Mobile Communication NSW GSM GPRS EDGE

GSM
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

COMMUNICATION
Sunday, June 06, 2021

Discussion Topics
Wired vs Wireless
History
Mobile System : Cellular Concept
Building Blocks
System Architecture
Features (Basic and Advanced)
Advantages of GSM
Future – what’s next

A Wired Network
Lay as much
Telephone cable as needed
Exchange to meet the
demand. Subscriber
Line
(2W)
• Space Division Multiplexing
• Available space much more than required and hence
dedicated access to each.
• Tele-density of an area does not pose any problem.
• Static Network snapshots.
A Typical Wireless Network
ONLY a window of
RF Spectrum is
available
Mobile Switch
RF
Channels
BSC BS MS
• Frequency/Time Division Multiplexing

• Limited RF spectrum so RF channels assigned on demand
• Dynamically changing Tele-density in each area.

History of a Mobile
First Generation Mobile :

(1946-1990)
Analog
Very High Powered BS
Wide coverage
Weak Spectral Efficiency
Bulky
Costly

History of a Mobile
• 1946 :The first car mounted Mobile

Going further
• 1960 – IMPS( Improved mobile phone system) by
Bell and AT&T, direct dial, 30 KHz/Chl.
• 1976 – First handheld cellular phone (Motorola)
• Multiplicity of Mobile systems thereafter.

Generation Gap…
Generation Gap
First Generation Mobile
• Multiple Standards:
 AMPS (US)
 NMT (Northern Europe)
 TACS (Europe)
 NTT (Japan)
 C-450 ( W-Germany)
 many others...
• Spectrum
 around 800 and 900 MHz.
First Generation Mobile
Limitations :
Incompatible to each other.
Little capacity with Limited services.
Unprotected transmission over the radio.
No support to International roaming.
No Data communication.
Heavy Cost.

Second Generation Mobile
GSM (European, now a Global system)

IS-54 (Later becomes IS-136, US)
JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular, now PDC)
IS-95 (CDMA, US)

Second Generation Mobile
Features :
Digital [voice encoding].
Increased capacity.
More security ( by encryption).
Compatibility/Flexibility.
Can use TDMA or CDMA for increasing
capacity.

Features of GSM
Use of Standard Open Interfaces

Increased Capacity
Compatibility & Flexibility
Security & Confidentiality
Cleaner Handovers
Subscriber Identification
Enhanced Range of Services

GSM Standards :
• GSM-900
Uplink : 890-915MHz,
Downlink : 935-960MHz,
Channels 124, Chl spacing 200 KHz,
Max. cell size 1-10 Km
• GSM -1800
Uplink : 1710 -1785 MHz
Downlink : 1805 -1880 MHz
Channels 374, Chl spacing 200khz,
Max Cell size 0.5-2 Km.
GSM - Architecture
MS
Um
BTS VLR HLR
BSC
Abis MSC
A
MS AuC
BTS GMSC
Abis
EIR
A
MSC
BSC PSTN
Um
BTS
VLR
OMC Server
Mobile Issues
Optimization of scarce Radio Resources.

Security.
Keep track of users.
Maintain established communication.
Power Management of Mobile Phone.
Providing service across networks.
Billing & Accounting.

R R Optimisation
Multiple Access Techniques :
FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.
Cellular Principle.
Frequency Reuse (Cluster)
Sectorisation.
Duplexing Techniques.
Coding.
Diversity techniques/Adaptive equalization
(Rake Receiver).
Mobile Terminology
Cell
LA
PLMN
MSC
BSC
BTS
MS
PSTN
The Cell
Geographical area divided into
regions that can be served by a
transceiver.
No need of High powered
transmission.
Cell shape is decided by the
nature of the surrounding area
BTS
e.g. Terrain, Hills , tall building etc.
Types of Cell:
Pico, Micro, Macro, Umbrella Cells
( Freq. Reuse.) Cluster of Cells
D/R = (3N)1/2
where N is Cluster size

PICO CELLS
Inside offices, Buildings

Very Low Tx Power
~ Less than 1 Watt
Limited Coverage
~ 50 -100m
Capacity Solution
Pico Cell
GSM :Identifiers
IMEI
IMSI
MSISDN
LAI
TMSI
MSRN

GSM Architecture :
BSS OSS NSS
OMC-R / OMC-S G
Other MSC
VLR VLR
Um B
Um
Abis
BTS D
ME A C
+
MSC HLR AUC
BSC
SIM
BTS
MS Abis F
E
BSS
Other Networks
EIR
Other
MSC (PSTN,PSPDN)

How the GSM looks ?
MSC
MS BTS BSC
HLR, VLR,
AC, EIR
PSTN Sunday, June 06, 2021
GSM : Infrastructure
Base Stations
Microwave links
Cabling
Mobile Station : MS
Voice and data transmission.

