Frequency Response

(Part 1)

MİKROELEKTRONİK DEVRELER - 2
 7.1 s-Domain Analysis
am s m  am 1s m 1  ...  a0
Transfer function T (s) 
s n  bn 1s n 1  ...  b0

Constant Zeros
gain

( s  Z1 )( s  Z 2 )...( s  Z m )
Alternate form T ( s )  am
( s  P1 )( s  P2 )...( s  Pn )

Poles
First order functions

a0 1
T (s)  T ( s) 
j
s  0 1
0
First order functions  j 
 
a1s 
T (s)   0 
T (s)   j 
s  0 1   

 0
Example
10s
T (s) 
Gain Plot (1  s 10 2 ) (1  s 105 )

(s)

(10)

(1  s 10 2 ) (1  s 105 )
Example
10s
Phase Plot T (s) 
(1  s 10 2 ) (1  s 105 )

(10): Etkisi yok!

(s)

(1  s 10 2 ) (1  s 105 )
General definitions
jw
Vout 10
T ( jw)   1000
Vin  jw  jw  jw 
 1   1   1  
 10  10000  20000 

BW   H   L

A( s )  AM FL ( s ) FH ( s )
 Amplifier Frequency Response
A( s)  AM FL ( s ) FH ( s )

Low Frequency fL fH High Frequency

Band Mid Band Band
• Coupling and • No capacitors in • Transistor internal
bypass capacitors effect capacitances in effect
in effect • FH(s)1, FL(s)1 • FL(s)1
• FH(s)1 • A(s)AM • A(s)AM FH(s)
• A(s)AMFL(s)
 Low Frequency Response
( s   Z 1 )( s  Z 2 )...( s  ZnL )
FL ( s ) 
( s   P1 )( s   P 2 )...(s   PnL )
Usually one of the poles – say, P1 – has a much higher frequency than all other poles.
s
FL ( s ) 
s   P1
If dominant pole does not exist, following approximation can be used!

 L   P21   P2 2  ...  2 Z21  2 Z2 2  ...

See S&S p593 for derivation)

Note: if P1 is a dominant pole, then reduces to L =P1

Example 7.3
s  s  10 
FL ( s ) 
 s  100 s  25
En büyük kutup olan 100 rad/s dominant kabul edersek  WL100 rad/s

Daha iyi bir yaklaşım, Dominant Pole aproximation

 L  1002  252  2 x102  102 rad / s

Gerçek değeri: 105 rad/s

 High Frequency Response
(1  s  Z 1 )(1  s Z 2 )...(1  s  ZnH )
FH ( s ) 
(1  s  P1 )(1  s  P 2 )...(1  s  PnH )
Usually one of the poles – say, P1 – has a much lower frequency than all other poles.
1
FH ( s ) 
1  s  P1
If dominant pole does not exist, following approximation can be used!

1 1 2 2
H  1  2  ...  2  2  ...
 P1  P 2
2
Z 1 Z 2
See S&S p595 for derivation)

Note: if P1 is a dominant pole, then reduces to H =P1

Example 1  s 105
FH ( s ) 
 
1  s 10 4 1  s 4 x10 4 
1
WH   9800 rad / s
1 1 2
8
 8
 10
10 16 x10 10

Gerçek değeri: 9537 rad/s

 Open Circuit Time Constants Method
It may be difficult to find the poles and zeros of the system (which is usualy
the case) . We can find the approximate values of H using following method.

We can multiply out factors and represent FH(s) in an alternative form:

1  a1s  a2 s 2  ...  anH s nH

FH ( s ) 
1  b1s  b2 s 2  ...  bnH s nH
where the coefficients a and b are related to the zero and pole frequencies. We
can show that,
1 1 1
b1    ...  Exact formula!!
 P1  P 2  PnH
b1 can be obtained by considering the various capacitances in the high frequency
equivalent circuit one at a time while reducing all other cap. to zero (or open circuit)
nH
1 1
b1   Ci Ri 0 
If zeros are not
dominant! H 
i 1  P1 Only one of the
poles –say, P1-
 Ci Ri i
is dominant!
 Short Circuit Time Constants Method
We can multiply out factors and represent FL(s) in an alternative form:

nL 1
s  d1s
nL

FL ( s )  nL
s  e1s nL 1  
where the coefficients d and e are related to the zero and pole frequencies. We can show
that,
e1   P1   P 2     PnL
e1 can be obtained by considering the various capacitances in the low frequency
equivalent circuit one at a time while setting all other cap. to  (or short circuit)

nL If zeros are not nL

1 1
e1     P1 dominant!
Only one of the L  
i 1 Ci Ris poles –say, P1- i Ci Ris
is dominant!
 Summary
Short For each capacitor; Open
Circuit Circuit
Method
• Set input signal to zero Method

Replace all other capacitor to Replace all other capacitor

infinite (short circuit) to zero (open circuit)

Find the effective resistance Find the effective resistance

(Ri) seen by the capacitor Ci (Ri) seen by the capacitor Ci

1nL 1
L   H 
i Ci Ris  Ci Ri
i
! These equations yields good results even if there is no single dominant
pole but when all poles are real
 Miller Teorem

Note: The Miller equivalent circuit is valid only as long as the conditions
that existed in the network when K was determined or not changed
 Miller uygulanabilir!

Example