1.

Magnetic Fundamentals

 Source of Electric Field : Stationary electric charge

 Source of Magnetic Field : Electric charge in motion

1) Wire carrying a current (Solenoid, Toroid)

I Pm H

H I
P m : magnetic
moment
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2) Permanent magnet

Magnetizied

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< Microscopic view of materials & permanent magnet >

P mo P ms
Atom

+q
-q

I electron

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Pms and Pmo is permanent magnetic dipole moment.

In general |Pms| >> |Pmo|
Magnetic moment due to spin of nucleus is negligible
 2. Effects of Magnetic Field

1) Mechanical motion
2) A closed circuit in motion  Eletro-Magnetic Induction
3) Magnetic induction or Magnetization

< Magnetic Induction >

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At point “A”

At point “B”

M : magnetization
X : magnetic susceptibility

4) Energy storage

3. Classification of Materials & Magnetism

  Diamagnetic Material
 Paramagnetic Material
 Ferromagnetic Material
 Ferrite

1)Diamagnetic Material & Diamagnetism

: Magnetic moment due to electron spin

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Perfect canceling of magnetic moment associated with electron spin.

No magnetic moment due to electron spin.

When H=0 ; no net magnetic moment.

When H 0 ;the external magnetic unbalances the orbital pairing to produce
- an effective orbital magnetic moment in the opposite direction
- of the external H
[ Characteristics ]

1. magnetic induction in the opposite direction of external H
2. extremely weak
 3. property of all material

4. the orbital magnetic moment disappears when H reduces to zero.

2) Paramagnetic Materials & Paramagnetism

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 Imperfect canceling of the electron spin


A weak magnetic moment in the direction of H

[ Characteristics ]

1. A weak magnetism in the direction of H
2. No permanent magnetism

3) Ferromagnetic Materials & Ferromagnetism

Unpaired electron spin

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 A strong coupling forces among unpaired electrons hold dipole moment in parallel
within a small region of the crystalline.
  Very strong local magnetization within a small region : magnetic domain

[ Structure of Magnetic Domain ]

Bi Bi

Bo Bo

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B i
 o ( saturation ) B i
 o ( saturation )

B O
o B O
 o
Landau Domain Structure An effective magnetic induction due to the
domain wall motion (--- causes the hysteresis )

[ A Simplified Graphical Representation of Ferromagnetism]


1) without external H

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
2) with an external H
 
Very strong magnetization due to a small external H

 r
: very large (100 - 106)

[ Comparison of magnetism ]

Meterials; gold , silver , water

; vacuum , air , aluminum

; covalt , nickel , iron

[Characteristics]
1) Easy magnetization(high magnetic efficiency)
2) Very strong magnetization due to unpaired electron spins : magnetic domain
3) Part of ferromagnetism is irreversibl : permanent magnetism
4) Saturation of magnetic induction
 Bi=UoM Saturation
Bis
Reversible domain e
d
rotation
c

Irreversible
domain
b Barkhausen
growth
Effect

Reversible a
domain
growth
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5) Hysteresis ; lag or delay in the reversal of magnetic domain

[ Soft and Hard Magnetic Material ]

Soft
Bs
Bs
Br
Br
Hard
Hc Hc

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1) Soft material : when the external field is removed, the material retains its original
properties.
 :Elastic property
:Good for the transformers & inductors

2) Hard material : when the external field is removed, some domains keep its preferred
orientation producing a large magnetic field.
:Stiff property (steel bar)
:Good for permanent magnet

[ Ferromagnetic Materials VS Ferrites ]

B B

Bs=2-3T Bs=0.3-0.5T

Iron Ferrite
H
H

Small Power
Large Power
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o Large Bs (  2  3T ) o Small Bs ( 0 . 3  0 . 5T )
o Conductors (Eddy Current Loss) o Insulator(No Eddy Current Loss)
o Good for generators, motors and o Good for high-frequency inductor
low-frequency transformers and transformers.
which require a large Bs. :Small Bs
:Brittleness
:Low mechanical

[ Fundamental Laws of Electro-Magnetism ]

 I H B E
Amphere's Magnetic Faraday's
Law Induction Law
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H : Magnetic Field Intensity. (A/m)
B : Magnetic flux density. (Tesla)
E : Induced potential. (V)

1) Amphere’s circuital Law

 : Divergence of a vector field at a point represent the net

outward flux per

unit volume

 :Curl of a vector field is vector whose magnetuide is the maximum net

circulation per unit volume
   
: s (   H )ds  c H dl
 
  H dl  I enclosed

Ex) Magnetic flux density of toroidal core

 N turns

r b
nonsaturation saturation
region region
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 
 H dl  I enclosed ,

Ha  nI
2 a
Hr  nI
2 r
H  nI
b 2 b

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2) Faraday’s Law
<circuit in a time-varying magnetic field.>
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< the induced emf will cause a current in such a direction as to oppose the change in the
linking magnetic flux.>
~ Lenz’s law

 When a charge q moves with a velocity u in a region where both an electric field E and a
magnetic field B exist, the electromagnetic force F on q is given by,
   
F  q  (E  u  B )
General form of Faraday’s law is
  
 B    
cE  dl   s   ds  c(u  B ) dl
t
 When the circuit is at rest , u = 0
d   d
EMF(V’) =  s  ds = 
B (V )
dt dt
:Faraday`s law says the emf induced in a closed circuit equal the negative time-rate
of the magnetic flux linking

Ex Toroidal core of a rectangular cross sectional area.

 iL N turns
+ VL -

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d d di
terminal voltage : V  n L L
L dt dt dt

where, L  i
L

Magnetics & Energy storage elements

(2003 Fall Seminar)

발표일: 2003. 9. 1

발표자: 고 지 명