History of Pakistan

lecture 04
By Rizwan saeed
Advent of Europeans in subcontinent

 1497 portugese king Manuel-1 sent Vasco da gama in 1498

 1498 he reached Port of Calicut on 1498

 They enjoyed 100 years of unopposed trade with india

 Had control over major ports in India

 Made Goa the capital of their activities

Arrival of English

 1583 Queen Elizabeth-1 dispatched ship Tyger to subcontinent to explore trade

opportunities

 1600 a group of merchants were given trade monopoly in subcontinent

 1608 company’s first ship Hector arrived at port of Surat

 1614 East India company established first office in Bombay

 1615 sir Thomas Roe got the permission to establish factory at Surat(from whom?
And famous for?)
Continued…

 By 1700 British became strong enough to challenge Dutch and French rivals

 Dutch company came in 1602 and French company came in 1664

 French company established after Francois Bernie visit to India(served as

personal physician of Aurangzeb).

 After 1740’s French and British started supporting rival Indian rulers in
Internal wars(any prominent war worth mentioning?)
British military expansion

Built William fort in Calcutta

1717 company got custom tax exemption

Violated trade agreement with Bengal government

 1750 sobadar of Bengal nawab Aliwardi khan

 He died in 1756 and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula succeeded him

Continued…

 Had a dislike for the British

 Attacked Calcutta fort and Black hole tragedy happened.

 1757 battle of Plassey Nawab Siraj ud Daula vs Robert Clive

 Nawab was defeated due to treachery of his uncle Mir Jafar

 Mir jafar paid compensation of 24 paragnas and 300000 pounds to company

Continued…

 1759 war of Bedara of Chinsurah, Mir jafar+Dutch vs company= company won

 1764 battle of Buxar, Mir Qasim(son in law of Jafar) + Alamgir 2+ nawab of

Oudh vs Company=Company won

 Nizam-ud-din became new nawab

 2 deputy Nawabs were also appointed

 1.Shehtab Roy
 2.Ali Raza khan
Continued…
 1765 east India company granted
Diwani power (authority to collect
revenue) in Bengal,Bihar,Orrisa by
defeated Shah Alam

 Initiated Anglo-Maysore(last war against

which leader and where?) wars in 1767
and Anglo-Maratha wars in 1775
Cntinued…
Continued…

 The power struggle initiated among Sikhs,Muslims,Marhattas internally

weakened the Indian empire

 By mid18th century the had built forts in India and generated military to
protect those forts

 British and French fought 3 Caranatac wars from 1746-1763. won by British
Continued…

 From 1757-1772 governor of Bengal used to represent British Interests in India

 1n 1773 Gvernor general of India was appointed by British, first holder was
Warren Hastings(replaced by Vicerooy in 1858 , lord canning was first viceroy)

 British followed 2 methods to gain control

 1. use of sanad(subsidiary agreement) between them and local ruler
 control of Foreign affairs,Defense, communications
was transferred to company
 2.Military conquest or direct annexation of territories
Continued…

 By 1823 they became masters of two third of India

 Annexed Sindh in 1843

 Fought first Anglo-Afghan war 1838-1842 company took over Kandhar and
Kabul

 Annexed Punjab in ? After defeating which emire?

 Fought decisive war in 1857 known as war of indeendence

War of Independence 1857

 Causes

 1.company innovations telegraph,railway seen as cultural invasions

 2.Greased cartridges
 3.new military reforms 27000 people were imprisoned
 4.Missionary activities(Lord macualay’s education report 1835)
 5.economic policy new agricultural taxes were levied
 6.uncontrolled expansion of British
Continued…

 Reasons for failure

 1.lack of leadership
 2.lack of equipment
 3.revolt in some areas only, no revolt occurred in North western india and
south india
 4.financial conotraints
 5.no defined aim
The Britsh rule

 1858 government of India act was passed under which authority transferred to
british crown

 Indian councils act 1861

 1.five members were added in Viceroy’s council
 2.6-12 members were added to legislative council of governor general
 3.legislative council members could only discuss not question
Continued…

 1883 local self government act

 1.formation of mucipal and district councils
 2.joint electorate
 3.Sir syed was in favor of nominated members instead of elected

 1885 Formation of Indian National Congress

 1.By lord Octavian Hume
 2.First president was Womesh Chander Bennerjee
Continued…

 1892 Indian councils act

 1.members of legislative council could discuss budget
 2.local bodies were given right to send their elected members to legislative
council
 3.no safe guard for muslims provided
Muslims Renaissance
 Aligarh Movement

 founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan f/n Mir Muttaqi

 Accompanied by nawab Mohsin-ul-mulk,Viqar-ul-mulk,Hali,Shibli,Maulvi Nazir

ahmad,Chiragh ali and M.Hayaat

 Born on 17 October 1817 in Delhi

 1839 his father passed away

 1840 he was appointed as deputy judge



 Muslims had a dislike for English after 1835 education report


Continued…

 Sir Syed’s trinity of ideas

 1. salvation for the Muslims of British India
 2. Aloofness from Politics
 3. Dedication to Education.

 services of Aligarh movement

 Educational services
 1.Muradabad school 1858
 2.scientific society 1863
Continued…

 3.Ghaziabad school 1863

 4.Aligarh institute gazette
 4.M.A.O school in 1875,became college in 1877 and university in 1920
 5.Anglo-Muhammadan educational conference 1886

 Political services
 1.Risala asbab-e-baghawat-e-hind 1858
 2.Sarkash-e-zila Binjour
 3.British Indian Association(to convey grievance)
 4.Loyal Muhammadans of India
Continued…

 5.Hindi-urdu controversy of 1867

 Religious services
 1.Khutbat-e-Ahmadiya(in response to William Mure’s Life Of
Muhammad(S.A.W)
 2.Esaays on life of Prophet(S.A.W)
 3.Rah-e-Sunnah wa radd-e-biddat

Continued…

 Social services
 1.Asar-ul-sanadeed
 2.Tabaeen-ul-kalaam
 3.tehzeeb-ul-akhlaq
 4.Aunjuman-e-taraqie urdu 1886(by Abdul Haq
 5.Ahkam-e-ta’ame ahl-e-kitaab
Continued…

Achievements of Sir syed

1.1877 member of imperial council
2.member of educational council in India
3.member of public service commission
4. honorary degree of LLD from University of Edinburgh in 1889

Sir syed died in 1898

Other movements

 Darul uloom Deoband

 1. founded in 1886 by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Fazlur Rahman Usmani

, Sayyid Muhammad Abid
 2. Haji syed Abid Hussain was the first Mohtammam
 3. Maulana Muhammad yaqoob nanotvi was first president
 4. Maulana mehmood ul hassan was first pupil
Continued…

 Anjuman-e-himayate Islam
 1.founded in 1884 in lahore
 2. founded by Khalifa Qazi Hameed-ud-Din

 Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama 1894

 1. founded by  Maulana Muhammad Ali Almongiri
 2.
Resurgence of Indain natoinalism

 Arya samaj

 Brahmo samaj

 Shuddhi movement
Resurgence of Muslim nationalism

 Reformists’ teachings
 Faraizi movement by Haji Shariat Ullah in 1819 iclusing leader like Dudu Mian
and Titu mir
 Aligarh movement
 Darul uloom deoband
 Urdu-Hindi controversy
 Formatoin of Indian national congress

 Led muslims to form their own political party in the form of All India Muslim
league in 1906