Frequency and Time synchronization.
Monitoring signal power & quality of the surrounding cells.
Provision of location updates even during inactive state
( using BCCH ).
Equalization of multi path distortions.

GSM BTS
Directional Antennas
Vertically Polarized.
Beam Width 45 , 60 , 90 .
o o o
High Gain Antennas with

gain of 16 to 18 dB.
Mechanically/Electrically
tiltable.
BTS Types
 Indoor BTS
Types of BTS
 Outdoor BTS
 Micro BTS
GSM : BTS
Indoor
Types BTS
of BTS
BTS Circuit Breakers
Indoor
BTS BTS (BCB)
Rack Network Interface Card
External Alarm Circuit Board Shelf # 5

(EACB)
Combiners
Shelf # 4
Shelf # 3
TRE
Shelf # 2
SUMA Card
Shelf # 1
BTS External connectivity

Out Door
Types of BTS BTS
Micro
Types of BTS BTS
Extremely small size, easy installation and increasing

efficiency, can be mounted on a pole or wall requiring
minimum floor space, optimized for rural areas.
Feeder cable and Jumper cable

BTS : functions
Consists of Antennas , Transceivers for each sector.

Random access detection.
Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and
feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
Maintains the air interface bet.n Mobile devices.
Timing and Frequency synchronization.
Uplink radio channel measurements.

BSC: Base Station Controller

BSC functions..
Controls a group of BTS, offloads MSC.

Call processing and R/R Management.
Inter BTS handovers
Power control.
Reallocation of frequencies.
OMC data can be down loaded at BSC.

NSS: Network Subsystem
MSC, HLR, VLR, SMSC, VMSC and GMSC etc.

GMSC : An interface between the mobile network
and PSTN.

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

MSC
Central component of GSM Network.

MS Registration, authentication and Switching.
Location updation.
Handovers.
Billing.

Gateway MSC : GMSC
Entry point to a PLMN, usually one per PLMN.

Connects mobile network to a fixed network.
Performs Gateway function using HLR when its
customers roams to other network.
Request routing information from the HLR and
routes the connection to the local MSC.

Home Location Register (HLR)
Central Master database.

Contains all administrative information of each user
MSCs exchange information with HLR.
Contains information such as their current “location”
and associated VLR in the GSM network.
Logically there is one HLR per GSM/PLMN
network.

VLR : Visitor Location Register
A Temporary Database.
Selected administrative information from HLR.
Maintains MS information currently in its service area.
Authenticates MS.
Tracks which MSs have the phone on and ready to
receive a call.
Periodically updates the database on MS ready.

Data in VLR
IMSI & TMSI

MSISDN
MSRN.
Location Area
Supplementary service parameters
MS category
Authentication Key

VLR function
When a new MS enters a cell, it passes its IMSI to the

VLR which then accesses the HLR of that MS and
downloads some of its HLR data to the VLR. Once the
VLR has this information, it can seamlessly handle any
call requests relating to that MS without reference to its
HLR.
Once the MS moves from the area “controlled” by the
MSC, or is powered off, its VLR information is removed.

AUC : Authentication Centre
AUC is a separate entity, physically included in HLR.

Protects against intruders in air interface.
Authentication (Ki) and ciphering (Kc) key are stored in
this data base.
Keys change randomly with each call.
Keys are never transmitted to MS on air. Only a
calculated response are sent.

Security : Authentication
MS AuC
– Authentication center provides
Ki RAND RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit RAND to Mobile.
– AuC generates SRES using Ki
A3 A3 of subscriber and RAND.
SRES SRES – Mobile generates SRES using
Ki and RAND.
MS BTS AuC
– Mobile transmits SRES to
BTS.
RAND – BTS compares received
SRES SRES with one generated by
SRES AuC.
Auth Result
Security : Ciphering
MS
Ki RAND
128 bit 128 bit
– Data sent on air interface
A8
ciphered for security
– A5 and A8 algorithms used
Kc Um interface to cipher data
MS Network
64 bit – Ciphering Key is never
Kc
transmitted on air.
Data Ciphered Data
A5 A5
Data
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
An Optional module.
Stores unique IMEI for all registered ME.
To track handsets using the IMEI.
Only one EIR per PLMN.
 White list : IMEI assigned to valid ME.
 Black list : IMEI reported stolen
 Gray list : IMEI under monitor or having
problems like faulty software, wrong make.

Operation & Maintenance Centre

OMC…
All the n/w elements are connected to OMC.
GUI support.
Monitors health of all n/w elements
Maintenance , Supervision Configuration management.
OMC link to BTSs via parent BSC.
Keeps records of all the faults occurred.
Traffic analysis and other reports.
Storage of system software and data.
VMSC & SMSC
MSC
SMSC VMSC
 Short Message Service Centre : To

provide text message service.
 Voice Mail Service Centre :

Database for all the VMS subscribers to store
voice messages for them.
Upgradation of GSM to 2.5 G
GPRS : General Packet Data Service
ETSI’s Packet-switched GSM data service.

