DATE: 04-02-2021

Thesis Topic-
Containing Air Pollution with Green Infrastructure-
A case Study Of Noida City

Thesis Guide:
Shivam Maheshwari
Dr. Meenakshi Dhote
4th Sem. | M.Plan (EP)
Mr. Damanjit Singh
SPA/NS/Ep/382
Minhas
 Air Pollution Ambient Air Quality:
• All chemical, biological and physical agents that modify the natural characteristics of the atmosphere are
• Ambient air quality refers to the condition or quality of air surrounding us, set by the CPCB that is applicable nationwide.
referred to as “air pollutants”. • The CPCB has been conferred this power by the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 which was enacted
• Air pollutants arise both from by the Central Government with the objective of arresting the deterioration of air quality

1. Natural processes (volcanic activities, oceans, forests, etc.) IND-AQI Category and Range
2. Human activities (fossil fuel combustion, transportation, power plant emissions or emissions from other
industrial processes).
Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient Air
Sources of air pollution indicators: Weighted AQI Category AQI Range Colour Possible Health Effect
Industrial, Ecologically
Average Residential, Sensitive Area Good 0 – 50   Minimal Impact
Air pollution indicators and their effects on the environment and health Rural and Other (notified by Satisfactory 51 – 100   Minor Breathing discomfort
Pollu Source Health Effects Environmental effects Areas Central to sensitive people
tants Government)
Moderate 101 – 200   Breathing discomfort to the
SO2 • Combustion of sulfur- • It is a respiratory irritant It oxidises in the atmosphere to people with lungs, asthma
SO2, µg/m3 Annual* 50 20
containing fuels (e.g., oil • It may worsen existing respiratory illness become sulphuric acid, a major and heart disease
and coal) • It may decrease in lung function in asthmatic subjects component of acid rain and has a 24 hours** 80 80
suffocating, pungent odor. NO2,µg/m3 Annual* 40 30 Poor 201 – 300   Breathing discomfort to most
24 hours** 80 80 people on prolonged exposer
NO2 • vehicle traffic • It is a respiratory irritant NOx oxidises in the atmosphere to PM10 µg/m3 Annual* 60 60 Very Poor 301 – 400   Respiratory illness on
• It may worsen existing respiratory illness: for example, it become nitric acid, a major 24 hours** 100 100 prolonged exposer
provokes asthma attacks in asthmatic subjects component of acid rain. PM2.5 µg/m3 Annual* 40 40
• It increases adults’ respiratory symptoms, such as cough Severe 401 - 500   Affect healthy people and
24 hours** 60 60
• Large concentrations can reduce visibility seriously impact with
O3 µg/m3 8 hours* 100 100 existing diseases
Lead • combustion of solid waste, • This metal accumulates in the body   1 hour** 180 180
coal, and oils, emissions • Affect the blood, kidneys, and nervous, immune, Pb, µg/m3 Annual* 0.5 0.5
Source: CPCB
from iron and steel cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. 24 hours** 1 1
production and lead CO mg/m3 8 hours* 2 2 In India, with the advent of industrialization and urbanization, the 1. Air Action Plan-Noida-CPCB
levels of air pollution have increased manifold, making it an 2. IND-AQI Category and
smelters, and tobacco 1 hour** 4 4 Range, CPCB
smoke. NH3, µg/m3 Annual* 100 100 important environmental issue. 3. The nexus between air pollution,
Source: CPCB green infrastructure and human
PM combustion, factories, Particles effects on health depend on their size Smoke and dust can dirty and Source of Air Pollution in India health, 2019
4. Clean Air Asia
construction, demolition, PM causes: discolour structures NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAM 5.Noida Master Plan 2031
agricultural activities, motor • Nose and throat irritation (NCAP)30 •Mobile sources – such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains 6. Benefits of Green Infrastructure
vehicles, and wood burning. • Lung damage •Stationary sources – such as power plants, oil refineries, | Green Infrastructure | US EPA
• Risk of cardiac arrest • The programme is a pollution control initiative launched industrial facilities, and factories
• Early death •Area sources – such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood
in 2019 with a major goal of reducing the concentration
