of all air and all water systems. Combination air-water
system distributes both chilled water and /or hot water and conditioned air from a central system to
the individual spaces. Terminal units in each zone provide cooling or heating to that zone. One type
of air water system uses FCU as terminal units to provide major part of air conditioning and central
AHUs are used to supply only ventilation air directly into the space. Another type uses ‘Induction
units’ as terminal units. It receives supply air from central AHU, called as primary air and chilled /
hot water from central chiller. Primary air is delivered at high pressure in Plenum chamber and
discharged into space through high velocity nozzles.
Applications of Air water systems:
1. It is much suitable for retrofitting of existing buildings, where there is space restriction.
2. It is very good solution for perimeter zone buildings with large sensible loads.
3. 3. It can be used where close control of humidity in the space is not necessary
4. It serves well for large office buildings, hotels, lodges etc.
57
Thank You!

HVAC System: Prepared by Amanuel Teshome Bruktawit Gebru Elshaday Getahun Emran Bahredin Ephrem Hailu

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HVAC System: Prepared by Amanuel Teshome Bruktawit Gebru Elshaday Getahun Emran Bahredin Ephrem Hailu

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1

1. Heating and cooling split systems

 A packaged HVAC system contains everything including the compressor,

 One of the important HVAC system components is the compressor or condenser

10. Outdoor Unit

11. Air Ducts and Vents

HVAC system selection

HVAC system design In Buildings

Central Air Conditioning System

Individual Air Conditioning System

CLASSIFICATION OF HVAC SYSTEMS

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