Well suited for non-real time Applications.
Always connected - always on-line.
Radio interface (resource sharing).
Core Network (IP based).
Reused 2G radio network (BTS and BSC).
New core network and nodes (SGSN/GGSN).
59
2G to 2.5G
2G MS (voice only)
NSS
BSS
Abis E PSTN
A
PSTN
BSC/PCU
BSC
BSC B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Gr HLR
AuC
Gc
IP- Core Nw
Gn Gi
PSDN
SGSN IP GGSN
BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
60
Upgradation of GSM to 2.5 G :
EDGE
Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution

Minimum changes to the existing network
New Modulation scheme
 8 phase shift keying (8PSK)
 3 bits of information per signal pulse
 data rates increased by a factor of three

61
3 G System : UMTS
Provides High speed data transfer rates .

Good Quality multimedia services
Bandwidth 60 MHz
Uplink : 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz
Downlink : 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz
Carrier size 5 MHz
Total No. of Carriers 12
62
3G : UMTS Architecture
3G : UMTS Architecture
Core Network
Iu Iu
UTRAN
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu (the “radio interface”)

UTRAN: UTRA Network
RNC: Radio Network Controller
C
h
4
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n
n
s e
l
a a
q s k
w l d
s
e d j
a a
f f
q s k
w l d r l
r ö ö
UE: User Equipment

s e d j
a f t a
a f
d
UE
s k r l i l
q
w l d r ö ö u a
d j t a o ö d
e
f f i d l l k
r l u a d k s
r ö ö o ö d k d f
t a l k l j
i d l d k s c
u a k d f
o ö d l j .
l k c
d k s
k d f .
l j
c

64
Beyond 3G..
UMTS : Speed 384Kbps (Multimedia)

HSDPA : Speed 14.4 Mbps (D/L Multimedia)
HSUPA : Speed 5.76 Mbps (U/L Multimedia VoIP)
HSPA : High Speed Packet Access( 28/11.4 Mbps)
HSPA is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony
protocols, HSDPA & HSUPA, that extends and improves the
performance of existing WCDMA protocols which includes :
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling.
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface
65
4G (LTE)
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution

Next Generation mobile broadband technology
Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps.
Based on UMTS 3G technology(3GPP)
Optimized for All-IP traffic.
66
Evolution Trend of Mobile
Technology
GSM GPRS EDGE eEDGE
TD- MC-HSPA TDD

HSPA
SCDMA MBMS
LTE
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
R99 R5 R6 R7
MBMS 4G
FDD
cdma 2000 EV-DO

cdma 1x cdma 2000
EV-DO Rev. A
EV-DO
UMB
Rev. B
802.16 d 802.16 e 802.16 m
2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G 4G

 Multi-Standards Coexist : OFDM, OFDMA and MIMO, basic technologies in different standards, are
employed in multi wireless access technology.
 Multi-frequency Coexistence: More frequency bands are available and standardized.
 Mobile Broadband: Increase spectrum utilization; reduce the cost of wireless data services; ready
for multimedia-based services.
67
Evolution of Speed : 2 G to 4 G

68
Mobile Networks Evolution- up to 5G
Yesterday Now Future
LTE-A IMT2020
LTE
GSM/EDGE WCDMA
HSPA HSPA+
3G 4G 5G
2G
Sunday, June 06, 2021 69

LTE/SAE
System Architecture Evolution
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server
MME: Mobile Management Entity
GERAN
SGSN HSS
UTRAN
S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME PCRF
S4 S7 Rx+
S11
S10
LTE-Uu
S5 SGi
Serving PDN Operator's IP Services
UE E-UTRAN
S1-U
Gateway Gateway (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)

70
Flat and IP-based Network
Architecture for LTE
WCDMA/HSPA LTE Flat Structure Without RNC
• Less investment
MSCS GGSN
MME x-GW
HLR HSS PCRF • Easy maintenance
EPC
• Reduce transmission
MGW SGSN
delay
RNC RNC
• Better reliability
IP Backbone IP Backbone
Node B Node B eNode B eNode B

MME/x-GW
Integrates CN & partial
RNC functions
eNode B
Flat network structure and IP-based network can reduce the Full function of Node B
TCO of LTE network. and major function of
RNC
71
LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies LTE Highlights

 Higher
Higher Peak
Peak Data
Data Rate:
Rate: Instantaneous
Instantaneous
data
data rate
rate of
of 150Mbps
150Mbps for
for downlink
downlink and
and
50Mbps
50Mbps for
for uplink
uplink in
in 20MHz
20MHz
OFDM Modulation 64QAM


