ME-102

Engineering Graphics

Dr. Arsalan Arif

Technical Graphics Communication by Eric N. Wiebe and Garry R. Bertoline

Spring Semester 2021

Lecture 1
 Dr. Arsalan Arif

Assistant Professor
Office # G-07 – FME
Office Ext. 2250
Email: arsalan.arif@giki.edu.pk

Control and design of machine drives

Vernier machine
Brushless wound rotor synchronous machine
Induction motor
Application
 Electric cars
A.Arif, N. Baloch and B. Kwon, "Winding Switching and Turn Switching in Permanent Magnet Vernier Machines for
Wide Speed Range Operation and High Efficiency," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 55344-55357, 2019, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912181.

A. Arif, N. Baloch and B. I. Kwon, "Wide speed range operation of permanent magnet vernier machines," in Electronics
Letters, vol. 54, no. 18, pp. 1070-1072, 6 9 2018, doi: 10.1049/el.2018.5008.

 Low speed small electric cars ( Golf Carts etc)

A.Arif, N. Baloch, M. Ayub and B. -I. Kwon, "Wide-Speed Range Operation of PM Vernier Machines Using Wye and
Wye-delta winding Configurations," in IEEE Access, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023763.

Muhammad Ayub et al. “Utilization of Reluctance Torque for Improvement of the Starting and Average Torques of a
Brushless Wound Field Synchronous Machine ” in Electrical Engineering

 Control of induction motor

Arif Arsalan. Ki Kwang Park, Lee Sun Young, Yang Hai Won, “Rotor Resistance Estimation of induction Motor using Non-
Linear disturbance observer” 40th KIEE summer conference 17 July 2009
 Course Outlines

1. Role of Graphics in engineering Overall Grading Policy

2. Drawing Instruments and equipment,
3. 2D and 3D space relationship,
4. Projection theories,
5. Multi-view and orthographic Assessment Items Percentage
representation,
Quizzes 10%
6. Sectional views,
7. Projection of points and lines, Assignment 5%
8. Orthographic Reading and writing,
Lab Mid 10%
9. Engineering curves,
10. Development of surfaces, Pre Mid Labs 10%
11. Dimensioning and tolerance,
Lab Final 10%
12. Fastening methods and their
representation in engineering drawings, Post Mid Labs 10%
13. Production engineering drawing, Midterm Exam 15%
Final Exam 30%
 Course Learning Outcomes
Sr. No Course Learning Outcomes PLOs

Students will demonstrate the basic understanding of engineering

CLO_1 PLO1 
graphics

Student will be able to communicate, represent and document the

CLO_2  PLO10
design ideas.

Students will be able to use modern CAD tools to basic design

CLO_3  PLO5
levels
 Course Learning Outcomes
• The CLO’s are mapped to PLO’s and are evaluat
ed at the end of each course.

• You need to achieve at least 40% of each PLO.

• If you fail to achieve at least 40% in any of the

12 PLO’s at the end of your 4 year program, n
ecessary action may be taken against you.

• PLO’s, PEO’s and vision/mission of faculty an

d institute are available on the GIKI web site
 Text Book and Other Resources
• Text Book: Technical Graphics Communication 3rd e
dition by Eric N. Wiebe and Garry R. Bertoline
(Soft copy be made available through e-mail/portal)
\\10.1.17.20
• Lectures, E-Books and other Self Study Material
(Will be shared through e-mail/portal)
Grading Policy (Subject to Change)

• Quizzes = 10%
• Assignments = 5%
• Lab = 40%
• Mid Exam = 15%
• Final Exam = 30%

You have to score a minimum of 35

to pass the course (FME Policy)
 Engineer
Design and build

Design
Design is the process of conceiving or inventing ideas mentally and
communicating those ideas to others in a form that is easily
understood.
Most often the communications tool is graphics.

Engineering design
Engineering design is a problem-solving process that uses
knowledge, resources, and existing products to create new goods
and processes.
Typical Engineering Design Cycle
 Graphics in Design Process
Technical graphics is a real and complete language
used in the design process for:

1. Visualization
2. Communication
3. Documentation
Visualization
• Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things
that are not there.
• Ability to visualize problem solutions and
communicate them through sketches is one of the
most important skill of a designer.
Communication
• Refinement of your initial
sketches so that your design
solution can be communicated
to others without ambiguity.

• Usually done by creating a

three dimensional (3D) model
Documentation
• Is a process to permanently
record that solution/Final
sketch/Design.

• 2D drawing follow strict standard

practices. These standards are the
language used to communicate
graphically.

• 3D graphical representation can

also be part of the final
documentation
 Engineering Graphics
It refers basically to the use of Drawi
ngs/Sketches to represent design ideas
, configurations & specifications and
analysis for an engineering project.
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” uses
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
 Computer Aided drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, Pro-E/ CREO, solid works etc.

Example
 Engineering Drawing
• An engineering drawing is a set of
drawings/Views/Sections etc. that communicates an
idea, design, schematic or model.

• Engineering drawing is a universal graphic language,

known as the language of engineers.

• It is used by engineers to develop and record their

ideas and transmit them to others for execution.
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape/geometry
(mainly).

Word language

Describe size, location and

specification of the object.
 Drawing Standards
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

Turkey TS Turkish Standard

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(ISO) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (mm) d (mm)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
 Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view

Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in

the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing
DRAWING TOOLS

Drawing Boards
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Compass

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Pencil Eraser 6. Circular Template 7. Sharpener

DRAWING TOOLS

8. Scales
Sketching Techniques
End of Lecture 1