MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF

MATERIALS
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do we measure magnetic properties?

• What are the atomic reasons for magnetism?

• How are magnetic material classified?

• Materials design for magnetic storage.

Chapter 18- 1
 APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD
• Created by current through a coil:

Applied N turns total

magnetic field H L = length of each turn

current I

• Relation for the applied magnetic field, H:

NI
H
L current

applied magnetic field

units = (ampere-turns/m)

Chapter 18- 2
RESPONSE TO A MAGNETIC FIELD
• Magnetic induction results in the material

B = Magnetic Induction (tesla)

inside the material

current I
• Magnetic susceptibility,  (dimensionless)
B >0
 measures the
vacuum  = 0 material response
<0 relative to a vacuum.
H
Chapter 18- 3
 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
• Measures the response of electrons to a magnetic
field.
• Electrons produce magnetic moments:
magnetic moments
electron electron

nucleus spin
Adapted from Fig. 20.4,
Callister 6e.

• Net magnetic moment:

--sum of moments from all electrons.
• Three types of response...

Chapter 18- 4
 3 TYPES OF MAGNETISM
B  (1  ) o H permeability of a vacuum:
Magnetic induction (1.26 x 10-6 Henries/m)
(B--tesla)

(3) ferromagnetic e.g., Fe 3 O 4 , NiFe 2 O 4

ferrimagnetic e.g., ferrite( ), Co, Ni, Gd
( as large as 10 6 !)
(2)
e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr
vacuum ( = 0)
(1) diamagnetic ( ~ -10 -5 )
e.g., Al2 O 3 , Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn

Strength of applied magnetic field (H)

(ampere-turns/m) Plot adapted from Fig. 20.6, Callister 6e. Values and
materials from Table 20.2 and discussion in Section 20.4,
Callister 6e.
Chapter 18- 5
MAGNETIC MOMENTS FOR 3 TYPES
No Applied Applied
Magnetic Field (H = 0) Magnetic Field (H)

(1) diamagnetic

opposing
none
Adapted from Fig. 20.5(a),
Callister 6e.

(2) par amagnetic

aligned
random
Adapted from Fig. 20.5(b),
Callister 6e.

(3) ferro magnetic

aligned

aligned
Adapted from Fig. 20.7,
Callister 6e.
ferrimagnetic

Chapter 18- 6
 FERRO- & FERRI-MAGNETIC MATERIALS
• As the applied field (H) increases...
--the magnetic moment aligns with H.
B sat
Adapted from Fig. 20.13,
H Callister 6e. (Fig. 20.13
adapted from O.H. Wyatt
H and D. Dew-Hughes,
Metals, Ceramics, and
induction (B)

Polymers, Cambridge
H • “Domains” with University Press, 1974.)
Magnetic

aligned magnetic
H moment grow at
expense of poorly
aligned ones!
H
0 Applied Magnetic Field (H)

H=0
Chapter 18- 7
 PERMANENT MAGNETS
• Process:
3. remove H, alignment stays!
-> permanent magnet!
4 . Coercivity, H c :
Negative H needed to demagnitize!
• Hard vs Soft Magnets
large coercivity
Hard
--good for perm magnets
--add particles/voids to
make domain walls
hard to move (e.g.,
tungsten steel:
Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m)
B
2. apply H, cause
alignment
Adapted from Fig. 20.14,
Callister 6e.
Applied Magnetic
Field (H)
1. initial (unmagnetized state)
B Adapted from Fig. 20.16, Callister
6e. (Fig. 20.16 from K.M. Ralls,
T.H. Courtney, and J. Wulff,
Introduction to Materials Science
and Engineering, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 1976.)
Hard
Soft
Applied Magnetic
Field (H)
small coercivity--good for elec. motors
(e.g., commercial iron 99.95 Fe)
Chapter 18- 8
 MAGNETIC STORAGE
• Information is stored by magnetizing material.
• Head can... recording medium
--apply magnetic field H &
align domains (i.e.,
magnetize the medium).
--detect a change in the
magnetization of the recording head
Simulation of hard drive courtesy Adapted from Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e. (Fig.
medium. Martin Chen. 20.18 from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol.
Reprinted with permission XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
• Two media types: from International Business
Machines Corporation.

--Particulate: needle-shaped --Thin film: CoPtCr or CoCrTa

-Fe2O3. +/- mag. moment alloy. Domains are ~ 10-30nm!
along axis. (tape, floppy) (hard drive) Adapted from Fig. 20.20(a),
Adapted from Fig.
20.19, Callister 6e. Callister 6e. (Fig. 20.20(a)
(Fig. 20.19 courtesy from M.R. Kim, S.
Guruswamy, and K.E.
P. Rayner and N.L. ~2.5 m ~60 nm Johnson, J. Appl. Phys., Vol.
Head, IBM
74 (7), p. 4646, 1993. )
Corporation.)

Chapter 18- 9
 SUMMARY
• A magnetic field can be produced by:
--putting a current through a coil.
• Magnetic induction:
--occurs when a material is subjected to a magnetic field.
--is a change in magnetic moment from electrons.
• Types of material response to a field are:
--ferri- or ferro-magnetic (large magnetic induction)
--paramagnetic (poor magnetic induction)
--diamagnetic (opposing magnetic moment)
• Hard magnets: large coercivity.
• Soft magnets: small coercivity.
• Magnetic storage media:
--particulate -Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape or floppy)
--thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa on glass disk (hard drive)
Note: For materials selection cases related to a magnet
coil, see slides 20-11 to 20-15.
Chapter 18- 10