 Higher
Higher Spectrum
Spectrum Efficiency:
Efficiency: 3-4
3-4 times
times of
of
LTE Requirements HSDPA,

HSDPA, 2-3
2-3 times
times of
of HSUPA
HSUPA

 Flexible
Flexible Spectrum
Spectrum Allocation:
Allocation: Scalable
Scalable
channel
channel bandwidth
bandwidth configuration,
configuration,
Support
Support both
both FDD
FDD && TDD
TDD

 Better
Better Business
Business Experience:
Experience: Lower
Lower
latency
latency with
with less
less than
than 5ms
5ms in
in ideal
ideal
conditions
conditions

72
What is MIMO?
• MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple output)

A set of techniques that rely on the use of multiple antennas at
the receiver and/or transmitter. It can be used to achieve
improved system capacity and improved coverage area.

73
LTE Enriches the Mobile Services
Mobile Broadband Changes the Future Life
 Video Sharing
 Mobile Email
 Video Blog
 Net meeting
 Video Chat
 HD Video
 Information
Conference
 Video on  Mobile
Demand Shopping
 Online Game  Mobile Bank
 HD video  Mobile Stock
streaming
LTE improves user experience by high capacity, quick

response, high data-rate and better QoS.

74
5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile
and connected society
1000x
Mobile Data
10x-100x 5x
Volumes
Connected Devices Lower Latency
10x-100x
End-user Data
Rates
10x
2G 3G 4G 5G Battery Life for Low
Power Devices
75
Spectrum remains a Challenge for 5G

5G Bands and its impact on Cell size

77
Brief Idea about 5G
Current Status of 5G :
The ETSI is formulating 5G global technology standards, which are
likely to be formalized by 2019.
Telecom companies such as Nokia, Ericsson, NTT DoCoMo,
Samsung, Huawei and Fujitsu are driving bulk of the 5G-related
innovations.
When we will experience 5G ?
5G networks are likely to be rolled out commercially between 2020
and 2025. If the global standards are finalized by 2019, the earliest
commercial deployments could happen by 2020.
Will 3G and 4G H/S run on 5G N/W.
No. 5G will require new chipsets and devices capable of supporting
speeds upwards of 10 gigabits per second. 4G and 3G run at a
fraction of that speed.
78
Brief Idea about 5G
RAN : Resides between a device such
as a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled
machine and provides connection with its core network.
Flat IP Network : Certainly Flat IP network
is the key concept to make 5G acceptable for all kind of
technologies. To meet customer demand for real-time data
applications delivered over mobile broadband networks,
wireless operators are turning to flat IP network architectures.
5G Nanocore : The 5G Nanocore is a convergence of below
mention technologies. These technologies have their own
impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.
 Nanotechnology.
 Cloud Computing.
 All IP Platform.

79
5G : Advantages :
Data Bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher.

Dynamic information access.
Available at low cost.
Finest Quality Of Service(QOS).
Pages will upload almost instantly.
Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming
video, Internet, and other broadband services.

80
5G : Disadvantages
Since 5G services are likely to run on ultra-high

spectrum bands, which travel shorter distances
compared with lower bands, they may be more
suited to enhanced indoor coverage.
Higher frequencies could be blocked by buildings

and they lose intensity over longer distances.
That means offering wider coverage would be a
challenge.
81
Any queries

82
One thing for sure:
The future will be unlike

anything we know!

84

Mobile Communication NSW GSM GPRS EDGE

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GSM

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

• Frequency/Time Division Multiplexing

Sunday, June 06, 2021

First Generation Mobile :

Sunday, June 06, 2021

• 1946 :The first car mounted Mobile

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

GSM (European, now a Global system)

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Use of Standard Open Interfaces

Sunday, June 06, 2021

BTS VLR HLR

Optimization of scarce Radio Resources.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

where N is Cluster size

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Inside offices, Buildings

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Voice and data transmission.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

High Gain Antennas with

Rack Network Interface Card

External Alarm Circuit Board Shelf # 5

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Extremely small size, easy installation and increasing

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Consists of Antennas , Transceivers for each sector.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Controls a group of BTS, offloads MSC.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

MSC, HLR, VLR, SMSC, VMSC and GMSC etc.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Central component of GSM Network.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Entry point to a PLMN, usually one per PLMN.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Central Master database.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

IMSI & TMSI

Sunday, June 06, 2021

When a new MS enters a cell, it passes its IMSI to the

Sunday, June 06, 2021

AUC is a separate entity, physically included in HLR.

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021

All the n/w elements are connected to OMC.

 Short Message Service Centre : To

 Voice Mail Service Centre :

GPRS : General Packet Data Service

ETSI’s Packet-switched GSM data service.

Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution

Sunday, June 06, 2021