History of Pakistan

lecture 03
By Rizwan saeed
Downfall of muslim sultanate and rise of
muslim reformists
 Issues initiated after Akbar’s Din-e-Ilahi

 Weak Mughal successors also paved way for non muslim conquerors

 the Marattha empire (1674-1818)

 formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati
 and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the 
British East India Company
 Follwers of staunch Hinduism
 Most prominent ruler was Balaji Baji Rao he annexed Karnataka also  
six expeditions into Bengal from 1741 to 1748
Continued…

 Captured delhi in 1757

 1758 battle of attock they captured Peshawar

 Fought marhatta-mysore war in 1785 against Tipu sultan and were defeated

 Marhattas fought series of wars with British and british fought 4 wars with
mysore
Continued…
 Anglo-Marahatta wars
 First war 1775–1782.won by
Marhattas
 Second war (1803–1805) won by
British
 Third war (1817–1818) won by
British
 Ended marhatta empire
 Anglo mysore wars
 First war (1767–69) hyder ali won
 Second war (1780–84) won by Tipu
sultan
 Third war (1790–92) tipu agreed to
pay ransom to british
 Fourth war 1799 siege of
sirangapatam british allied with
marhattas and nizam of hyderabad
and defeated Tipu
 Treachery of Mir sadiq
Continued…
Continued…
 Sikh empire(1799-1849

 Established their stronghold in Gujranwala in 1763 under Charaht singh

 His son Maha singh succeeded him

 Maharaja Ranjit Singh(1780-1839 Born in Gujranwala) was his grandson

 Ranjit singh captured Lahore in 1799

 On 1801 he was crowned as Maharaja of Punjab

Continued…
 He captured Multan,Peshawar(1818),Jammu and Kashmir(1819),by 1820 he
consolidated rule over all over Punjab

 He fought wars with Afghanistan in 1813,1823,1834 and 1837(battle of

Jamrud,the decisive one)

 Anglo-Sikh wars happened

 1.First Anglo-Sikh war 1845 Sikhs were defeated
 2.Second Anglo-Sikh war 1849 British annexed Punjab

 Treaty of Amritsar 1846 Kashmir was sold to Gulab singh for 7.5 miilion and he
founded Dogra dynasty that lasted till 1952
Continued…
Impact of Islam in India

 Anti-Brahminism approach evolved

Continued…

 R.C.Mazumdar writes in “The followers of Islam” that Muslims did not merge
with Hindus

 Montheism vs polytheism

 Some important books to remember

 The Indus Saga by Aitzaz Ahsan
 The Pathans by Olaf Caroe
 Punjab – A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten by Rajmohan Gandhi
 Return of a King by William Dalrymple
continued…

 The Shameful Flight by Stanley Wolpert

 India Wins Freedom by Abul Kalam Azad

 The Sole Spokesman by Ayesha Jalal

 The struggle for Pakistan: a Muslim homeland and global politics by Ayesha
jalal

 The making of Pakistan by k.k.aziz

Initiation of anti-Islam movements

 Bhagti movement

 Initited in 14th century,reached to its zenith in 15th-17th century

 Founded by Bhagat Kabir,Rama nanda, Ramanuja(philosopher of 12 th

century),Guru nanak

 Believed that the commonalities between Islam and Hinduism can become a
bridge
Continued…

 Rejected the caste system

 Believed in Bhagti(love,brotherhood)

 No difference between Ram-Rahem

 No difference in Kashi-Ka’aba

 Quran and Praana(hindu code of conduct) are same

Continued…

 Brahmo samaj(1828)

 Founded by Raja ram mohan roy and Debendranath Tagore in Calcutta

 To revive brahminism in Hindus

Continued…

 Arya samaj(1875)

 Founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati

 To promote values and practices of vedas

Continued…

 Shuddhi movement (1923)