of coarse and fine particulate matter in the atmosphere burning fireplaces
CO • motor vehicles It binds to the oxygen-carrying site on haemoglobin, which It oxidises in the atmosphere to
by at least 20% by the year 2024 •Natural sources – such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and
• incomplete combustion reduces O2 transport in the body become CO2, a greenhouse effect
of fuels At high concentrations it is very toxic, causing headaches, gas • The NCAP will expand the national air quality volcanoes
nausea, reduced ability to think, and even death It can combine with other gases to monitoring network, build capacity for air pollution
form O3 management, and strengthen public awareness about the Air pollution is a problem in the urban areas due to presence of
dangers of air pollution. sources such as vehicles, industries and power plants.
VOC • road traffic, They have various effects, depending on their chemical They can combine with NOx to form • Comprehensive strategy to bring down levels of deadly
• domestic or industrial compound O3 particle air pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) by 20-30% by Ambient air pollution has been identified as the fifth biggest cause
use of painting, varnish They may be associated with cancer, as well as adverse
2024 (compared to 2017 levels). Initially launched as a of mortality in India.
or glue, neurological, reproductive and developmental effects
• evaporation of five-year action plan.
hydrocarbons • The NCAP brings increased focus on local actions to . As per the Global Burden of Disease comparative risk assessment SHIVAM MAHESHWARI
reduce air pollution by requiring action plans from 102 for 2015, air pollution exposure contributes to approximately 1.8
O3 • It may cause eye irritation It damages plants and trees nonattainment cities that currently exceed national air million premature deaths and 49 million disability adjusted life-
• It can irritate the respiratory tract It induces reduction of visibility standards which include 43 smart cities also. years (DALYs) lost, ranking it among the top risk factors for ill
• It induces severe coughing, shortness of breath and lung
irritation
• It exacerbates asthma attacks
health in India
01
 Noida Master Plan-2011 SOURCES OF POLLUTION in Noida
About Noida
• Vehicles – grossly polluting vehicles like trucks and diesel vehicles as well as growing numbers that
• Noida is a planned city under the management of the New Okhla Industrial Development negates the impact of cleaner fuel and emission technology;
Authority
• It was formed under the U.P. Industrial Area Development Act, 1976. • Combustion in power plants and industries using dirty fuels, like coal and biomass
• It is a satellite city of Delhi and is part of the National Capital Region of India. • Garbage burning, both in landfills and other places where there is no collection,
• Noida is about 25 km southeast of New Delhi, 20 km northwest of the district headquarters
- Greater Noida and 457 km northwest of the state capital, Lucknow. • Dust management on roads, construction sites etc, which adds to the particulate pollution.
• It is bound on the west and southwest by the Yamuna River, on the north and northwest by • Crop residue burning because farmers do not have alternatives for use of straw.
the city of Delhi, on the northeast by the cities of Delhi and Ghaziabad and on the
northeast, east and south-east by the Hindon River.
• The town of Noida is situated in the Yamuna basin in the area between Yamuna and
Hindon.
• Noida is considered to be India's greenest city with about 50% green cover.

Flora Fauna:
• The important types of trees which are found to exist interspersed with vast agricultural
Noida Master Plan-2021
fields are Shishum, Mango, Jamun, Imli and Babul. The ornamental trees found in the area
are mostly the Gulmohar, Ashok, Eucalyptus and Chameli.
• The scrubs and bushes found in the area are Arua, Hina, Panwar, Madar, Karauda and
Mako
• The most common animals found in the area are the monkey and pig. The birds which are
generally seen in the area, particularly near the protected vegetate area are peacock, duck,
partridge, and snipe.
• Okhla Bird sanctuary is the habitat of migratory birds during winter season.

• Noida city experiences two extreme types of climate summer (March to June) and winter
1. Air Action Plan-Noida-CPCB
(Oct-Feb) and Monsoon season starts from the July and continues till the end of 2. IND-AQI Category and
September. Range, CPCB
3. The nexus between air pollution,
green infrastructure and human
• Though Noida has large tracts and well developed green area, the air quality is becoming a
health, 2019
matter of concern because supended particle matter (SPM) is increasing due to large scale Pollutants Noida CPCB WHO 4. Clean Air Asia
construction, Vehicular and Industrial activities in the developing city 5.Noida Master Plan 2031
CO, µg/m3 1.72 2 6. Benefits of Green Infrastructure
| Green Infrastructure | US EPA
O3, µg/m3 39.8 100 100
NO2, µg/m3 65.5 40 40
Noida Master Plan-2031
SO2, µg/m3 20.4 50 20
PM 2.5, µg/m3 126 40 10
Land-use Land Cover Change
PM 10,, µg/m3 176 60 10
Land Use 2011 (Sq km) % 2021 (Sq km) % 2031 (Sq km) %
NH3, µg/m3 57.9 100
Residential 3672 47.2 5334 35.65 5722 37.45 Source: CPCB
Commercial 431 5.5 564 3.77 581 3.8
Industrial 985 12.7 3001 20.05 2806 18.37
SHIVAM MAHESHWARI
Institutional / Facilities 1224 15.7 1219 8.15 1358 8.89
Transportation 941 12.1 2211 14.78 1942 12.71
Recreational 536 6.8 1513 10.11 2432 15.92
Agriculture
Water body
NA
NA
NA
NA
1001
121
6.69
0.8
332
104.5
2.18
0.68 02
    100  100  100 Source:
Weather archive in Delhi (India). Wind rose in D
elhi (world-weather.info)
Green Infrastructure Green Infrastructure affect on Urban Air Quality Clean Air Asia
• Green Infrastructure can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of natural and • It is an international non-governmental organization leading the
• affect both the deposition (removal) and dispersion (distribution) of air pollutants
semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to regional mission for better air quality, and healthier, more livable
• At regional and larger scales, the process of deposition, in which particulate and
deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban cities throughout Asia
gaseous air pollutants collide with and stick to leaves. • work to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions across
settings. •  To reduce road transport emissions, GI has a role to play in creating attractive
• GI assets range from country parks, lakes and woodlands to urban interventions such as green Asia by building capacity, advocating for effective and appropriate
environments that incentivise active travel, such as walking and cycling.
roofs and street trees policies and practice, and informing stakeholders of air pollution
• Effective planning, implementation and preservation of green infrastructure has
• It Aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services, and climate change impacts.
the potential to lead the way in sustainable urban development by delivering a • There aim is to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
such as clean air or water.
framework for improved public health and quality of life, while also bringing
Benefits Provided by the Green Infrastructure in 1000+ cities in Asia through a range of innovative policies and
about nature conservation and other environmental improvements
programs covering air quality, transport and industrial emissions,
• Provision of clean air and water
and energy use
• Carbon storage and sequestration
• Mitigation of urban heat island effects Beijing Clean Air Action Plan-2013
• Removal of pollutants from air and water
Environment Benifts • Beijing announced a five-year action plan in September 2013.
• Pollination enhancement
• Protection against soil erosion Type of Green Infrastructure • The plan, which acknowledged that Beijing’s air pollution had become
• Rainwater retention “severe”, aimed to deliver dramatic effects, to both safeguard people’s
• Improvement of land quality health and promote long-term, sustainable growth.
    • The plan set specific targets, tightened emissions standards—ahead of
• Better health and human well-being national ones—and closed important loopholes in enforcement.
• More attractive, greener cities • The plan also required old, polluting cars to be scrapped, and increased
Social benefits
• More integrated transport and energy solutions the frequency of inspections for those that were still on the road.
• Recreation opportunities •  focused on controlling the flow of truck traffic through the city, by
    ordering lorries to use the beltways to bypass the heavily populated
• Creation of jobs areas.
Econmomic Benefits • Higher property values and local distinctiveness • Beijing authorities reintroduced bike-sharing schemes, to try and once 1. Air Action Plan-Noida-CPCB
• Enhanced tourism again increase the city's bike use 2. IND-AQI Category and
Range, CPCB
• the plan focused on limiting the use of coal-fired boilers, providing 3. The nexus between air pollution,
people with cleaner fuels to burn at home, and restructuring industry to green infrastructure and human
reduce emissions. health, 2019
4. Clean Air Asia
• It also aimed to prevent dust pollution by repairing degraded 5.Noida Master Plan 2031
ecosystems in and around Beijing, while increasing the amount of 6. Benefits of Green Infrastructure
| Green Infrastructure | US EPA
green spaces within the city.