 Founded by Swami Shraddhanand

 Means to purify

 Convert muslims back to hindusm

 Hindu schools and mmissionaries

Religion and sufism

 1.Shaikh Ali hajveri(Data ganj Bakhsh 990-1077)

 Came to Lahore from ghazni(after the death of?)
 Wrote Kashaf-ul-Mahjoob

 Four salasil of islam founded during his period

 silsila chistiya founded by Khwaja muin-ud-din Ajmeri
 silsila Qadriya by Sheikh abdul qadir jilani
 silsila Naqshbandiya by khwaja bahaoudin Naqshbandi
 silsila Suhrwardiya by Sheikh bahaudin zakariya multani
Continued…

 Sheikh Fareed-ud-din ganj shaker  Khwaja muin ud din chisti

of Pakpattan(1173-1265)  Converted 700 hindus to islam
 converted 16 tribes  Buried in Ajmer imdia
Continued…

 Sheikh qutb ud din bakhtiyar kaki  Sheikh nizzam ud din auliya

 Welcomed by iltutmish  Preached in Bengal,deccan and

Gujrat
The Reformists
 1.Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi(1564-1624)

 Known as mujjadid al sani or imam-e-Rabbani

 Born in sirhind in 1564

 Married daughter of raees of thanesar

 Got lot of wealth , made Haveli and Masjid

 Took baeet on hands of Khwaja Baqi billah

Continued…
 Conotributions
 countered pantheistic ideas of Akbar


 wrote maktubat
 1.Itba-al-Nabuwah
 2.Itba-ul-Sunnah
 3.isbat-al-nabaat
 4.Risal-i-Nabuwat
 5.proof of prophethood

 Jihad agaist din-e-ilahi

 He was against Biddat

Continued…
 He negated wahdat-al-wajood and supported wahdat-al-shahood

 Arrested by whom?

 Jihad against Bhagti movement

 Countered unorthodox sufism and mystic beliefs

 Wrote letters to courtmen like farid bukhari, sadar jahan, khan jahan, islam
khan, muhabbat khan

 Iqbal called him the spiritual guardian of the muslims

Continued…
 Shah wali Ullah (1703-1762)

 Real name was qutb-ud-din

 Fathers name was shah Bdul Raheem

 Completed quran at the age of 7

 At 17 his father died , he started teaching in madrassah Rahimya

 1739 went for hajj and came back after 14 months and learned hadith only

 Also known as Muhaddis dehalvi

Continued…
 Contributions

 Translated quran in Persian(later his son shah abdul aziz translated quran in
urdu)

 Studied all school of thoughts and gave his own version

 Put emphasis on Ijtehad

 To interpret quran and hadith according to context of time

 Raised voice against unjudt taxes on peasants

Continued…
 Writings include
 1. Al khair al Katheer
 2.Hujjat ullah al baligha
 3.Fudul Harmain
 4.Izala al Khifa

 Established muslim front against marathas and invited ahmed shah abdali(to
fight which battle of panipat?) and nawab najeeb-ud-daula

 He was against hereditary kingship

Continued…
 Syed Ahmed Shaheed(1786-1831)

 Impressed by teachings of shah wali ullah

 Was student of shah abdul aziz

 1812 he joined forces of nawab of tonk

 Nawab made a truce with british so syed ahmed made his own army

 An appraisal of muslims under sikh raaj

Continued…
 1821 he went into preparation for jihad and came back after 2 yaers

 Shah abdul aziz’s fatwa of dar-ul-harb

 1826 won akora and hazaro

 In battle against budh singh , sardar of peashawar betrayed so mujahedeen

suffered heavy losses

 Plaaned to attack attock but traitors already informed them

 Syed Ahmed moved to Balakot along with his companions

Continued…

 Raja Ranjit singh attacked balakot and martyred him in 1831 along with his
companions

 Literay works
 1.Sirat-e-mustaqeem
 2.taqwiyat-ul-Iman

 Founded mujahedeen movement