• By the end of 2017, cleaner air was visible.

The fig below shows linking of mitigation of air pollutants through green infrastructure
installations (e.g., trees and hedges) with improved physical and mental health, socio-
economic outcomes and unintended consequences.
Effective planning, implementation and preservation of green infrastructure has the potential to
lead the way in sustainable urban development by delivering a framework for improved public
health and quality of life, while also bringing about nature conservation and other environmental O3 CO
improvements.
• The annual average PM2.5 concentration in Beijing had dropped to
58ug/m3, down 35 per cent from 2013
• Sulphur dioxide had dropped by more than 93 per cent from 1998
levels and nitrous dioxide had fallen by nearly 38 per cent. 
• Beijing’s concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, PN2.5 and PM10
concentrations are above national standards, and ozone pollution in the
summer is a growing concern.
• To tackle these and other lingering issues, the city is in the throes of
another air pollution push, outlined in its 2020 Action Plan.
SHIVAM MAHESHWARI
• The plan aims to reduce the number of heavy pollution days by 25 per
cent from 2015 levels.

GI also indirectly contribute to improved air quality via reduced energy demand, especially when
cities energy production is managed using coal as a fuel source, by cutting air conditioning
demand in hot weather through the provision of shading and the cooling effects of
03
evapotranspiration .
Need of the Study Methodology

• Noida has large tracts and well developed green area, about 50% green cover, but the air quality is Aim
becoming a matter of concern because suspended particle matter (SPM) is increasing due to large
scale construction, Vehicular and Industrial activities in the developing city. Literature Study
• Also, there is increase in Air pollution due to the agriculture waste burning during winter season • Air pollution and impact on health
• Air pollution in India
around October- January • Air pollution in Noida
• Air Quality continued to be in the ‘severe’ category, as per CPCB in Noida – Which is a constantly • Green Infrastructure
developing city is often cited as one of the most polluted cities in the country.
Need of the Study,
Objectives and Scope and
Limitations

Aim Data Collection

Contain Air Pollution with Green Infrastructure Baseline study

1. Air Action Plan-Noida-CPCB
2. IND-AQI Category and
Range, CPCB
Data Analysis
Objectives 3. The nexus between air pollution,
green infrastructure and human
health, 2019
4. Clean Air Asia

The thesis Aim to achieve the following:

Issues and potential 5.Noida Master Plan 2031
6. Benefits of Green Infrastructure
| Green Infrastructure | US EPA
• To explore and research about Urban Air Pollution in Noida
• To explore the various aspects of the Green Infrastructure. Proposals and Strategies
• To Identify and analyse the impact of Air Pollution on Human Health.
• To identify the nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health.
Data Required
• To identify the challenges of Urban Air Pollution in Noida and Recommends the Proposals related
to Green Infrastructure to combat the Urban Air Pollution • Administrative Structure
• Data related to air pollution and health.
• Environment Management Plan (if any). SHIVAM MAHESHWARI
Scope
• Air pollution modelling of Noida.
• GIS file of Master plans.
To study the Urban Area of Noida
To Study the outdoor air pollution such as Road Vehicle, Dust and Agriculture waste.
• Primary survey regarding pollution and its impact on health. 04